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Psychological theory of language and
teaching
By
Dr. Abhishek Srivastava
1. ChomskyTheoryचॉम्स्कीसिद्धांत
2. SkinnerTheoryस्कनर सिद्धांत
Discontinuity theory
Who is Chomsky?
 Avram Noam Chomsky
 Born on December 7, 1928 in Philadelphia
 Studied at University of Pennsylvannia – BA, MA and PhD
 American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, logician,
political commentator and activist
 Sometimes described as the “father of modern linguistics”
 Professor Emeritus of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
 Wrote over 100 books
 Creator or co-creator of Chomsky hierarchy, the universal grammar theory and the
Chomsky-Schutzenberger theorem
 Especially critical of the work of B. F. Skinners
 www.chomsky.info
 He argues that language acquisition is an innate structure, or
function,
• of the human brain.
 Chomsky believes that there are structures of the brain that control
the interpretation and production of speech.
 Children do not need any kind of formal teaching to learn to speak.
 उनकध तकक है सक भधषध असिग्रहण मधनव मस्तष्क की एक जन्मजधत िांरचनध यध कधयक है।
 चॉम्स्की कध मधननध है सक मस्तष्क की िांरचनधएां हैं जो भधषण की व्यधख्यध और उत्पधदन को सनयांसित
करती हैं।
 बच्चों को बोलने के सलए िीखने के सलए सकिी भी प्रकधर के औपचधररक सिक्षण की आवश्यकतध नहीं
होती है।
CHOMSKY’S VIEW ON LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION
चॉम्स्की ने अपने सिद्धांत कध िमर्कन करने वधले कधरक:
Factors that Chomsky used to support his theory:
• एक इष्टतम िीखने की उम्र है। 3 िे 10 वषक की आयु के बीच एक बच्चध अपनी िांपूणकतध और िमझ के प्रवधह में एक भधषध िीखने की िबिे असिक
िांभधवनध है।
• There is an optimal learning age. Between the ages 3 to 10 a child is the most likely to learn a
language in its entirety and grasp fluency.
• बच्चे को भधषध असिग्रहण िुरू करने के सलए सिगर की आवश्यकतध नहीं होती है, यह अपने आप होतध है। मधतध-सपतध को बोलने के सलए बच्चे को िहलधने
की जरूरत नहीं है, अगर यह भधषध के उत्पधदन के आिपधि है, तो बच्चध अपने आप उि भधषध कध उत्पधदन करने के सलए कधम करेगध
• The child does not need a trigger to begin language acquisition, it happens on its own. The parent
does not need to coax the child to speak, if it around language production, the child will work to
produce that language on its own
• इििे कोई फकक नहीं पड़तध सक अगर सकिी बच्चे को ठीक सकयध जधतध है, वे अभी भी उिी तरह िे भधषध को िमझ लेते हैं और उिी तरह िे बोलते हैं। एक
चरण के दौरधन, एक बच्चध उन चीजों को बहुवचन बनध देगध जो पहले िे ही बहुवचन हैं।
• It does not matter if a child is corrected, they still grasp the language in the same manner and
speak the same way. During one stage, a child will make things plural that are already plural.
-
Limitation :
• The theory is hard to prove because it is not
allowed to insolate somebody just to do a
research.
यह सिद् करनध कसठन है क्योंसक सकिी व्यसि को के वल एक िोि करने के सलए उिे
प्रोत्िधसहत करने की अनुमसत नहीं है।
Who is Skinner?
 Burrhus Frederic (B. F.) Skinner (March 20, 1904
– August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist,
behaviorist, author, inventor, and social
philosopher.
 Born in Pennsylvania
 began working on ideas of human behavior after
earning his doctorate from Harvard.
 Skinner's works include The Behavior of Organisms (1938) and a novel based on his
theories Walden Two (1948).
 He explored behaviorism in relation to society in later books,
including Beyond Freedom and Human Dignity (1971).
 Skinner died in Massachusetts in 1990.
SKINNER’S VIEW ON LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION
 Skinner viewed babies as ‘empty vessels’ which language hadto
be ‘put in to’
स्कनर ने सििुओां को ’खधली बतकन’ के रूप में देखध सक सकि भधषध को to अांदर रखनध है ’
 Skinner also viewed language acquisition as a cognitive behaviour
 स्कनर ने भधषध असिग्रहण को एक िांज्ञधनधत्मक व्यवहधर के रूप में भी देखध
 operant conditioning - child goes through trial-and-error in other words they
tries and fails to use correct language until it succeeds; with reinforcement and
shaping provided by the parents gestures (smiles, attention and approval) which
are pleasant to the child.
 ऑपरेिनल कांडीिसनांग - बच्चध दूिरे िब्दों में िधयल-एांड-एरर िे गुज़रतध है और जब तक वह िफल नहीं हो जधतध है, तब
तक वह िही भधषध कध उपयोग करने में सवफल रहतध है; मधतध-सपतध के इिधरों (मु्कुरधहट, ध्यधन और अनुमोदन) द्वधरध प्रदधन
सकए गए िुदृढीकरण और आकधर देने के िधर् जो बच्चे के सलए िुखद हैं।
Skinner in Verbal Behavior (1957) differentiated between
two types of verbal responses that a child makes :
वबकल सबहेसवयर (1957) में स्कनर ने दो प्रकधर की मौसखक प्रसतसियधओां के बीच अांतर
सकयध, जो एक बच्चध करतध है:
 Verbal behaviour that is reinforced by the child receiving
something it wants.
मौसखक व्यवहधर जो बच्चे द्वधरध प्रधप्त सकयध जधतध है सजिे वह चधहतध है।
 Verbal behaviour caused by imitating others.
दूिरों की नकल करने के कधरण होने वधलध मौसखक व्यवहधर।
- .
Limitations
- Children are often unable to repeat what an adult says
especially if the adult utterance contains a structure the
child has not yet started to use.
- Critical period for language acquisition. Children who have
not acquired language by the age of about seven will never
entirely catch up.
- Observational studies of parent-child conversations (Brown
and Hanlon, 1970) show that parents rarely reinforce
correct grammar in a child’s speech, but instead tend to
focus on the truthfulness or accuracy of statements
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
CHOMSKY’S AND SKINNER’S THEORY
 Similarities
 Differences
Both men have different views and theories on the same study which is how allhumans
manage to obtain grammar क ही अध्ययन पर दोनों पुरुषों के अलग-अलग विचार और विद्ाांत हैं जो िभी मनुष्यों को व्याकरण प्राप्त करने
का प्रबांधन करते हैं
 Subject of their study is children. उनके अध्ययन के सवषय बच्चे हैं
Chomsky’s Theory Skinner’s theory
Innate biological ability that all humans possess.
He believed that every child has a ‘language
acquisition device’. िभी मनुष्यों के पधि जैसवक क्षमतध है।
उनकध मधननध र्ध सक हर बच्चे के पधि 'भधषध असिग्रहण सडवधइि' है।
Learning process involving the shaping of
grammar into a correct form by the re-enforcement
of other stimulus. अन्य उत्तेजनध के पुन: प्रवतकन द्वधरध व्यधकरण को एक िही
रूप देने में िीखने की प्रसियध।
innate learning mechanism enables a child to
figure out how the language works (Traxler 2012)
िहज सिक्षण तांि एक बच्चे को यह पतध लगधने में िक्षम बनधतध है सक भधषध कै िे
कधम करती है (िैक्िलर 2012)
Approaches child as a blank slate that is filled up
by knowledge gained through experience(Traxler,
2012) एक खधली ्लेट के रूप में बच्चे कध अनुभव जो अनुभव िे प्रधप्त ज्ञधन िे
भरध है (िैक्िलर, 2012)
 Environment makes contribution in both theories:
 पयधकवरण दोनों सिद्धांतों में योगदधन देतध है:
 As for Chomsky, he believes that as long there are people
available to speak to the child, the child’s biological
endowments will do the rest.
 चॉम्स्की के सलए, उनकध मधननध है सक जब तक बच्चे िे बधत करने के सलए लोग उपलब्ि हैं, तब तक
बच्चे की जैसवक बांदोब्ती बधकी है।
 But for Skinner, he believes that children will learn by
• imitation, reinforcement that comes from the environments.
• लेसकन स्कनर के सलए, उनकध मधननध है सक बच्चे इििे िीखेंगे
• नकल, िुदृढीकरण जो वधतधवरण िे आतध है
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
 Taxler, M. J. (2012). Introduction to Psycholinguists: Understanding
Language Science. West Sussex: Wiley Publishers.
 Crabtree, E. (1999). Noam Chomsky
 Sabahat, A. (2012). Crucial differences between a behaviourist and a
nativist view of first language acquisition.
 http://www.mimersbrunn.se/Language_Acquisition_5528.htm
 Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal Behavior. Acton, MA: Copley Publishing
Group.
 http://www.biography.com/people/bf-skinner-9485671#synopsis
 Patsy M. Lightbown; Nina Spada. How Languages Are Learned. 2nd ed.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Thanks

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Psychological theory of language and teaching

  • 1. Psychological theory of language and teaching By Dr. Abhishek Srivastava
  • 3. Who is Chomsky?  Avram Noam Chomsky  Born on December 7, 1928 in Philadelphia  Studied at University of Pennsylvannia – BA, MA and PhD  American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, logician, political commentator and activist  Sometimes described as the “father of modern linguistics”  Professor Emeritus of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)  Wrote over 100 books  Creator or co-creator of Chomsky hierarchy, the universal grammar theory and the Chomsky-Schutzenberger theorem  Especially critical of the work of B. F. Skinners  www.chomsky.info
  • 4.  He argues that language acquisition is an innate structure, or function, • of the human brain.  Chomsky believes that there are structures of the brain that control the interpretation and production of speech.  Children do not need any kind of formal teaching to learn to speak.  उनकध तकक है सक भधषध असिग्रहण मधनव मस्तष्क की एक जन्मजधत िांरचनध यध कधयक है।  चॉम्स्की कध मधननध है सक मस्तष्क की िांरचनधएां हैं जो भधषण की व्यधख्यध और उत्पधदन को सनयांसित करती हैं।  बच्चों को बोलने के सलए िीखने के सलए सकिी भी प्रकधर के औपचधररक सिक्षण की आवश्यकतध नहीं होती है। CHOMSKY’S VIEW ON LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
  • 5. चॉम्स्की ने अपने सिद्धांत कध िमर्कन करने वधले कधरक: Factors that Chomsky used to support his theory: • एक इष्टतम िीखने की उम्र है। 3 िे 10 वषक की आयु के बीच एक बच्चध अपनी िांपूणकतध और िमझ के प्रवधह में एक भधषध िीखने की िबिे असिक िांभधवनध है। • There is an optimal learning age. Between the ages 3 to 10 a child is the most likely to learn a language in its entirety and grasp fluency. • बच्चे को भधषध असिग्रहण िुरू करने के सलए सिगर की आवश्यकतध नहीं होती है, यह अपने आप होतध है। मधतध-सपतध को बोलने के सलए बच्चे को िहलधने की जरूरत नहीं है, अगर यह भधषध के उत्पधदन के आिपधि है, तो बच्चध अपने आप उि भधषध कध उत्पधदन करने के सलए कधम करेगध • The child does not need a trigger to begin language acquisition, it happens on its own. The parent does not need to coax the child to speak, if it around language production, the child will work to produce that language on its own • इििे कोई फकक नहीं पड़तध सक अगर सकिी बच्चे को ठीक सकयध जधतध है, वे अभी भी उिी तरह िे भधषध को िमझ लेते हैं और उिी तरह िे बोलते हैं। एक चरण के दौरधन, एक बच्चध उन चीजों को बहुवचन बनध देगध जो पहले िे ही बहुवचन हैं। • It does not matter if a child is corrected, they still grasp the language in the same manner and speak the same way. During one stage, a child will make things plural that are already plural.
  • 6.
  • 7. - Limitation : • The theory is hard to prove because it is not allowed to insolate somebody just to do a research. यह सिद् करनध कसठन है क्योंसक सकिी व्यसि को के वल एक िोि करने के सलए उिे प्रोत्िधसहत करने की अनुमसत नहीं है।
  • 8. Who is Skinner?  Burrhus Frederic (B. F.) Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher.  Born in Pennsylvania  began working on ideas of human behavior after earning his doctorate from Harvard.  Skinner's works include The Behavior of Organisms (1938) and a novel based on his theories Walden Two (1948).  He explored behaviorism in relation to society in later books, including Beyond Freedom and Human Dignity (1971).  Skinner died in Massachusetts in 1990.
  • 9. SKINNER’S VIEW ON LANGUAGE ACQUISITION  Skinner viewed babies as ‘empty vessels’ which language hadto be ‘put in to’ स्कनर ने सििुओां को ’खधली बतकन’ के रूप में देखध सक सकि भधषध को to अांदर रखनध है ’  Skinner also viewed language acquisition as a cognitive behaviour  स्कनर ने भधषध असिग्रहण को एक िांज्ञधनधत्मक व्यवहधर के रूप में भी देखध  operant conditioning - child goes through trial-and-error in other words they tries and fails to use correct language until it succeeds; with reinforcement and shaping provided by the parents gestures (smiles, attention and approval) which are pleasant to the child.  ऑपरेिनल कांडीिसनांग - बच्चध दूिरे िब्दों में िधयल-एांड-एरर िे गुज़रतध है और जब तक वह िफल नहीं हो जधतध है, तब तक वह िही भधषध कध उपयोग करने में सवफल रहतध है; मधतध-सपतध के इिधरों (मु्कुरधहट, ध्यधन और अनुमोदन) द्वधरध प्रदधन सकए गए िुदृढीकरण और आकधर देने के िधर् जो बच्चे के सलए िुखद हैं।
  • 10. Skinner in Verbal Behavior (1957) differentiated between two types of verbal responses that a child makes : वबकल सबहेसवयर (1957) में स्कनर ने दो प्रकधर की मौसखक प्रसतसियधओां के बीच अांतर सकयध, जो एक बच्चध करतध है:  Verbal behaviour that is reinforced by the child receiving something it wants. मौसखक व्यवहधर जो बच्चे द्वधरध प्रधप्त सकयध जधतध है सजिे वह चधहतध है।  Verbal behaviour caused by imitating others. दूिरों की नकल करने के कधरण होने वधलध मौसखक व्यवहधर।
  • 11. - . Limitations - Children are often unable to repeat what an adult says especially if the adult utterance contains a structure the child has not yet started to use. - Critical period for language acquisition. Children who have not acquired language by the age of about seven will never entirely catch up. - Observational studies of parent-child conversations (Brown and Hanlon, 1970) show that parents rarely reinforce correct grammar in a child’s speech, but instead tend to focus on the truthfulness or accuracy of statements
  • 12. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHOMSKY’S AND SKINNER’S THEORY  Similarities  Differences Both men have different views and theories on the same study which is how allhumans manage to obtain grammar क ही अध्ययन पर दोनों पुरुषों के अलग-अलग विचार और विद्ाांत हैं जो िभी मनुष्यों को व्याकरण प्राप्त करने का प्रबांधन करते हैं  Subject of their study is children. उनके अध्ययन के सवषय बच्चे हैं Chomsky’s Theory Skinner’s theory Innate biological ability that all humans possess. He believed that every child has a ‘language acquisition device’. िभी मनुष्यों के पधि जैसवक क्षमतध है। उनकध मधननध र्ध सक हर बच्चे के पधि 'भधषध असिग्रहण सडवधइि' है। Learning process involving the shaping of grammar into a correct form by the re-enforcement of other stimulus. अन्य उत्तेजनध के पुन: प्रवतकन द्वधरध व्यधकरण को एक िही रूप देने में िीखने की प्रसियध। innate learning mechanism enables a child to figure out how the language works (Traxler 2012) िहज सिक्षण तांि एक बच्चे को यह पतध लगधने में िक्षम बनधतध है सक भधषध कै िे कधम करती है (िैक्िलर 2012) Approaches child as a blank slate that is filled up by knowledge gained through experience(Traxler, 2012) एक खधली ्लेट के रूप में बच्चे कध अनुभव जो अनुभव िे प्रधप्त ज्ञधन िे भरध है (िैक्िलर, 2012)
  • 13.  Environment makes contribution in both theories:  पयधकवरण दोनों सिद्धांतों में योगदधन देतध है:  As for Chomsky, he believes that as long there are people available to speak to the child, the child’s biological endowments will do the rest.  चॉम्स्की के सलए, उनकध मधननध है सक जब तक बच्चे िे बधत करने के सलए लोग उपलब्ि हैं, तब तक बच्चे की जैसवक बांदोब्ती बधकी है।  But for Skinner, he believes that children will learn by • imitation, reinforcement that comes from the environments. • लेसकन स्कनर के सलए, उनकध मधननध है सक बच्चे इििे िीखेंगे • नकल, िुदृढीकरण जो वधतधवरण िे आतध है CONCLUSIONS
  • 14. REFERENCES  Taxler, M. J. (2012). Introduction to Psycholinguists: Understanding Language Science. West Sussex: Wiley Publishers.  Crabtree, E. (1999). Noam Chomsky  Sabahat, A. (2012). Crucial differences between a behaviourist and a nativist view of first language acquisition.  http://www.mimersbrunn.se/Language_Acquisition_5528.htm  Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal Behavior. Acton, MA: Copley Publishing Group.  http://www.biography.com/people/bf-skinner-9485671#synopsis  Patsy M. Lightbown; Nina Spada. How Languages Are Learned. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.