Important questions with answers of Ashtang Hridaya Sutra Sthana

1. Ashtang Hridaya
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1. How will you diagnose foreign body in the skin?
Ans: Foreign body in the skin is diagnosed by discoloration, hard and large swelling.
Concealed foreign body in the skin is also diagnosed if there is redness, pain, burning
sensation, tenderness after applying Abhyanga, Swedana and Mardana.
It is also diagnosed by melting of Ghee or by quick drying of Lepa (Chandana) on that
site.
2. Write the types of Nasya.
Ans:
A. Types according to Karma: a) Virechana, b) Brunhana c) Shamana.
B. Types according to Sneha Matra: a) Marsha, b) Pratimarsha.
3. Write about Niragni Sweda.
Ans:
Indication: Meda and Kapha Avrutta Vata
Types: 10
1. Nivata Gruha (air tight place)
2. Ayasa (exertion)
3. Guru Pravarana (covering with heavy & thick blanket)
4. Bhaya (fear)
5. Upanaha
6. Ahava (wrestling)
7. Krodha (anger)
8. Bhuripana (heavy drinking of alcohol)
9. Kshudha (hunger)
10. Atapa (exposure to sunlight)
4. Write Pratimarsha Nasya Kala.
Ans: 15 Pratimarsha Nasya Kala:
1. At end of night 2. At end of day 3. After food
4. After vomiting 5. After day sleep 6. After walking of long distance
7. After exertion 8. After coitus 9. After Shiro abhyanga
10. After Gandusha 11. After passing urine 12. After passing feces
13. After Anjana 14. After Dantadhavana 15. After laughing
5. Write the dose of Pratimarsha Nasya.
Ans: Dose of Pratimarsha Nasya: 2 drops (of Sneha).
6. Write the function of Vikeshika.
Ans: Function of Vikeshika: It purifies the wound quickly which has putrefied muscular
tissue, is elevated and has consumed tissues and is full of pus.
7. Write the types of Mukhalepa.
Ans: Types of Mukhalepa:
1. Doshaha
2. Vishaha

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3. Varnakrit
8. Write Shastra Dosha.
Ans: Shastra Dosha: 8
1. Kuntha (bluntness)
2. Khanda (brokenness)
3. Tanu (thinness)
4. Sthula (stoutness)
5. Hrisva (smallness)
6. Dirgha (lengthy)
7. Vakra (curvedness)
8. Kharadhara (rough edge)
9. Write utility of Nadiyantra.
Ans: Utility of Nadiyantra:
 Useful for looking into body parts
 Recognizing foreign bodies and diseases localized in Srotas
 For facilitating treatment
 Achushana (sucking).
10. Write the importance of Nasya.
Ans:
ऊर्ध्वजत्रुव्कारेषु व्शेषान्नस्यममष्यते|
नासा हह मशरसो द््ारं तेन तद््याप्य हन्न्त तान्|| A.H.Su.20/1
Nasya is especially indicated for the treatment of diseases of Urdhwajatru (the parts
above the shoulders). Nose is the gateway for the head. Drug of Nasya spread through
this and cure the diseases.
11. Define Maatra basti.
Ans: Sneha Basti consisting of Basti material (Sneha) equivalent to the Hrisva
(minimum) dose of Sneha used for Snehana therapy is known as Matra Basti.
12. Write the Shuddha Rakta Lakshana.
Ans: Shuddha Rakta Lakshana:
मधुरं ऱ्णंककन्चिदशीतोष्णमसंहतम ्|
ऩद्मेन्रगोऩहेमाव्शशऱोहहतऱोहहतम ्||
ऱोहहतंप्रभ्ःशुद्धं - A.H.Su.27/1-2
 Sweet and Slightly Salt (in taste)
 Neither Sheeta nor Ushna
 Not coagulated
 Color resembling a lotus, Indragopa, gold, blood of sheep and rabbit
13. Enlist Shalyagati.
Ans: 5 Shalyagati:
1. Vakra

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2. Riju
3. Tiryag
4. Urdhwa
5. Adho
14. Define Tachchhilya.
Ans: Tachchhilya means similarity of quality, nature etc.
15. Give the number of Tachchhilya, Kalpana, Arthashraya.
Ans:
Number of Tachchhilya: 17
Number of Kalpana: 7
Number of Arthashraya: 20 (Arunadatta), 21 (Shankar Sharma)
16. Define Anuyantra
Ans: Instruments which are helping in the functions of Yantra is known as Anuyantra.
17. Write synonyms of Prakriti.
Ans: Mula Prakriti, Beeja Dharmi, Prasava Dharmi, Amadhyastha Dharmi
18. Write benefits of Swedana.
Ans: Benefits of Swedana: Dosha, which have been made oily by affect of Snehana
procedure, whether they may be seated in Koshtha, Dhatu or in Shaka Asthi and other
places, are liquefied by Swedana. Then they are brought into Koshtha and they can be
eliminated fully by suitable Shodhana therapy.
19. Write methods of Raktavisravana.
Ans: Methods of Raktavisravana
1. Siravyadha
2. Jalaukavacharana
3. Prachchhana
4. Alabu
5. Shringa
20. Write classification of Dhumapana.
Ans: Types of Dhumapana:
1. Snigdha
2. Madhya
3. Tikshna
21. Write classification of Tattva.
Ans: Sankhya Darshan divided these 25 Tattva into 4 categories. They are:
1. Prakriti
2. Vikriti
3. Prakriti- Vikriti
4. Na Prakriti- Na Vikriti
Category Tattva No.
Mula prakriti Prakriti 1

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Prakriti- Vikriti Mahat, Ahankara, 5 Tanmatra 7
Vikriti 5 Gyanendriya, 5 karmendriya, Mana, 5
Mahabhuta
16
Na Prakriti- Na Vikriti Purusha 1
Total 25
22. Write types of Kshara.
Ans: 2 types: 1. Paniya, 2. Pratisaraniya.
3 types: 1. Mridu, 2. Madhyama, 3. Tikshna
23. Write the qualities of Shalya Chikitsaka (surgeon).
Ans: Qualities of Shalya Chikitsaka (surgeon):
 Shaurya (Courage)
 Ashukriya (Quickness of action)
 Tikshna Shastra (Having Sharp instruments)
 Asweda (not getting sweating)
 Avepathu (not getting trembling)
 Asammoha (not getting confused)
24. Write Kshara Guna.
Ans: 10 Kshara Guna:
1. Na Atitikshna 2. Na Atimridu
3. Shlakshna 4. Pichchhila
5. Shighra 6. Sita (white)
7. Shikhari 8. Sukha Nirvapya
9. Na vishyandi 10. Na Atiruk
25. Write the type of Murdha taila.
Ans: 4 types of Murdhataila:
1. Abhyanga
2. Parisheka
3. Pichu
4. Shirobasti
26. Write indication of Shirobasti.
Ans: Indication of Shirobasti:
 Prasupti (numbness)
 Ardita
 Loss of sleep
 Dryness of nose and mouth
 Timira
 Severe head disorders.
27. Define Gandusha.

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Ans: It is the gargle in which such amount of liquid is filled in mouth that cannot be
moved in the mouth. Liquid should be hold in mouth till the mouth is filled with Kapha
and nose and eye discharging secretions.
28. Write difference between Gandusha and Kavala.
Ans: Gandusha is filling of mouth with liquid without any movement in mouth and its
opposite or moving the liquid in mouth is called Kavala.
Gandusha is static gargle while Kavala is mobile gargle.
29. Write the types of Pratisarana.
Ans: 3 types of Pratisarana:
1. Kalka
2. Rasakriya
3. Churna
30. Write the types of Swedana.
Ans: 4 types of Swedana:
1. Tapa
2. Upanaha
3. Ushma
4. Drava
31. Write the types of Anjana.
Ans:
A. According to Karma, 3 types of Anjana:
1. Lekhana
2. Ropana
3. Drushti Prasadana
B. According to form, Other types of Anjana:
1. Pinda
2. Rasakriya
3. Churna
32. Write constituent of Ashta Prakriti.
Ans: Constituent of Ashta Prakriti:
 Avyakta
 Mahat
 Ahankara
 Pancha Tanmatra
33. Name the first line of treatment in Netra Roga.
Ans: Aschotana is the first line of treatment in Netra Roga
34. Define Achchhapana.
Ans: Achchhapana is use of Sneha independently and separately. Administration of
Sneha without mixing any other substances is Achchhapana. It is not Vicharana. It is
ideal (praiseworthy) because it gives the results of Snehana quickly.

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35. Write types of Bandhana.
Ans: 15 types of Bandhana:
1. Kosha 2. Swastika 3. Muttoli
4. China 5. Dama 6. Anuvellita
7. Khatva 8. Vibandha 9. Sthagika
10. Vitana 11. Utsanga 12. Gophana
13. Yamaka 14. Mandala 15. Panchangi
36. Define Vishamashana.
Ans: Eating very less or in excess (improper quantity) and at improper time is known as
Vishamashana.
37. Name the contents of Trikatu (Vyosha).
Ans: Contents of Trikatu: 1. Sunthi, 2. Maricha, 3. Pippali.
38. Name the types of Desha.
Ans: Types of Desha: 1. Anupa, 2. Jangala, 3. Sadharana.
39. Name the seasons of Adanakala.
Ans: seasons of Adanakala: Shishira, Vasanta, Grishma.
40. Name the seasons of Visargakala.
Ans: seasons of Visargakala: Varsha, Sharad, Hemanta.
41. Define Kopa.
Ans: Kopa is spreading of the increased Dosha to different places, it causes appearance
of their own features, feeling of ill health, occurrence of premonitory symptoms and
manifestation of diseases.
42. Write the qualities of Mahish Dugdha and Go dugdha.
Ans: Qualities of Mahish Dugdha:
 Very beneficial in Atyagni and loss of sleep
 Gurutara (than cow milk)
 Sheeta
Qualities of Go Dugdha:
 Jivaniya, Rasayana
 Medhya, Balya
 Sara
 Increases Stanya
 Wholesome for patients of Kshata and Kshina Dhatu.
 Cure the fatigue, giddiness, Mada, inauspiciousness, Jirna jwara,
Mutrakrichchha, Raktapitta, Shwasa, Kasa, Ati Trisha and Kshudha.
43. Write the types of Koshtha.
Ans: कोष्ठःक्र
ू रोमृदुमवर्धयोमर्धयःस्यातततःसमतरवऩ|A.H.Su.1/9
3 types of Koshtha:
Koshtha Dosha dominancy
Krura Vata

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Mridu Pitta
Madhya Kapha or equilibrium of all Dosha
44. Describe the Guna of Sunthi.
Ans: Sunthi Guna:
 Deepana, Vrishya, Grahi, Hridya
 Vata- Kapha Shamak
 Ruchya, Vibandh hara
 Laghu, Snigdha, Ushna
 Vipaka: Madhura
45. Write the function of Tikta and Madhura Rasa.
Ans:
Function of Tikta Rasa:
 It is not liked
 Pitta, Kapha Shamaka
 Laghu, Sheeta, Ruksha
 Cures Aruchi, Krimi, Trisha, Visha
 Cures Kushtha, Murchchha, Jwara, Utklesha, Daha
 Dries up Kleda, Meda, Vasa, Majja, Purisha, Mutra
 Medhya
 Stanya Shodhana, Kantha Shodhana
 Atiyoga causes Dhatu Kshaya and Vata Vyadhi
Function of Madhura Rasa:
 Accustomed since birth
 Produces greater strength in Dhatu
 Very valuable for children, aged, wounded, emaciated
 Good for complexion, hair, sense organs and Ojas
 Brunhana, Kanthya
 Increases Stanya
 Sandhanakrut
 Guru, Snigdha
 Vata- Pitta Shamak
 Cures Visha
 Ayushya, Jeevana
 Atiyoga causes Meda- Kaphaja Roga, Sthaulya, Agnisada, Sanyasa, Prameha,
Ganda, Arbuda etc.
46. Write the definition of Anupana and explain it.
Ans: Definition of Anupana: Anupana is that which is opposite to the qualities and
properties of food and is not antagonistic to the food material. This kind of Anupana is
praiseworthy.

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Benefits:
 Energies the body
 Gives satiety
 Spread the food material in the body
 Gives firmness to the body parts
 Helps in loosening hard food material and moistening of food
 Helps in good digestion
Food Anupana
Meal containing barley and wheat Cold water
Curd, wine, poison and honey Cold water
Pishtanna Luke warm water
vegetable and Mudga and other
legumes
whey, diluted buttermilk and fermented
gruel
Lean person Sura
stout person Madhudaka
Shosha meat juice
meal of meat & Mandagni Madya
Debilitated by disease, treatment,
walking, speaking, sexual intercourse,
fasting, exposure to sun, emaciated,
aged and children
Milk
47. Which drugs are included in Jeevaniya Gana.
Ans: Jeevaniya Gana
Jivanti Mashaparni
2 Kakoli Rishabhaka
2 Meda Jivaka
Mudgaprani Madhuka
48. Write about Dharaniya Vega.
Ans: धारयेततु सदा ्ेगान् हहततषी प्रेतय िेह ि|
ऱोभेष्यावद््ेषमातसयवरागादीनां न्जतेन्न्रयः|| A.H.Su.4/24
One who is desirous of happiness here (in this life) and hereafter (life in the other world)
should control the urges of greed, envy, hatred, jealousy, desires and again control over
sense organs.
49. Enumerate Dharaniya Vega.
Ans: Lobha, Irshya, Dwesha, Matsarya, Raga etc.
50. Define Viruddhaahara.
Ans: Anything that causes aggravation of Dosha but does not expel them out of the body
is called Viruddha Ahara.
E.g. Milk with fish etc.
51. Name the Upastambha.

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Ans: Upastambha: 1. Ahara, 2. Nidra, 3. Abrahmacharya.
52. Define Chaya.
Ans: Chaya is increase (of Doshadi) in its own sites and produces dislike for things
which are the causes of increase and liking for things of opposite qualities.
53. Name the Dwividha Upakrama.
Ans: Dwividha Upakrama: 1. Santarpana, 2. Apatarpana.
54. Write about important functions of Dhatu.
Ans:
Dhatu Important function
Rasa Prinana
Rakta Jeevana
Mamsa Lepana
Meda Snehana
Asthi Dharana
Majja Purana
Shukra Garbhotpadana
55. Write the sign and symptoms of Ajirna.
Ans: Sign and symptoms of Ajirna:
 Vibandha
 Ati Pravrutti
 Glani
 Maruta Mudhata (improper functioning of Vata)
 Vishtambha
 Gaurava (heaviness)
 Bhrama (giddiness)
56. Write indication of Eladi Gana.
Ans: Indication of Eladi Gana:
 Vata Kaphja Vyadhi
 Poisoning
 Kandu, Kotha, Pidika
 Improves complexion
57. Write the definition of Vipaka.
Ans:
जाठरेणान्ननना योगाद्यदुदेतत रसान्तरम ्|
रसानां ऩररणामान्ते स व्ऩाक इतत स्मृतः|| A.H.Su.9/20
The change in the tastes (of substances) that occurs at the end of digestion by association
of Jatharagni is called Vipaka.
58. What is the difference between Abhyanga & Udvartana.

10. Ashtang Hridaya
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Ans: Abhyanga is the external application of Sneha to the body while Udvartana is the
external application of dry powder to the body.
Abhyanga is done in Anuloma direction
Udvartana is done in Pratiloma direction.
59. Write the benefits of Ushnodaka.
Ans: Benefits of Ushnodaka:
 Deepana, Pachana
 Kanthya
 Laghu, Ushna
 Basti Shodhana
 Recommended in Hikka, Adhmana, Vata- Kaphaja Vikara, after Shodhana, Nava
Jwara, Kasa, Pinasa, Shwasa, Ama, Parshwashula.
60. What is Roga Pariksha Vidhi?
Ans: Roga Pariksha Vidhi:
1. Nidana
2. Pragrupa
3. Rupa (Lakshana)
4. Upashaya
5. Samprapti (Apti)
61. What is Rogi pariksha Vidhi?
Ans: Rogi Pariksha Vidhi:
1. Darshana
2. Sparsha
3. Prashna
62. Define Agantuka Roga.
Ans: Agantuka diseases are caused by outside objects like Bhuta (evil spirits, bacteria
etc.), poison, air, fire, injury, Bhanga etc. and also due to Raga, Dwesha, Bhaya etc.
63. Characteristics of Antariksha jala.
Ans: Characteristics of Antariksha jala:
 Jeevana
 Tarpana
 Hridya
 Pleasing
 Buddhi Prabodhana
 Avyakta Rasa
 Laghu, Sheeta
 Agreeable
 It is like nectar.
64. What is Bahya Roga Marga?
Ans: Rakta, other Dhatu and skin constitute Bahya Rogamarga.

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Disease of Bahya Rogamarga: Masha, Vyanga, Ganda, Alaji, Arbuda etc.
Arsha, Gulma, Shopha etc.
65. Define Paratantra Vyadhi.
Ans: Paratantra Vyadhi which have not their specific causes, and treatment and have
indistinct features.
66. Define Ojas.
Ans: ओजस्तुतेजोधातूनांशुक्रान्तानांऩरं स्मृतम ्|
हृदयस्थमवऩ्यावऩदेहन्स्थतततनबन्धनम ्|| A.H.Su.11/37
Ojas is the Sara (essence) of Dhatu ending with Shukra. It is located in Hridaya, it
pervades all over the body and controls the working of the body.
67. Name the Dushya.
Ans:
68. Write the contents of Triphala and its properties.
Ans: Contents of Triphala: 1. Haritaki, 2. Bibhitaki, 3. Amalaki.
Properties:
 Best Rasayana
 Cures the diseases of eye
 Heals the wounds
 Useful in skin diseases, Meda Vyadhi, Prameha
 Removes the excess Kleda in the body
 Kapha & Rakta Shamak
69. Types of Mala.
Ans: मऱामूत्रशकृ तस््ेदादयोऽवऩि|| A.H.Su.1/13
Purisha, Mutra and Sweda.
70. Write the name of drugs in Mahat Panchamula.
Ans: Drugs of Mahat Panchamula are:
1. Bilva
2. Kashmarya (Gambhari)
3. Tarkari (Agnimantha)
4. Patala
Dushya
Dhatu
Rasa, Rakta, Mamsa, Meda,
Asthi, Majja, Shukra
Mala
Purisha, Mutra, Sweda

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5. Tintuka (Shyonaka)
71. Give the name of six tastes and their Panchabhautika composition.
Ans:
Composition
Rasa Mahabhuta
Madhura Pruthvi + Jala
Amla Agni + Pruthvi
Lavana Jala + Agni
Tikta Akasha + Vayu
Katu Agni + Vayu
Kashaya Pruthvi+Vayu
72. Write the definition & importance of Yantra.
Ans:
Equipments which are useful
 To extract the different types of foreign bodies causing pain in different parts of
the body, to look into hemorrhoids, rectal fistula etc.
 To apply sharp instruments, Alkalies (Kshara) and fire (Agni Karma);
 To protect the remaining parts other than the diseased in therapies like enema etc,
and the pot (Ghatika), ground horn (Alabu) of animal, Jambavaustha- cylindrical
smooth stone etc. are all known as Yantra (medical instruments).
Yantra (instruments) are of many shapes, functions, types; hence they are to be fabricated
and to be prepared with intelligence.
73. Write about Anuyantra.
Ans: Anuyantra are instruments which are secondary and used as accessories. Anuyantra
helps in the function of Yantra.
Anuyantra are – the magnet, rope/ thread, cloth, stone, hammer, leather strap, intestine of
animals, tongue, hair, branches of trees, nails, mouth, teeth, time, digestion, hands, feet,
fear and pleasure.
74. Write about Anushastra.
Ans: Anushastras are - which are non-metallic.
They are many.
Jalauka
Kshara
Dahana
Kacha–
Upala –cow dung cake
Nakha- nail
stone, etc.
75. Enumerate Yantra Karma.

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Ans: Functions of the Yantra are as following:
 Nirghatana- pulling out after crushing,
 Unmathana- pulling out after twisting,
 Poorana- filling,
 Marga shuddhi- clearing the passage,
 Vyuhana- bringing together,
 Aharana – extracting,
 Bandhana- binding,
 Peedana- Rubbing,
 Achushana – sucking,
 Unnamana- lifting up,
 Namana- pushing down, bending down
 Chalana- shaking,
 Bhanga- breaking,
 Vyavartana- overturning,
 Rujukarana- straightening etc
76. Write about Nadi Yantra.
Ans: Nadiyantra - Tubular instruments (probe) are:
 Hollow
 With one or more opening
 Useful for looking into body parts
 Recognizing foreign bodies and diseases localized in the channels of the tissues,
 For facilitating treatments and for sucking out.
 Their width, perimeter vary as per size, shape etc. of the channels.
77. Write about Arsho Yantra.
Ans: Arsho Yantra- the instrument to view the hemorrhoid inside the rectum.
 It has cylindrical shape.
 circumference: 5 Angula in men and 6 Angula for women
 With two orifices- one at each end, useful for seeing the pile masses and
 With one slit shall be at its centre three Angula in length and of the size of the
middle portion of the thumb in widths, about half Angula above the slit three shall
be a Karnika – edge.
78. Write about Alabu.
Ans: Alabu- the hollowed dried gourd.
 length: twelve Angula
 diameter: eighteen Angula
 With a round orifice of three or four Angula.
 Inside the Alabu, a burning wick is placed.
 Useful for extracting Kapha and Rakta.

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79. Write about Shringa.
Ans: Shringa- animal horn useful to suck (vitiated Rakta).
 Have the orifice of three Angula at its root and that of mustard seed at the tip,
 Length: 18 Angula.
 The tip resembles the shape of nipple.
80. Write about Ghati.
Ans: Ghati is pot and similar to Alabu and useful for making the Gulma soft and raise it
above from its low level.
Use: In Kapha- Vatajanya Rakta Dushti
81. Write about Suchi.
Ans:
Needles for suturing/swing are of three kinds.
One is round; others two are strong and thick having threads passing through a hole in
their body near its root.
 The needles for suturing in fleshy parts will three edges and length of three
Angula.
 For use in less flashy places, bony joints and wounds on Asthi, with a length of
two Angula.
 Vrihimukha Suchi-
 Curved needle is bent like a bow or like the grain of paddy.
 Useful for- sewing/ suturing of intestines, stomach and vital spots
 Two and half Angula in length.
82. Write about Shastrakosha.
Ans: The Shastrakosha (instrument wallet) should be
 9 Angula in width & 12 Angula in length (9 ×12).
 It should be made from jute, leaves, wood, silk, inner bark of trees or soft leather.
 It should be endowed with threads, well stitched with compartment for
instruments, which should be kept wrapped in wool.
 Its mouth closed and held tight with a rod- acting like a bolt
 Pleasing to look at as well as to preserve.
83. Write the characteristics of Grahya and Agrahya Jalauka.
Ans:
Agrahya (prohibited) Jalauka:
 Leeches which are born (& live) in dirty and polluted water by putrefied by deas
bodies of fish, frog and snakes & their excreta.
 Leeches, which are
 Red, white or very black in color
 Chapala – very active
 Poisonous
 Thick and slimy.

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 Leeches, which have
 Variety of streaks on the upper parts of the body like rainbow.
 More hair
 This kind of Jalauka should be avoided.
 If used, they produce itching, ulceration, fever and giddiness,
 Treatment: it is treated with drugs which mitigate poison, Pitta and Rakta.
Grahya (Useful) Jalauka: Following kind of Jalauka are Nirvisha- non poisonous- so
can be used.
 Those born in clean water
 Which are blue
 Round in shape
 Having blue lines in their back, rough/ hard back
 Thin body
 Slightly yellowish belly
84. Write the features of sacred book (Shastra lakshana) or Tantra Guna.
Ans:
 A treatise (Shashtra) can be means of valid experience, only if it is produced by the Apta
personalities, who are free from Raja and Tama and they are thought to be the authorities
on the subject.
 Though there are many texts available on medicine, a wise man desirous of adopting
medical profession should, first of all, select a suitable text on medicine, having good
qualities. In Ch.Vi.8, Acharya has described following qualities to be adjudged which
denote a suitable text.
1. सुमहद् यशन्स््धीरऩुरुषासेव्तम् - Followed by great, illustrious, and wise physician.
2. अथवबहुऱम्- Full of abundant meaning or complete with idea.
3. आप्तजनऩून्जतम् – Respected by reputed experts.
4. त्रत्रव्धमशष्यबुवद्धहहतम्- Beneficial to the three types of disciples viz. Highly, moderately and
less intellect students.
5. अऩगतऩुनरुक्तदोषम्- Free from defects of repetition.
6. आषं- Derived/ transmitted from Rishi or seer.
7. सुप्रणीतसूत्रभाष्यसङ्ग्रहक्रमम्- Well written Shloka, commentary and summary in an orderly
manner.
8. स््ाधारम् - Well versed idea for conveying.
9. अन्ऩतततशब्दम् - Free from vulgar expression
10. अकष्टशब्दम् - Free from difficult expression
11. ऩुष्कऱामभधानम् - Clear and unambiguous expression

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12. क्रमागताथवम् - Conveys idea in orderly manner
13. अथवततत्व्तनश्ियप्रधानम् - Deals with the determination of real objects.
14. सङ्ग्गताथवम् - Relevant to the subject
15. असङ्ग्क
ु ऱप्रकरणम् - Without confusion in relating context
16. आशुप्रबोधकम् - Quickly attainable./ conveys idea quickly
17. ऱऺण्त् - Rich in definition and caption.
18. उदाहरण्त् - Rich in examples, illustrations etc.
A text having these qualities may be compared to the sun which removes darkness
and illuminates all. The real Shastra is one of the valid sources of truth.
85. Explain Tantra Dosha.
Ans: Vakyadosha is of five types:
1. Nyuna
2. Adhika
3. Anarthaka,
4. Aparthaka and
5. Viruddha.
Without these there is no damage to the contextual sense.
1. Nyuna: Nyuna such as-if there is lack of even one of the Pancha Avayava (five
components- Pratigya, Hetu, Udaharana, Upanaya & Nigamana) or if there be many
reasons, only one reason is resorted to for proving something.
2. Adhika: Adhika is just contrary to Nyuna such as-while talking about Ayurveda, one says
about some irrelevant texts such as that composed by Brhaspati or Ushanas; or even if
relevant it is repeated, due to repetition this comes under Adhika.
Punarukta (repetition) is of two types – Artha Punarukta and Shabda Punarukta.
Artha Punarukta consists of the repetition of the same idea by different words such as
Bheshaja, Aushadha and Sadhana (for therapy) and Shabda Punarukta consists of the
repetition of the same word such Bheshaja, Bheshaja.
3. Anarthaka: Anarthaka (meaninglessness) is that where there is only mixture of alphabets
devoid of any sense.
4. Aparthaka: Aparthaka (deprivation of meaning) is due to lack of mutual connection of
otherwise meaningful words such as- Chakra-Na(ta)kra-Vansha-Vajra-Nishakara.
5. Viruddha: Viruddha (incongruity) is considered in relation to Drishtanta (illustration),
Siddhanta (theory) and Samaya (convention).

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Ayurvedic conventions such as four-legged therapy, ritual convention such as animals are
to be sacrificed by sacrificing persons, ethical convention such as non-violence towards
all creatures. The statement incongruous in respect of the respective convention is taken
as Viruddha.
According to Arunadatta: 15 Tantra Dosha
1. Aprasiddhapada: it is the use of words which are not commonly or popularly used.
Udakyagamana is a word used to mean coitus with a woman in menstruation. Udakya
means a woman in her monthly menses but it is very rarely used. Similar is the use of
word Aku to indicate tree.
2. Dushpranita: Statements not related to or without aphorisms or commentary or
purpose are Dushpranita.
3. Asangatartha: Text compiled without any connection or consistency is Asangatartha.
4. Asukharohi Pada: Sukha is happiness or comfort. Asukha is its absence, Arohi is
pronouncing and Pada is word. The combination of these words means discomfort,
difficulty or uneasiness is Asukharohi Pada. E.g. Dhataryaripradam.
5. Viruddha: it is contrary. Presentation of the subject or topic in a manner which is
contradictory to the common accepted examples, concepts or conventions. Presenting
examples which are contrary is called Drishtanta Viruddha. Purusha (soul) is eternal
since it is not created just like a pot. Here, the example, pot is created, hence it is
Drishtanta Viruddha. The substances with sweet, sour and salt taste pacify Kapha
Dosha is contrary to the concept of Ayurveda, hence it is Siddhant Viruddha. Do not
cut (with hand or nails) grass is against the convention. It is Samaya Viruddha.
6. Ati Vistruta: excessive elaboration which is not necessary is Ati Vistruta. Giving the
big list in the groups of substances with the predominance of sweet taste (etc.) is
excessive detail.
7. Ati Sankshipta: too much brevity is Ati Sankshipta. If the description is incomplete
and insufficient, it is Ati Sankshipta.
8. Aprayojana: means purposeless. The text which has no purpose or does not indicate
the purpose of its study, it is Aprayojana.
9. Bhinnakrama: mentioning the order of topics to be described but not explaining them
in the same order is Bhinnakrama.
10. Sandigdha: means doubtful. Any description creating doubts is Sandigdha. Stating
whether untimely death exists or does not exist creates doubt.
11. Punarukta: means repetition. Explaining a topic or subject which has already been
explained is repetition.
Samaya Viruddha
Ayurvedic Samaya Yagnika Samaya
Moksha Shastrika
Samaya

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12. Nishpramana: stating a view without any authority is Nishpramana.
13. Asamaptartha: Asamapta is that which is not completed. Artha is the object or topic
of science. Compiling the subject matter of the topic incompletely and ending
abruptly without any conclusion is Asamaptartha.
14. Anarthaka or Aparthaka: compilation of material which has no good sense and
meaning.
15. Vyahata: Contradictory statements which are conflicting to each other are the defect
called Vyahata.
Important Notes
 Numbers of Shastra: 26
 Meda Vruddhi Lakshana: similar as Mamsa Vruddhi, fatigue, heavy breathing even after
little work, hanging buttocks, breasts and abdomen.
 Asthi Vruddhi Lakshana: Adhyasthi, Adhidanta
 Majja Vruddhi Lakshana: heaviness in eye and other parts of body, Kruchhra Sadhya
Arunshika which have deep roots in small joints
 Trijata: Twag, Ela, Patra.
 Chaturajata: Trijata + Kesara
 Triphala: Haritaki, Bibhitaki, Amalaki.
 Trikatu (Vyosha): Sunthi, Maricha, Pippali.
 Panchakola: Pippali, Pippalimula, Chavya, Chitraka, Sunthi.
 Brihat Panchamula: Bilva, Agnimantha, Gambhari, Patala, Tintuka (Shyonaka).
 Laghu Panchamula: Bruhati, Kantakari, Shalaparni, Prushnipani, Gokshura.
 Jivaniya Panchamula: Abhiru, Vira, Jivanti, Jivaka, Rushabhaka
 Trina Panchamula: Darbha, Kasha, Ikshu, Shara, Shali.
 Madhyama Panchamula: Bala, Punarnava, Eranda, Mudgaparni, Mashaparni.
 Yamaka: Combination of any two Sneha is called Yamaka.
 E.g. Ghrita & Taila; Taila & Vasa; Vasa & Majja; Majja & Ghrita.
 Trivritta: Combination of any three Sneha is called Trivritta.
 E.g. Ghrita, Majja & Taila; Ghrita, Taila & Vasa; Ghrita, Vasa & Majja.
 Maha Sneha: Combination of four Sneha is called Maha Sneha.
 E.g. Ghrita, Taila, Vasa and Majja.