Our Zoology200 midterm lesson by Mr. Claver Digamon

1. MINERALIZED TISSUES

4. MESENCHYME FIBROBLAST SCLEROBLAST MYOBLAST FIBROCYTE MYOCYTES ODONTOBLAST CHONDROBLAST OSTEOBLAST DENTIN CHONDROCYTES OSTEOCYTES TEETH CARTILAGES BONE

6. Protection

7. Movement

8. Mineral storage

9. Hemopoeisis/hematopoiesis

13. CHON

15. calcium carbonate

17. The haversian system

18. Bone Development OSSIFICATION – process of bone development 1. Intramembranous ossification - direct bone development of membrane bones 2.Endochondral ossification - development of bones preceeded by cartilages

19. Classification of Bones 1. Long Bones Ex. femur, humerus 2. Short Bones Ex. trapezoid 3. Flat Bones Ex. Sternum, ribs 4. Irregular Bones Ex. Hip bones, vertebrae

20. TYPES OF BONES : (OSTEOGENESIS) Compact Bone (Lamellar Bone) - hard bone matrix – CaCO3,CaPO4,OH) - long bones 2. Spongy Bone (Cancelous Bone) - consist of bony trabecullae and bone marrow - trabeculae – beams,bars,rods - irregularly arranged lamellae without haversian canals

21. BONE MARROW Occupies cavities between trabellae Yellow marrow – a reticulum of connective tissue fibers that support blood vessels, nerve fibers, adipose tissues Red Marrow – (Hemopoietic Bone) - site of RBC and Some type of WBC production - ex. Flat bones

23. No canaliculi

24. Ex. Scales of fishes,cementum of teeth4. MEMBRANE BONE formed by blastema (mesenchymal cells w/c differentiates into tissues) Develop through ossification Bone deposited directly within the membranous blastema without being preceeded by cartilages (intramembranous) May be compact or spongy,lamellar or non-lamellar, no haversian canals Ex. Lower jaw, skull, pectoral girdles,dentin, dermal bones of teleost,apodans

25. 5. Replacement Bones Arise from pre-existing cartilages Soft bones Endochondral ossification Ex. Fontannels, tetrapod bones with cartilaginous diaphysis and 2 epiphysis, epiphyseal plate

26. II. Cartilage - specialized connective tissue in which fibers are laid down along the lines of stress in long, parallel arrays firm and flexible chondrocytes - cartilage cells that live within spaces (lacunae) within cartilage matrix -CHONDRIFICATION – chondroblast- chondrocytes 17

27. Cartilage 18

29. TYPES OF CARTILAGES

30. 4. THE CALCIFIED CARTILAGE The cartilages replaced by bones Ex. Jaw, fins of sharks, fontannels of the fetal human skull

31. III. DENTIN Developed from the odontoblast Odontoblast are not trapped in lacunae during osteogenesis – retreat as dentin deposits Canaliculi – dentibal tubules Ex. Enameloid of placoid scales, dentin of the teeth

32. IV. ENAMEL Developed from ameloblasts Teeth – important for digestion

33. V. BONE REMODELING PRESKELETAL MESENCHYMAL BLASTEMA CARTILAGES RESORPTION OF Ca Membrane Bone Replacement Bones CONTINUAL RESORPTION AND REMODELING

34. PARATHORMONE AND CALCITONIN The hormones that influence or regulates the withdrawal of calcium to maintain calcification OSTEOBLAST – developing bone cells OSTEOCLAST – bone destructing cells OSTEOCYTES – bone-building cells

35. VI. CONNECTIVE TISSUES OF BONES TENDON LIGAMENTS CARTILAGES

38. Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation

39. Body Callus Formation

41. The Articular System Joints/articulation -places where the rigid elements of the skeleton meet. TYPES OF JOINTS ACCORDING TO FUNCTION: 1. Synarthroses -fixed or immovable joints 2. Amphiarthroses -slightly movable joints 3. Diarthroses -freely movable joints

42. TYPES OF JOINTS ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE: 1. FIBROUS JOINTS a. structures -minimal connected tissue b. syndesmoses -connected by ligaments c. gamphoses -peg-in-socket joint

43. 2. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS a. synchondrosis -hyaline cartilage b.symphyses -fibrocartilage 3. SYNOVIAL JOINTS -most movable joints of the body -diarthoroses

44. Features of Synovial joints 1. Articular cartilage 2. Joint cavity/ synovial cavity 3. Articular Capsule 2 LAYERS: a. fibrous capsule -strengthens joint so that bones are not pulled apart b. synovial membrane -cover enternal joint surfaces 4. Synovial fluid -a filtrate of blood which contains glycoproteins 5. Reinforgang ligaments -thickened parts of fibrous capsule itself a. Extracapsular ligament b. Intracapsular ligament 6. Nerves and Blood vessels

45. SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

46. Types of Synovial joints 1. Plane joints -nonaxial joint 2. Hinge joints -uniaxial joint(flexible) 3. Pivot joints - rotatory, uniaxial joint 4. Condyloid joints - biaxial joint 5. Ball and Socket joints -multiaxial joint

50. HETEROTROPIC BONES OS CORDIS OS CLITORIDIS OS BACULUM ROSTRUM