1. Submitted by
Asha Dara
Ashwin S Nath
Hiba Abdulla
M. Ziyad Sayed
Under the guidance of
Mr K.HARI BABU

2. Water: The Building Block of Life
• Most important substances on earth.
• All plants and animals must have water to survive.
• If there was no water there would be no life on earth.
• Also essential for the healthy growth of farm crops and farm stock and
used in the manufacture of many products.
• Pure water does not exist naturally on our planet; water is the universal
solvent, and most other substances present on Earth dissolve in it to
different degrees
INTRODUCTION

3. Drinking water availability around the world
 Over 70% of our Earth's surface is
covered by water.
 97.5% of all water on Earth is salt
water, leaving only 2.5% as fresh
water, nearly 70% of that fresh water
is frozen in the icecaps of Antarctica
and Greenland
 Only ~1% of the world's fresh water
is accessible for direct human uses
 As a result, some 1.1 billion people
worldwide lack access to water, and a
total of 2.7 billion find water scarce
for at least one month of the year

4. Reasons for drinking water shortages
Water pollution:
 many sources including pesticides and fertilizers that wash away
from farms
 untreated human wastewater
 industrial waste
 Even groundwater is not safe from pollution, as many pollutants
can leach into underground aquifers
 toxic substances from industrial processes
 leaky irrigation systems
 inefficient application methods

5. Major Variable to be tested in Indian
Surface water

6. Role of water purifier in the present
scenario
 It provides clean drinking water in the regions of pure water
shortage
 It is also helpful in disaster struck areas
 It can be used by hikers

7. WORLD STANDARD AVAILABLE PRODUCTS

10. Conventional methods available and methods selected
Disinfection :
Available methods:
 Chlorine
 UV
 Boiling
 Distillation
Method Selected: UV
Advantages of UV over the other methods
 No known toxic or significant nontoxic byproducts
 environmentally friendly
 Unlike chlorine, are effective against both Cryptosporidium and Giardia
 Destroys 99% of microbes
 Disinfect water faster than chlorine
 No micro-organisms known to be resistant to UV, (hepatitis virus and Legio
pneumophila are some of the microbes resistant to chlorine )

11. Conventional methods available and
methods selected contd...
Membrane Filtration
Available methods:
 Ceramic membranes
 Polymeric membranes
Method selected: Polymeric membrane(polypropylene membrane)
Advantages of Polymeric Membranes:
 far less prone to adsorption effects resulting in higher measurable flux rates
and longer service life of the respective filtration modules.
 Also it is more elastic and can be used for wide variety of purposes

12. Conventional methods available and
methods selected contd...
Adsorption
Available methods:
 Activated carbon
 Activated alumina
Method selected: activated carbon
Photo catalytic oxidation by nanoparticles
Available techniques:
 zno2
 tio2

13. Conventional methods available and
methods selected contd...
Method selected: TiO2
Advantages of tio2 over the other method:
 ZnO is unstable with respect to incongruous dissolution of yield
(OH) on the ZnO particle surfaces and thus leading to catalyst
inactivation over time.
 Compared to other available semiconductor photo catalysts, TiO2
is unique in its chemical and biological inertness, photo stability ,
high oxidation efficiency, no toxicity, environmentally friendly
nature.
 Low cost of production owing to the abundance of Ti (0.44% of
Earth’s crust).

14. Principles of Methods Used
Activated Carbon
 works by the process of adsorption.
 full of pores. This network of connected pores inside the
carbon gives it a large
surface area (approx.
1000 sq M per gm of carbon)
for adsorption

15. Activated Carbon contd...
 The efficiency of the adsorption process is influenced by carbon characteristics
(particle and pore size, surface area, density and hardness) and the contaminant
characteristics (concentration, tendency of chemical to leave the water,
solubility of the contaminant, and contaminant attraction to the carbon surface).
A particle of activated carbon

16. Granulated Activated Carbon Isotherm
 used by carbon manufacturers to characterize the ability of a particular
GAC to remove a specific contaminant .
 describes the equilibrium relationship between the adsorbate, adsorbent,
and the equilibrium concentration of the adsorbate in water.
 are typically shown graphically on log-log plots. On such plots, more
adsorbable compounds have higher and flatter lines than less adsorbable
compounds
 most common mathematical expressions used to relate the adsorption
isotherm are the Freundlich equation and the Langmuir equation.
 The Freundlich equation has the following form: qe = KCe
1/n and can be
linearized as log qe = log K +1/n *log Ce

17. Granulated Activated Carbon Isotherm
contd...
where: qe = equilibrium loading on the GAC (mg chemical/g GAC)
Ce = equilibrium concentration in the water (mg chemical/L)
K = adsorption capacity at unit concentration (mg/g)(L/mg)1/n
1/n = strength of adsorption (dimensionless)
 The Langmuir equation has the following form:
qe = (qmaxbCe)/(1+bCe)
and can be linearized as follows:
1/qe = 1/(qmaxbCe + 1/qmax
where: qmax = ultimate adsorption capacity (mg chemical/g GAC)
b = relative energy of adsorption (L/mg)
An isotherm is typically determined by running several batch reactors,
typically bottles, in parallel

18. Figure: a typical GAC isotherm

19. Contaminants Removed by Activated
Carbon
 remove many volatile organic chemicals (VOC), pesticides
and herbicides, as well as chlorine, benzene, trihalomethane
(THM) compounds, radon, solvents and hundreds of other
man-made chemicals found in tap water.
 Some are moderately effective at removing some heavy
metals.
 In addition, densely compacted carbon block filters
mechanically remove particles down to 0.5 micron, including
Giardia and Cryptosporidium, turbidity and particulates.
 some iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide will be removed
by these higher quality activated carbon filters.

20. Contaminants Not Removed by Activated
Carbon
 Not generally successful at removing dissolved inorganic
contaminants or metals such as minerals/salts (hardness or
scale-causing contaminants), antimony, arsenic, asbestos,
barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, fluoride,
mercury, nickel, nitrates/nitrites, selenium, sulfate,
thallium, and certain radio nuclides.
 GAC does not remove sediment / particulate material very
well, so they are often preceded by a sediment filter.

21. Titanium dioxide
 TiO2 is a semi conductive material
 is a photo catalyst under ultraviolet (UV) light
 during illumination acts as a strong oxidizing agent lowering the
activation energy for the decomposition of organic and inorganic
compounds.
 The illumination of the surface of the TiO2 induces the separation of
two types of carriers: (1) an electron (e−) and (2) a hole (h+).
 The recombination of holes and electrons is relatively slow in TiO2
compared to electrically conducting materials, i.e., metals where the
recombination occurs immediately.

22. Figure : Action of TiO2 on organic pollutants

23. Modification of activated carbon by coating
it with TiO2 nanospindles
 one main drawback of the TiO2 nanostructures is their easy loss during the
process of water treatment, resulting in low utilization rate and high cost.
 the immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles onto some supports such as carbon
nanotube , glass , ceramic , and activated carbon can improve the reuse
efficiency of TiO2,
 The TiO2 nanospindle coating on the surface of AC indicated excellent
capability in photo catalytic degrading organic compounds.
 capable of prolonging the separation lifetime of photogenerated e−/h+,
resulting in the increasing rate of ∙OH radical generation by the photo
catalyst.
 Therefore, the synergistic effect between AC and TiO2 nanospindles indicates
greater degradation rate than pure TiO2 nanospindles.
 This also reduces bacterial growth on activated carbon in the long run since
TiO2 nanoparticles have antimicrobial activities

24. Polymeric membrane (polypropylene
membrane)
 liquid containing two or more components comes into contact with a
membrane that permits some components to pass through the membrane (the
permeate), while the other components cannot pass through it (the retentate)
 based on the component particle size.
 may have a relatively uniform pore structure throughout the thickness; such
symmetrical structures act as depth filters. Alternatively, the membrane may
consist of a thin layer with fine pores (active layer or “skin”) overlaying a
thicker layer with larger pores to provide mechanical support but little
resistance to water flow
 The mass flux, n, of a solution of density, ρ, and viscosity, μ, through pore
flow membranes with a porosity, ε, can be modeled as flow through a
circular tube of radius, R, and length, L, using the well-known Hagen-
Poiseuille equation
n=(ɛ ρ R^2/(8 μ L))*(PO-PL)
where the pressure difference between the entrance of the pore and the exit of
the pore [p0 − pL] drives the flow.

25. Figure : membrane filtration

26. Figure : SEM image of polypropylene membrane

27. Ultra violet radiation
 UV can be separated into various ranges, with short-
wavelength UV (UVC) considered “germicidal UV”.
 At certain wavelengths, UV is mutagenic to bacteria,
viruses and other microorganisms. Particularly at
wavelengths around 250–260 nm, UV breaks molecular
bonds within microorganismal DNA, producing thymine
dimers that can kill or disable the organisms.
 Microorganisms have less protection from UV and cannot
survive prolonged exposure to it.
 UV disinfects water containing bacteria, viruses, and
Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium cysts.

28. Effect of UV rays on bacterial and virus DNA

29. Modified membrane using TiO2 coating
 A number of approaches are available to reduce the membrane fouling.
 An increase in membrane hydrophilicity improves the membrane resistance to
fouling. A recently established method to improve the membrane anti-fouling
properties is the usage of TiO2 nanoparticles on the membrane surface.
 When TiO2 nanoparticles are irradiated by a ray equal to or greater than the band
gap energy in ordinary conditions, a pair of holes and electrons is created on the
surface of particles.
 The photo-generated electrons tend to reduce Ti(IV) cations to the Ti(III) state and
the holes oxidize O2
− anions. In this process, the oxygen atoms are thrown out, and
a group of oxygen vacancies are produced on the surface.
 The water molecules in the environment can occupy the empty sites, and adsorbed
(OH) groups are created on the surface which considerably increase the
hydrophilicity of the surface
 In this work, the role of the increasing of hydrophilicity was studied as an effective
factor on the anti-fouling performance of membranes..

30. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
Materials
 Titanium oxide sulphate, sodium oxalate, hydrogen peroxide, titanium tetra
isopropoxide,2-propanol,nitric acid ,ammonium hydroxide and ammonia
solution which were used for the synthesis of titanium dioxide
nanospindles and titanium oxide nanoparticles were purchased from
Krishna Agencies, Calicut and were used without further purification.
Polypropylne membrane(.2 micron) , activated carbon and Ultra violet
light used in this project was supplied by Green Water Concepts, Feroke

31. Experimental procedure
Preparation of Titanium dioxide Nanospindles
 3.00 g TiOSO4 powders dissolved into
350 mL de-ionized water by a vigorous
stirring for 0.5 h.
 then aqueous solution of NH3 .H2O
with a concentration of 10 wt% was added
drop-wise into the above solution.
Solution of TiSO4 in water

32. Preparation of Titanium dioxide Nanospindles
contd..
 the white precipitation was obtained by
a centrifugal separation which was mixed
with 250 mL de-ionized water with a vigorous
stirring again
 a mixture solution involving 2 g of sodium
oxalate and 150 mL de-ionized water was
added slowly into the above solution.
 After a vigorous stirring for 0.5 h, the
precipitation was separated by a centrifuge.
Precipitation due to the addition
of NH3OH to the TiOSO4 solution

33. Preparation of Titanium dioxide Nanospindles
contd..
 Finally, the mixture including 4 g of H2O2 and 250 mL
deionized water was used as the react reagent, which was
reacted with the obtained products from step 2 for 12 h
until a brown transparent solution was produced .
 then it was kept heating at 100°C for 6 h.
 The large scale of TiO2 Nano spindles was formed and
uniformly distributed in the water

34. Preparation of TiO2/Activated Carbon Composite
 1 g of granular AC particles (average diameter of 4 mm) was
suspended in the TiO2 suspension prepared by continuous slow
stirring for 1 h and then kept at room temperature for 10 h.
 the AC granular particles with the TiO2 coating were obtained after a
simple vacuum filtration process and then dried at 70°C for 12 h

35. Preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles
 The starting solution used is a mixture of 5 ml titanium isopropoxide,
TTIP and about 15 ml of 2-propanol .
 A 250 ml solution of distilled water with various ph was used as the
hydrolysis catalyst. The desired pH value of the solution was adjusted
by adding HNO3 or NH4 OH.
 The gel preparation process started when both solutions were mixed
together under vigorous stirring.
 Hydrolysis of TTIP produced a turbid solution which was heated up to
60–70˚C for almost 18–20 h (peptization).
 After peptization process, the volume of the solution decreases to 50
cm3 and a suspension was produced. The prepared precipitates were
washed with ethanol and dried for several hours at 100˚C. After being
washed with ethanol and dried at 100˚C in a vacuum system for 3 h, a
yellow-white powder is obtained.
 Finally, the prepared powder was heated at temperatures ranging from
200 to 800˚C for 2 h.

36. Preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles
 After peptization process, the volume of the solution decreases to
50 cm3 and a suspension was produced. The prepared precipitates
were washed with ethanol and dried for several hours at 100˚C.
After being washed with ethanol and dried at 100˚C in a vacuum
system for 3 h, a yellow-white powder is obtained.
 Finally, the prepared powder was heated at temperatures ranging
from 200 to 800˚C for 2 h

37. Impregnation of Ceramic membrane with
titanium oxide nanospindles(sol gel method)
 A solution of TTIP in isopropanol (0.45 M) was added drop wise into a solution of
isopropanol (4.5 M) in distilled water under vigorous stirring.
 After the hydrolysis reaction was complete, the remaining white precipitate of
titanium hydroxide (Ti (OH) 4) was filtered and washed with water to remove the
alcohol.
 The filtrate was then dispersed in distilled water (Ti4+) and nitric acid was added to
achieve a 0.5 molar ratio of acid/alkoxide (H+/Ti4+).
 Next, the solution was peptized for 2 h at 70 °C. A closed beaker was used to
enhance the rate of peptization.
 The final product was a blue, semi-opaque colloidal dispersion at a concentration
of 0.325 M. A dilute concentration of the dispersion was produced by dilution with
distilled water.
 Then the membrane is immersed in this solution for 6 hrs at 60 °C .Then the
membrane is dried and calcined at 200 °C for 2hrs

38. Evaluation of Photo Catalytic Activity of TiO2
This was performed with the help of an experimental set up called peristaltic
pump that facilitates the continuous flow of water through the prepared
experimental filter set up. This set up consists of a peristaltic pump, a filter
cartridge , a silicon tube and a sample source.
The experimental set up involving peristaltic pump and filter cartridge

39. Individual elements of the experimental set up
Peristaltic pump
 a type of positive displacement pump used for pumping a variety of fluids.
 based on alternating compression
and relaxation of the hose or tube
drawing the contents into the hose
or tube, operating in a similar way
to our throat and intestines
Fig : a peristaltic pump

40. Peristaltic pump contd...
 A rotating shoe or roller passes along the length of the hose or
tube totally compressing it and creating a seal between suction &
discharge side of the pump, eliminating product slip.
 Upon restitution of the hose or tube a strong vacuum is formed
drawing product into the pump.
 The medium to be pumped does not come into contact with any
moving parts and is totally contained within a robust, heavy-duty
hose or a precision extruded tube.
 This pumping action makes the pump suitable for accurate
dosing applications and has a pressure rating up to 16 bar (hose)
and 2 bar (tube).
 The high pressure hose has inner layer of 2-6 reinforcement
layers and an outer layer, which allow higher working pressures
and generate higher suction lifts than non re-enforced tubing

41. Silicone tubing
 It is important to select tubing with appropriate chemical
resistance towards the liquid being pumped.
 Types of tubing commonly used in
peristaltic pumps include (PVC), Silicone
rubber, Fluoropolymer and PharMed.
 Silicone rubber is an elastomer (rubber-
like material) composed of silicone—itself
a polymer —containing silicon together
with carbon , hydrogen and oxygen.
 generally non-reactive, stable, and
resistant to extreme environments and
temperatures from -55 °C to +300 °C while
still maintaining its useful properties

42. Filter cartridge column
 A filter cartridge used for filtration
is embedded within the column.
 It consists of an outer layer of granulated
activated carbon coated with titanium
dioxide nanospindles , an inner layer of
a .2 micron pore size polypropylene
membrane coated with titanium
nanoparticles.

43. Filter cartridge column contd...
 The experiment is carried out in the presence of UV light.
 The milk sample was allowed to pass through the filter for
sometime.
 After fixed intervals of time, the product that is coming through
the filter column is collected and tested for various properties .
 The values obtained were tabulated for various cases like
activated carbon with and without the TiO2 coating, polymeric
membrane with and without coating etc.
 The operational mode was cross flow batch concentration, i.e. the
concentrate was recycled to the feed tank. The feed is pumped
into the cell and the volumetric flux of liquid which passes
through the membrane is measured every 15 min.
 The change in flow rate after filtering for a long time( around
3hrs) was also measured and membrane fouling was determined

44. 0
50
100
150
200
TOTALDISSOLVED
SOLIDS(ppm)
SAMPLES
ACTIVATED CARBON TREATMENT 6g
Untreated
Treated
0
10
20
30
40
50
TURBIDITY(NTU)
SAMPLES
Untreated
Treated
RESULTS

45. 0
50
100
150
200
TOTALDISSOLVED
SOLIDS(ppm)
SAMPLES
MICRON FILTER -6mm
Untreated
Treated
0
10
20
30
40
50
TURBIDITY(NTU)
SAMPLES
Untreated
Treated

46. 0
50
100
150
200
TOTALDISSOLVEDSOLIDS
(ppm)
SAMPLES
MICRON FILTER-9mm + 6g Activated
Carbon
Untreated
Treated
0
10
20
30
40
50
Sample
1
Sample
2
Sample
3
Sample
4
Sample
5
Sample
6
TURBIDITY(NTU)
SAMPLES
Untreated
Treated

47. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240
FLUX(L/M2HR)
TIME (MIN)
Membrane coated with TiO2 nanoparticles (0.01wt%) with UV radiation
Membrane coated with TiO2 nanopaticles (0.03wt%) with UV radiation
Membrane without coating under UV radiation
Membrane without coating
Membrance coated with TiO2 nanoparticles (0.01wt%) without UV radiation

48. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240
FLUX(L/M2HR)
TIME (MIN)
Membrane coated with TiO2 nanoparticles (0.01wt%) with UV radiation while immersed in water for 5min
Membrane coated with TiO2 nanoparticles (0.01wt%) with UV radiation
Membrane coated with TiO2 nanoparticles (0.03wt%) with UV radiation while immersed in water for 5min
Membrane coated with TiO2 nanoparticles (0.03wt%) with UV radiation
Membrane without coating
Uncoated membrane with 5min immersion in water before usage

49. 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
NormalisedconcC/Co
Irridiation time (min)
Adsorption rate for different ratios of Ti02 / AC
0% 0.50% 2% 1% 1.50%

50. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Sample 1 Sample2 Sample 3
TOTALDISSOLVED
SOLIDS(ppm)
SAMPLES
ACTIVATED CARBON TREATMENT 6g
Untreated
Treated
Treated with TiO2
impregnated
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
TURBIDITY(NTU)
SAMPLES
Untreated
Treated
Treated with TiO2
impregnated

51. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
TOTALDISSOLVED
SOLIDS(ppm)
SAMPLES
MICRON FILTER -6mm
Untreated Treated Treated with TiO2 impregnated
0
10
20
30
40
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
TURBIDITY(NTU)
SAMPLES
Untreated Treated Treated with TiO2 Impregnated

52. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
TOTALDISSOLVED
SOLIDS(ppm)
SAMPLES
MICRON FILTER-9mm + 6g Activated Carbon
Untreated
Treated
Treated with TiO2
Impregnated
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
TURBIDITY(NTU)
SAMPLES
Untreated Treated Treated with TiO2 Impregnated

53. y = -0.0186x + 7.4925
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Flux(L/m2hr)
Time (mins)
Flux Vs Time
APPROXIMATE MINIMUM LIFE EXPECTANCY

55. CONCLUSION
Different methods are employed in purification of water in different regions as
depending upon the impurities present
Major Comparison to the Existing methods
1. It is a techniques which uses TiO2 to oxidize and kill microorganism. Other methods
include ionization of water or reduction of pore size etc.
2. The minimum theoretical value for capacity for our cartridge would be 200 litre.
Whereas market provides products which can serve for a capacity of 300-400litres
3. Increases lifetime of the cartridge as it reduces fouling .
4. TiO2 is a potential compound which can serve for high purification in the future