2. Definition
Abnormally high arterial blood pressure that is usually indicated by an
adult systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or greater or a diastolic
blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or greater, is chiefly of unknown cause but
may be attributable to a pre-existing condition (as a renal or endocrine
disorder),
3. Types of Hypertension
1.Primary
Chronic high blood pressure without a source or associated with any other disease.
Most common form of hypertension.
2. Secondary
Elevation of blood pressure associated with another disease
such as kidney disease, OSA, pheochromocytoma, and hyperthyroidism.
4. Causes
Genetics-some people are prone to hypertension simply based of their genetic
makeup
Family History- your risk for high blood pressure/hypertension increases if it is in
your family history
Environment
Inactivity
Stress
Obesity
Alcohol
High Sodium Diet
Tobacco Use
6. Further Complications of High Blood Pressure
Thickening of the heart muscle
Increased workload of the heart
May lead to other conditions such as
Heart attack
Stroke
Renal (Kidney) Failure
Loss of vision
10. Mechanism
Disturbance in the CNS , autonomic nerve fiber's, adrenergic receptors or
baroreceptors.
Abnormalities in renal or tissue auto regulatory process for sodium excretion ,
plasma volume, and arteriolar constriction.
Deficiency in synthesis of vasodilating substances in vascular endothelium
(prostacyclin ,bradykinin , and nitric oxide)or excess vasoconstricting substances
(angiotensin-ii, endothelin-i).
High sodium intake or lack of dietary calcium.
11. Treatments
Non-Pharmacological treatment
Lifestyle modifications
Diet and exercise
Limit alcohol and tobacco use
Reduce stress factors
Low sodium intake
reduce dietary food
13. Drug therapy
Thiazide-type Diuretics
Inhibit NaCl reabsorption
Side effects:
Electrolyte imbalances: ↓ Na, ↓ Cl, ↓ K** (advise K rich foods)
Fluid volume depletion (monitor for orthostatic hypotension)
Impotence,
decreased libido
14. Drug therapy
Adrenergic Inhibitors
Reduce sympathetic effects that cause HTN by:
Reducing sympathetic outflow
Blocking effects of sympathetic activity on vessels
Side effects
Hypotension
Varied, depending on specific drug
16. Drug therapy
ACE Inhibitors (suffix “pril)
Enalapril, captopril
Prevents conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thereby preventing the
vasoconstriction associate with A II.
Side effects
Hypotension, cough
17. Drug therapy
Calcium Channel Blockers
Block movement of calcium into cells, causing vasodilation
Example-amlodipine,diltiazem,felodipine
Side effects
Brdaycardia, heart block
18. Diagnosis
Measuring blood pressure regularly
Electrocardiogram
A test that measures the electrical activity, rate, and rhythm of your heartbeat via
electrodes attached to your arms, legs, and chest. The results are recorded on graph paper.
Echocardiogram
This is a test that uses ultrasound waves to provide pictures of the heart's valves and
chambers so the pumping action of the heart can be studied and measurement of the
chambers and wall thickness of the heart can be made.
20. Prevention
Lifestyle changes
Having regular checkups with your physician
Education
Being aware of your blood pressure and where it should be
Understanding your personal risk factors
Engaging in community health awareness acitivities
21. Living With High Blood Pressure
Living with High Blood Pressure requires a lot of lifestyle changes
Diet
Exercise
Taking prescribed medications as required by your doctor.
Recognize it is an ongoing process which requires regular.
checkups, taking medication regularly and checking blood pressure regularly
Recognizing there can be complications with pregnancy while living with high blood
pressure.
Damage to kidneys and other organs in mother and fetus
Low birth weight
Preeclampsia
