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Presentationv1 Part1
- 1. A Layman’s guide… to and lots more….
- 10. Long Term Trend www.beckstrom.com So what???
- 12. Greenhouse Gases CH4 CO2 PFCs HFCs SF6 310x 11,000 x 12,000 x 19 x CO2 Equivalent is Gold Standard 22,000 x N20
- 15. According to the NASA satellite data: - “More than 2 trillion tons of land ice in Greenland, Antarctic and Alaska have melted since 2003″. - “Water melting from Greenland in the past five years would fill about 11 Chesapeake Bays and the Greenland melt seems to be accelerating.”
- 17. “ Climate Change 2007”, the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), is about to be released, stand by for a tsunami of doom. Source: http://www.anenglishmanscastle.com/archives/004868.html
- 22. Ozone Hole September 24, 2006
- 23. Acid Rain Acid Rain
- 29. Blackle saves energy because the screen is predominantly black. "Image displayed is primarily a function of the user's color settings and desktop graphics, as well as the color and size of open application windows; a given monitor requires more power to display a white (or light) screen than a black (or dark) screen. " Roberson et al, 2002
- 35. Where is it Coming From? Prepared by Robert A Rohde Data source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center
- 37. Size Your Carbon Footprint CALCULATE YOUR PERSONAL CARBON FOOTPRINT Home sq. feet (00) ____ x .6 = _______ You drive kms (000) ____ x .4 = _______ You fly miles (000) ____ x .3 = _______ Your Total Tons ________
- 38. Question How large is your personal carbon footprint? 1) 15 2) 25 3) 50 4) 100+ tons The danger is real, but WE can control the situation….
- 39. Mission Po $$ ible !
- 47. Acid Rain Acid Rain Declines Because of Successful SO2 Reductions Market www.beckstrom.com
- 48. The Developments so far 1997: COP-3 -- The Kyoto Protocol Period The paradigm Key outcomes 1: Before 1990 Framing the problem 1979: First World Climate Conference 1988: Toronto Conference; Establishment of IPCC 1989: High level political conferences 1990: Second World Climate Conference; First Assessment Report of IPCC 2: 1991-1996 Leadership articulated 1992: Climate Change Convention 1995: COP-1 -- Berlin Mandate; AIJ 1996: Second Assessment Report of IPCC 3: 1997-2001 Conditional leadership 1997: COP-3 -- The Kyoto Protocol 2000: Third Assessment Report of IPCC 2001: COP-7 -- The Marrakech Accords 2001: US withdraws from Kyoto 4: 2002-2007 Leadership competition … ....: US initiates many agreements 2005: Kyoto enters into force 2007: COP-13-- Bali Roadmap 5: Post 2008 Developing countries taking lead? 2008: Global recession starts 2009: COP-15 -- Copenhagen agreement?
- 50. IPCC As an intergovernmental body the IPCC is open to all member countries of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Its activities are guided by the mandate given to it by its parent organisations WMO and UNEP and governed by principles agreed by the Panel. The work-programme of the IPCC is decided by the Panel in plenary Sessions.
- 56. Generating Carbon Credits GHG emissions Time Project commissioned “ With project” emission level “ Without project” emission level Carbon credits Project based emission reductions need to be calculated and verified 1 reduced Ton of Carbon Dioxide equivalent = 1 Carbon Credit hereafter they can be sold on the open market.
- 69. How it works? By selling the emission reductions from a project to a Annex I party additional cash flows can be realised. Emission cap Actual emissions Buyer Carbon Credits Carbon value Annex I party Emission reduction project The CDM project reduces the carbon emissions in the CDM country
- 72. Impact on the IRR of The Project IRR Benchmark Project return excluding CDM revenue Project return including CDM revenue CDM cash flow The gap between the project return and the required return on investment threshold The CDM cash flow increases the IRR of the project making it more interesting for investors. (2%-100%, diversification, offshore revenue stream) 12 % 15 % 16 %
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Hi friends, today we would like to take this opportunity to help you understand some terms better – like…..GW, GH, CC, Kyoto, IPCC, COP-15 Copenhagen
- For that, we would like to talk about…
- …… .and ya, when we say talk, we expect participation from you guys too. This not intended to be a speech or lecture, but a discussion.
- At times, don’t we feel like Suzie in above cartoon? There’s so much “noise” around all these. But why?
- Even as we talk, something somewhere is changing.
- human activities including industrial processes, fossil fuel combustion, and changes in land use, such as deforestation result in emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Industry, transport, and the commercial sector produce the bulk of our country's emissions, around 75 percent. We individuals have a valid and vital role to play at home and work, and through our personal transport.
- The % of CO2 in atmosphere is constantly rising, and is expected to reach .085% by year 2100
- If we look at an even longer timeline, we would see that the rise has been quite steep during the last century. Irony is that we have also witnessed most of the technological advancements during the same period.
- There are two kinds of GHGs, natural & made. The natural gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane & nitrous oxide. In fact, some warming is essential for earth. Without a natural greenhouse effect, the temperature of the Earth would be about zero degrees F (-18°C) instead of its present 57°F (14°C). So, the concern is not with greenhouse effect or GHGs per se, but whether human activities are substantially enhancing the greenhouse effect.
- The six greenhouse gases specified in the Kyoto Protocol are: Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N20) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Approximately 25 other gases, such as chloroform and carbon monoxide, qualify as climate-changing greenhouse gases, but only the above mentioned six are released in sufficient quantities to justify regulation under Kyoto. Water vapour is a very important greenhouse gas, but is not controllable by human intervention.
- GHGs restrict & re-emit the terrestrial radiation emitted from earth, preventing radiation to escape through atmosphere in outer space. This Green House Effect causes general warming of the earth, which, in higher concentration results in global warming or rising of the temperature to threatening level.
- Projections of future warming suggest a global increase of 2.5ºF (1.4ºC) to 10.4ºF (5.8ºC) by 2100.
- Due to rise in temperatures, the ice in glacier’s is melting….and the water thus released flows in to oceans &seas thru rivers. This is leading to a rise in sea level. This poses immediate threat to islands & other costal areas. They would get submerged if sea level rises.
- This might be good news for some….., but not for us – humans.
- This is further substantiated by findings of IPCC. Did I hear IPCC who? Wait for a while, we will tell you in a bit.
- And ya, we are not the only ones worried about rise in temperatures.
- Apart from GHGs & Temperature rise, we have had other issues with environment being affected due to human acts.
- Ozone – is a color less gas which absorbs harmful components of sunlight
- Use of CFC’s (found mainly in refrigation units) is depleting ozone in stratosphere. There are some areas where ozone concetration has dipped below historic lows of 220 dobson units.
- As we observe from these pictures, the ozone hole has grown unabated during 80’s & 90’s. This continues even today. In fact, the largest ozone hole ever observed occurred on 24 September 2006. The daily maximum ozone hole area for 2009 was 24 million km2 on 17 September . The daily mininum ozone value for 2009 was 94 DU on 26 September .
- Acid rain is another man-made problem.
- The acidic gases released in atmosphere by polluting industries are carried around by the wind. These gases then dissolve in rainwater to forma acid rain, which kills plantlife, erodes stonework & causes damages to mankind.
- Scientists first discovered acid rain in 1852, when the English chemist Robert Agnus invented the term. It is caused by airborne acidic pollutants and has highly destructive results. From then until now, acid rain has been an issue of intense debate among scientists and policy makers.
- So what are we doing to tackle these problems?
- But before that, we would like to know Climate is whose responsibility.
- Most of the organisation are & would be concerned with their bottomline. Even we expect big businesses to act & help us find a way out. But that’s just a myth.
- Even an internet powerhouse is under attack for having a white homepage. It is widely believed that a black homepage for google would help save 750 megawatts hous every year. an all white web page uses about 74 watts to display, while an all black page uses only 59 watts.
- But lets not forget, 60% of businesses qualify as small. That’s quite a large number. And a force to reckon with when put together.
- But they tend to undermine themselves
- It is very rightly said that businesses have a key role to play in tackling social problems. But we as managers believe that what is good for environment is not good for business. This not the case in reality. Later in this presentation, we would see how businesses benefit by addressing a social cause.
- The businesses need to act responsibly & reduce their carbon foot print. There’s a treasure waiting to be unlocked.
- While on carbon footprint, lets talk about geographical diversity in terms of GHG emissions. The redder the area is, more is the concentration of CO2 in that area. And as discussed earlier, that means more severe is the problem of climate change in that area. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:GHG_per_capita_2000.svg
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Carbon_Emission_by_Region.png To give another perspective, lets study the regional growth of carbon emissions. We would notice that USA & Cananda have the highest emissions. This is in line with the earlier image which had USA in red. Another key point to take note of here is the rise in developing economies like China & India – Orange & Green lines. Notice the steep incline?
- Ok, by now we all have a fair idea of what problem is & what harm it can do in future. Now lets try & see what’s our contribution to this.
- Here’s a simple exercise. Put in the figures required above. What’s the area of ur house? How many kms do u drive in a year. Aprox how many miles do u fly in a year. Total it up.
- What’s d result? Now jst multiply it by 7 billion (~global population). This would give you a rough estimate of amount of damage being done to environment. But don’t worry. Awareness is the key to survival. If we act responsibly, we can undo the damage.
- Together, we can prevent the damage. & in the process, earn some financial rewards too.
- But the problem is that we would rather wait for our leaders to act, than do something ourselves.
- Some early successes like montreal protocol which helped reduce CFC’s boost our faith in our leaders. If they have controlled the ozone hole, they can also deal with climate change.
- Under Montreal Protocl, CFCs are to be phased out completely.
- This is expected to help increase the concentration of ozone, and bring it to desirable levels.
- Another successful govt program we can talk about is US Acid rain program. It helped reduce levels of acidic gases like sulfur dioxide. Also note that this was one of the first “cap-and-trade” program. Its success prompted more such schemes which we will discuss in detail a while later.
- Electric power generation = 70% of SO2 emissions. Phase I concerns mostly coal-fired power plants. Beginning of Phase II : bring fossil-fuel electric power plants in the scheme. Annual allocations . Number of allowances related to the share of heat input [=combustion of fossil fuel (coal, oil, natural gas) for electricity generation] . Bonuses under a variety of provisions. Auction limited to 3% of total allowances (good indication of the value of allowances at the beginning) . Penalty adjusted for inflation (around $3,000 in 2004).
- Reduction in emissions of acidic gases would directly reduce the harmful effects on plantation & mankind.
- The effectiveness of US Acid rain program is reflected in reduction of red area in the above 2 pics.
- Now to talk about what all the political machinary has done as yet for the environment, I would like to invite Neeraj Neeraj – The table given above divides the developments in to 5 continous blocks. 1979 was when the 1 st formal meeting happened to address the climate change on an international level. Thereafter IPCC was formed in 1988 to study on the subject. This was followed by COP-1 in 1995 at Berlin. The Conference of the Parties (COP) is the "supreme body" of the Convention, that is, its highest decision-making authority. It is an association of all the countries that are Parties to the Convention. The COP is responsible for keeping international efforts to address climate change on track. It reviews the implementation of the Convention and examines the commitments of Parties in light of the Convention’s objective, new scientific findings and experience gained in implementing climate change policies. As yet, most meaningful of all COPs has been COP-3 which helped in creation of Kyoto protocol. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions .These amount to an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. 184 Parties of the Convention have ratified its Protocol to date.
- Here’s a list of various agencies working on achieving that much-needed reduction.
- The idea behind Kyoto protocol is that by bringing emissions 7% below 1990 levels we can actually manage to reduce emissions by 30% of what it could have been had the growth continued unabated.
- The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the Convention encouraged industrialised countries to stabilize GHG emissions, the Protocol commits them to do so.
- Note :1: Basically, the real difference between the Framework Convention and the Kyoto Protocol is that the Convention encouraged these countries to stabilize their emissions levels whereas, the Protocol will commit them to reducing their collective emissions by at least 5% below 1990 levels. Moreover, unlike the Convention’s non-binding aim for stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions, the Protocol’s commitments are in fact, legally-binding, which implies consequences for non-compliance.
- The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the “Marrakesh Accords.”
- The carbon offset is a consumer product that you or I could buy, enabling us to mildly compensate for our greenhouse-gas emissions by supporting renewable-energy projects. You know, "I'm sorry I'm repeatedly choosing to break your leg, let me apologize by funding medical training in Zimbabwe."
- The carbon credit, on the other hand, is an aspect of the industrial "cap-and-trade" program and works slightly differently than the offset. Very broadly, the concept behind cap-and-trade is this: The government decides upon a "cap," a maximum amount of emissions allowed across an industry or sector. The cap should be lower than the status quo. Said government then issues permits to pollute, either by giving them away or by auctioning them off. Then the "trade" aspect begins. The permits each allow a certain amount of pollution. If a business can reduce its emissions and end up with extra permits, it can sell those permits for a profit to businesses that want to/must pollute more than they are allowed. The polluters, for their part, can choose to pay for permits or find technical innovations that will bring down their emissions. Ideally, the market price of permits -- a desirable but limited resource -- rises and becomes increasingly prohibitive. In this dreamy scenario, buying a permit becomes more expensive than conservation, and businesses spend the money on retrofitting their systems instead.
- The "cap-and-trade" system is one of two large-scale greenhouse-gas reduction schemes on the global table, and the more popular. The other is a carbon tax .
- Another key point to note here is the increase in prices of offset