psychology

1. Motivation
Of Behaviour

2. Definition of motivation
 Motivation refers to states within the organism that drive Behaviour towards
some goals. It has three aspects: (a) the driving state, (b) the Behaviour
aroused and directed by the driving state, and (c) the goal towards which the
Behaviour is directed.
 The motivating factors stimulate desire and energy in people to be
continually interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an
effort to attain a goal.
 Might be extrinsic or intrinsic

3. Types of motivation
 Extrinsic motivation
 comes from external sources
 Could be monetary rewards and
trophies, good grades or
thoughtful comments.
 Intrinsic motivation
 Motivation driven by interest
 Comes from inside of an
individual than any external
reward.
 A person does not work in
expectation of an external
reward.
 He may or may not be rewarded
but he works because such
external rewards are not enough
to keep someone motivated.

4. Needs
 A motivating force that compels action for its satisfaction.
 Needs range from basic survival needs satisfied by necessities, to cultural,
intellectual, and social needs satisfied by necessaries.
 Needs are finite but, in contrast, wants which spring from desires or wishes
are boundless.
 The human needs can be broadly divided into two categories-
-Biological needs
-Socio-psychological needs

5. Types of needs
Biological needs
 The fundamental needs for our
existence are oxygen, water and
food.
 Need for rest when tired, Being
active when resting, Need of sleep.
 Regular elimination of waste
product
 Even internal body temperature
 Protection from threats of
environmental disasters
 Sensory needs which are demands
of our senses for survival.
Socio-psychological needs
 The need of freedom or
independence.
 Need of security
 Need of love and affection
 Need to achieve
 Need of social company
 Needs for recognition or social
approval
 Need for self assertion
 Need for self expression or self
actualization.

6. Drives
 A drive or desire can be described as a deficiency or need that
activates behavior that is aimed at a goal or an incentive.
 Basic drives could be sparked by deficiencies such as hunger, which
motivates a person to seek food.
 More subtle drives might be the desire for praise and approval, which
motivates a person to behave in a manner pleasing to others.
 They arise from our biological needs as a result of our biological
mechanism known as homeostasis

7. Drives and Incentives
 Drives are influenced and guided by incentives.
 Incentives works as reinforcing force agent.
 It adds more fuel to drive
 Praise, appreciation, rewards, bonus, fulfillment of one needs are
some examples of incentives
 Incentives work more forcefully incase the organism remains deprived
of that particular drive.

8. Motives
 Motive is generally defined as a state of physiological or psychological arousal
which influences how we behave.
 It is a physiological arousal, such as hunger or thirst, motivates us to eat or
get something to drink.
 For example, if you see someone buying food in a shop, you may come to the
conclusion that they are hungry and so they must be driven by physiological
arousal.
 Generated through needs or drives.
 Attainment of goals helps in releasing tension aroused by a specific motive.

9. Types of motives
Motives
Biological motives Social motives Personal motives
-Primary motives
-Hunger
-Thirst
-Need for oxygen
-Regulation of body
temperature
-Need for sleep
-Avoidance of pain
-Elimination of waste
-Sex motive
-Maternal motive
-Achievement motive
-Aggressive motive
-Power motive
-Acquisitive motive
-Curiosity
-Gregariousness
-Habits
-Goals of life
-Levels of aspiration
-Attitudes and
interests

10. Theories of Motivation
 Approach to psychology that combines elements of philosophy, methodology
and theory.
 Primarily concerned with observable Behaviour as opposed to internal events
like thinking and emotions.
 Behaviour is the result of an stimulus-response (i.e. all Behaviour no matter
how complex can be reduced to simple stimulus)
 People have no free will- a person’s environment determines their Behaviour.
 A Behaviour is learnt from the environment. We learn new Behaviour through
classical and operant conditioning.
Since what motivates humans is not simple question to answer, many
psychologists have tried to explain the process and mechanism of motivation in
many ways.

11. The History of Behaviorism
 Pavlov (1897) published the results of an experiment on conditioning after
originally studying digestion in dogs.
 Watson (1913) launches the behavioral school of psychology (classical
conditioning), publishing an article, "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It".
 Watson and Rayner (1920) conditioned an orphan called Albert B (aka Little
Albert) to fear a white rat.

12. Pavlov’s conditioning
 During the 1890s Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov was looking at salivation in
dogs in response to being fed, when he noticed that his dogs would begin to
salivate whenever he entered the room, even when he was not bringing them
food.
 Pavlov showed the existence of the unconditioned response by presenting a
dog with a bowl of food and the measuring its salivary secretions.
 discovered that any object or event which the dogs learnt to associate with
food would trigger the same response.
 What had happened was that the neutral stimulus (tuning fork) had become
associated with an unconditioned stimulus (food).

13. The dog in his lab had learned to associate food with tuning fork.
He came to know that a change in behavior of this type must be the
result of learning.

14. Key Elements of Classical Conditioning
 There are 4 key elements that are used to describe the process of classical
conditioning.
 Unconditioned Stimulus
 Unconditioned Response
 Conditioned Stimulus
 Conditioned Response

15. Freud’s viewpoint (instinctive theory)
 Freud’s theory of motivation was based on instincts. In his last book,
outline of psycho-analysis, he asserted
 EROS (Life or erotic instinct)
 Sometimes referred to as sexual instincts , the life instincts are those
that deal with basic survival, pleasure, and reproduction. These
instincts important for sustaining the life of the individual as well as
the continuation of the species. While they are often called sexual
instincts, these drives also include such things as thirst, hunger, and
pain avoidance. The energy created by the life instincts is known
as libido .

16. Death instincts
 He concluded that people hold on unconscious
desire by die, but that this wish is largely tempered
by the life instincts.
 In Freud's view, self destruction behavior is an
expression of the energy created by the death
instincts. When this energy is directed outward on
to others, it is expressed as aggression and violence.

17. Adler’s viewpoint
 Adler didn't agree with Freud and broke with Freud in1912 AD
 He advocated that human beings are motivated primarily by
social urges.
 He believed basic motivation was compensation (struving to
overcome).
Alfred Adler

18. It is the desire to fulfill our potentials and to come closer and
closer to our idea.
In order not to feel inferior a person strives and struggles for
superiority
In a nutshell he said that the human Behaviour may be
endorsed through a single basic drive known as security drive.
The need for security to maintain one’s social self

19. COGNITIVE VIEWPOINT
 Goal oriented theory.
 Introduced by William James.
 Explains the role of cognitive factors in producing human
motivation.
 Focuses on individual characteristics and how those
characteristics relate to motivation.

20. focuses on rather than the content of what people are
attempting to achieve(objectives),goal oriented theory define
why and how people are trying to achieve various objectives.
The achievement of the goal satisfies the individual which in
turn reinforces the maintained behavior.
Comes from cognitive dissonance.

21. COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
 Denotes an imbalance between what we believe
in(cognitive) and what we do(conation).
 May create psychological discomfort.
 As a solution, we are motivated to set the imbalance either
by changing our beliefs or our behavior.

22. For e.g.- information regarding smoking with cancer and heart
disease create dissonance in chain smokers. They cant resist the
temptation of smoking yet, knowing smoking is injurious to health.
There is an imbalance between the beliefs and smoking behavior.
The remedy lies in a goal directed behavior that is aimed to reduce
the imbalance either by stopping excessive smoking or by refusing
to believe the information about its danger.

23. Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs Theory
 It works on the assumption that the behaviour of
individuals at a particular moment is usually
determined by their strongest need.
 It’s based on hypothesis that within every human
being there exists a hierarchy of five needs

24. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Five needs:
1. Self –actualization : The drive to become what one is capable of
becoming ; includes growth , achieving one’s potential ,self fulfillment.
2. Esteem : Need for both self esteem (self respect , autonomy and
achievement) and external esteem (status , recognition and attention)
3. Social: Affection , belongingness ,acceptance and friendship.
4. Safety: Security and protection from physical and emotional harm.
5. Physiological: basic needs of hunger , thirst , shelter , sex and other body
needs.

25. Picture showing Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

26. Measurement of motives
Direct methods
 In this an individual expresses his/her motives through
verbal or overt Behaviour.
 Required information is taken from the primary source.
 The techniques or methods used to know the motives of an
individual are questionnaire , inventories, autobiography
and other self descriptive measures.

27. Indirect method
 In this an individual is either unaware of its motives or is determined
not to reveal its real motive.
 Techniques like Rorschach ink blot test ,thematic apperception test,
child apperception test ,drawing completion test etc.
 Required information is gained through sketching or drawing
,associating a word or playing a role etc.

28. Experimental methods
 In this method it includes the objective observation under
controlled conditions.
 In this the experiments make hypotheses than tests in the
laboratory then only arrives to some valid conclusions.
 It collects scores related with achievement by test like TAT
or Rorschach ink blot.