1. November 24 and 25, 2014
Zenaida Almodovar
Room 109
Science Substitute Teacher
Zalmodovar@cicd99.edu
2. Section 3
CELL DIVISION
Guide for Reading
Question #1 Question #2
What events
take place
during the
three stages of
the cell cycle?
What is the
role of DNA
replication?
3. Reading Tip
Before you read, use
the headings to outline
the process of cell
division. As you read,
fill in information under
heading.
4. Monday, November 24, 2014
5 minutes: Science Starters (Pink
sheet)
Write you answers for each day’s
challenge in the correct box below.
If you are absent, you must have
the teacher initial the box for
credit. Write the correct answers
for any questions you miss. Turn in
your worksheet on Friday to receive
a grade.
6. Section 2: Looking inside
Cells
Chapter 1 Page 7-8
Opening Activity:
For example, I am 5 feet tall. I will multiply my
height by 1000 (1 meter) to get my height in
millimeters. x 1000 will equal to 1524
millimeters. 1 meter equals to 2.5
http://www.asknumbers.com/MetersToFeetCon
version.aspx
Question: How many amebas would you have to
stack end-to-end to equal your height?
7. Cell measurement
Many of the cells in your body are about 0.01 mm long
One hundredth the size of an ameba.
1/100 is one cell
One
cell
a m e b a
8. Question:
How many body cells would you have to stack
end to end to equal to height?
We will divide
1530 millimeter /0.01 mm
153,000 body cells
Why can’t you see your body’s cell without the
aid of a microscope? The measurement of a
viruses will be measure in the mathematics
form of measurement: nanometer.
9. Guide for Reading- Key Ideas
What role do the cell
membrane and nucleus play
in the cell?
What functions do other
organelles in the cell
perform?
How do bacterial cells differ
from plant and animal cells?
10. Organelles page 23-24 Page 7
Giant redwood tree: You are traveling
thru a tree on an imaginary ship and you
will find an animal and enter into a cell
structure.
Inside a cell are even smaller structures.
These tiny cell structures , called
organelles, carry out specific functions
within the cell.
Each organelle has a different function
within the cell.
11. Cell Wall: What is the function of
the cell wall? (page 24)
The cell wall is a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of
plants and some other organism.
It made of a tough, yet flexible, material called cellulose
Celery contains a lot of cellulose.
Plants cells
have cell
walls.
It will protect
and support
the cell.
Cells of
animals and
some other
organisms lack
cell walls
Although the cell
wall is stiff,
many materials
including water
and oxygen, pass
the cell wall.
12. 3. Circle the letter of each
sentence that is True about the
cell.
A. True
B. True Plant cell
have cell walls
C. False: don’t circle
D. False: don’t circle.
13. Cell Membrane page 24-25
As you traveling thru this cell, you enter into the cell
membrane.
All cells have cell membrane.
5. The cell membrane is located just inside the cell wall.
It will form the outside boundary that separates the cell
from its environment.
Tiny opening, or pores, in the cell membrane. These pores
help to get rid of chunk of waste material passing out of
the cell.
True or False: The main function of the cell membrane is to
control what substances come into and out of a cell.
14. 8. Nucleus (NOO Klee us)
It is a large oval structure comes into view.
It acts as the “brain” of the cell.
It is the cell’s control center, directing all of the cell’s activities.
These are the important parts of a nucleus:
(a) circle the answer
True: Nuclear Membrane: it protect the NUCLEUS. Materials pass in and out
the nucleus through small openings, or pores, in the nuclear membrane.
(b) False Chromatin: (chro-ma-tin)
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chromatin?s=t
Thin strands floating directly ahead in the nucleus. A substance that
chromosomes are formed from, that consists of DNA, RNA and PROTEINS.
(c) False Nucleolus: /nu-cle-o-lus (nu’klieles) is part of the nucleus.
A small round body of protein and RNA(an important chemical that exists in all
living things) contained in the NUCLEUS of most cells.
(d) False. Ribosomes are not found in the nucleus.
15. Question
Where in the nucleus
is genetic material
found?
Hint: gene, DNA!
Nucleolus:(noo-klee-uh-
luh s,)
16. 9. Circle the letter of the part of the cell that is region between cell
membrane and nucleus. You are leaving the nucleus, you will be in the
cytoplasm.
This is the region between cell membrane and the nucleus.
17. Video on the organelles
(organ else)
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=animal+cell+examp
les&FORM=HDRSC3#view=detail&mid=EA8A16875C495C747F
9DEA8A16875C495C747F9D
18. Page 28 Textbook and Worksheet page 8
You are leaving the nucleus, you will be in the cytoplasm.
This is the region between cell membrane and the nucleus.
There are 7 organelles to the cytoplasm.
1. Mitochondria (my tuh KAHN, dree uh)
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mitochondria?s=t
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
(en duh plaz mik rih tik yuh lum)
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/reticulum?s=t
3. Ribosomes
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ribosomes?s=t
4. Golgi Bodies: gawl-jee
5. Chloroplasts : (klawr uh plast)
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chloroplasts?s=t
6. Vacuoles: (vak yoo ohl) http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vacuoles?s=t
7. Lysosomes: (LAHY suh sohmz) [lahy-suh-sohm]
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lysosomes?s=t
19. Name of the organelles Functions
Mitochondria
(My tuh kahn dree uh)
They produce most of the energy the cell needs to carry out its functions.
Endoplasmic reticulum
(En duh plaz mik rih tik
yuh lum)
This looks like a maze of passageways. These passageways carry proteins
and other materials from one part of the cell to another.
Ribosomes Attached to the outer surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. It is a small
grainlike bodies. Its main function is to produce proteins. It releases some
proteins through the wall of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Golgi bodies Flattened collection of sacs and tubes. Golgi bodies-cell’s mailroom. They
receive proteins and other newly formed materials from endoplasmic
reticulum, package them and distribute them to other parts of the cells.
Chloroplasts Only in the plant cells. They capture energy from sunlight and use it to
produce food for the cell.
Vacuoles Large round, water filled sac floating in the cytoplasm. It is the storage
area of cell. It stores food and other materials needed by the cell. It also
stores waste products.
Lysosomes They are small round structures that contain chemicals that break down
large food particles into smaller ones. They also break down old cell parts.
21. December 1, 2014 Worksheet pages 9-10 Bacterial Cells, page C30
11. Circle the letter of each sentence that is True about bacterial cells.
Animal cells Bacterial cells Plant cells
A human skin cell is
about 10 times as large
as an average bacterial
cell.
(a) Are smaller than
plant or animal cells.
False
False: The bacterial
cell’s genetic
material, which looks
like a thick, tangled
string, is found in the
cytoplasm.
Lack cell walls
Have a nucleus
(b) Have a cell wall
and cell membrane.
(c) No nucleus - True
Ribosomes
Other organelles as the
plant and animal cells
Have cell walls
Have a nucleus
22. Specialized Cells page 31
Plants, animals and other organisms
contain many cells.
Different from each other in size and
structure.
Skins, bones, muscles, blood, a brain,
a liver, a stomach and so on.
Each of these body parts carries out a
very different function.
The structure of each kind of cell is
suited to the unique function it carries
23. December 1, 2014
Chemical Compounds in Cells pages 33-37
Cells are the basic building blocks of living things. The importance of water to
cells.
What substances are the basic building blocks of cells?
Questions Guide for Reading for
Chemistry
1. What are the four main kinds
of organic molecules in
living things?
2. How is water important to
the function of cells?
24. What are the four main kinds of
organic molecules in living things?
Chart I
Carbohydrates
Molecules
Proteins
Molecules
Lipids
Molecules
Nucleic
Acids
Molecules
Location inside
the cell
The cellulose
found in the cell
wall of plants is a
type of
carbohydrates.
Cell membrane
Produce
parts of cell
membranes
Cell
membran
e
DNA in a cell
is found in
the
chromatin.
RNA is found
in the
cytoplasm,
as well as in
the nucleus.
Molecules Carbon, oxygen
and hydrogen
organic
molecules
made of
carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen,
nitrogen and
compound
s made of
carbon,
hydrogen
and
oxygen.
Very large
organic
molecules
made of
carbon,
oxygen,
hydrogen,
25. Reading Tip
As you read, make a table
of the main types of
organic molecules and
where in the cell each one
is found.
26. Elements and Compounds page 9
Category Elements (1) Compounds (2)
Definition An element is any substance
that cannot be broken down into
simpler substances.
When two or more
elements combine
chemically they form a
compound.
Unit Atom is the smallest unit of an
element.
An element is made up of only
one kind of atom
Molecule is the smallest
unit of most compounds.
Examples All living things has carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulfur
http://www.bing.com/videos/s
earch?q=compounds+and+eleme
nts&qs=AS&sk=VI1&FORM=QBVR
&pq=compounds%20and%20&sc=
Water is a compound
made up of the elements:
hydrogen and oxygen.
Each water molecules is
made up of two hydrogen
and one oxygen.
2 Hydrogen and 1 oxygen.
28. Organic and Inorganic Compounds pg. 9
Organic Compounds Inorganic
Compounds (4)
Definition A compound that
contains carbon
A compound
that does not
contain carbon.
Examples Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbon dioxide
Water
Table
salt/sodium
chloride
29. Complete this concept map on organic
compounds. PAGE 33
carbon
Organic
compounds
Nucleic
acids
ProteinsLipids
Carbohydrates
contain
include
30. Carbohydrates ( page 34)
DEFINITION
(5)
EXAMPLES
(6)
Process How do cells
use
carbohydrate
s (7)
IS AN
ENERGY-RICH
ORGANIC
COMPOUND
MADE OF THE
ELEMENT
CARBON,
HYDROGEN
AND OXYGEN.
SUGAR
Fruits and
some
vegetables
are high in
sugar
content.
STARCHES
Foods that
contain
potatoes,
Sugars are
produced
during the
food-making
process that
take place in
plants
Sugar
molecules
can combine,
forming large
When you
eat these
foods, your
body breaks
down the
starch into
glucose, a
sugar, which
your cells
can use to
produce
31. Proteins page 35
Definition Protein Structures/Small
molecules
Enzymes
Proteins are large organic
molecules made of
carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen and in
some cases, sulfur.
Amino Acids
20 Different amino acids
http://www.bing.com/vid
eos/search?q=amino%20aci
ds&qs=VI&form=QBVR&pq
=amino%20acids&sc=8-
11&sp=1&sk=#view=detail
&mid=945803FC039353FB4
715945803FC039353FB471
5
An enzyme is a type of
protein that speeds up a
chemical reaction in a
living thing.
Examples:
Meat, eggs, fish, nuts, and
beans
Enzymes in you saliva
speed up the digestion of
food by breaking down
starches into sugars in
your mouth
Usage of protein:
Produce parts of cell
membranes
32. Lipids page 36 C ( Worksheet page 10 C)
Definition (11) Examples Dangerous
Fats, oils, and
waxes are all
lipids. Like
carbohydrates,
(12)
Energy-rich
organic
compounds
made of carbon,
hydrogen and
oxygen.
Cholesterol (kuh LES
tuh rawl)
Cholesterol is an
important component
of animal cell
membranes.
Your liver normally
produces enough
cholesterol to meet
the body’s need.
Food have too much
cholesterol which it
dangerous the health
of individuals in this
country.
To build
plague inside
the arteries
and may block
the blood flow
in your artery.
• Heart
attack.
13. Cells store energy Foods such as animals,
33. Nucleic Acids
Definition (14) Function (15) (16) Two kinds of
nucleic acids
Very large
organic
molecules
made of
carbon,
oxygen,
hydrogen,
nitrogen and
phosphorus.
Contain the
instruction
that cells
need to carry
out all of the
functions of
life.
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid
(dee ahk see ry boh noo
klee ik) or DNA which is
the genetic material that
carries information about
an organism that is passed
from parent to offspring.
The information in DNA
also directs all of the
cell’s functions.
DNA in a cell is found in
the chromatin.
b. Ribonucleic acid
(ry boh noo klee ik) acid
or RNA, plays an
important role in the
production of proteins.
RNA is found int the
cytoplasm, as well as in
34. Water and Living Things (page 37)List four ways that cells use water
1
Without water, most chemical reactions
within cells could not take place.
2
Water molecules themselves take part
in many chemical reactions in cells.
3
Water help cells keep their size and
shape.
4
Because water changes temperature
slowly, it helps keep the temperature of
the cells from changing rapidly.
35. Reading Skill Practice page C11
(separate sheet of paper)
Wednesday
Making a table can help you organize the information you
have read.
1. Make a table to organize what you have learned the
chemical compounds in cells.
2. The title of the table should be Chemical Compounds
in Cells.
3. Then draw a table with 6 columns heads:
Compounds, Organic or Inorganic, Elements It’s Made of,
Job in the Cell and Foods It’s Found In.
4. Then draw 6 row heads should be Carbohydrates,
Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids and Water.
36. Chemical Compounds in Cells
(33-37)Compound Organic or
Inorganic
Elements
It’s Made Of
Job in the
Cell
Food It’s
Found In
Carbohydrates yes organic Carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen
When you eat these
foods, your body
breaks down the
starch into glucose, a
sugar, which your
cells can use to
produce energy.
SUGAR
Fruits and some
vegetables are high in
sugar content.
STARCHES
Foods that contain
potatoes, noodles,
rice and bread.
Proteins yes organic
Lipids yes organic
Nucleic
Acids
yes organic Seafood,
nuts,
vegetables
such as olive
oils,
avocado,
Water yes inorganic
37. Animal and Plant Cell Art
Activities
Step 1: Color the organelle, name tag
and function tag all the same color.
Step 2: Cut and paste the organelles to
make a cell.
Step 3: Cut out the name and function
tags. Match them up and then paste
around the cell.
Step 4: Draw arrows from the tags to
the organelle they describe.
38. C 31 Section 2 Review
1.What is the function of the cell
membrane?
2. Why is the nucleus sometimes
called the control center of the cell?
3. Name two plant cell parts that are
not found in animal cells?
What is the function of each part?
4. How do the cells of bacteria differ
from those of other organisms?
39. Tuesday, December 9, 2014
Section 4 The Cell in its Environment page 12-13
Hypotheses: How was each student’s distance from the teacher related
when he or she smelled the air freshener?
Discover:
How Do Molecules (carbo-, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) Move?
1.Stand so that you are evenly spaced throughout the classroom.
2. I will spray an air freshener into the room. When you first to begin to
smell the air freshener, raise your hand.
3. Note how long it takes for other students in the classroom to smell the
scent. (1 minutes, 2 minutes, or 3 minutes)
Minutes Feet
15 seconds 10
2 minutes 20
40. Reading Tip page C 40-C41
Before you read, use the
heading to make an
outline about how
materials move into and
out of cells.
As you read, make notes
about each process.
41. Cell Membrane as Gatekeeper
(page 40)
(1)The cell membrane is selectively permeable,
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/peamable?s=
t
which means that some substance can pass through it
while others cannot.
Latin word that means “to pass through.”
Analogy: You can think of the cell membrane as being
like gatekeeper at an ancient castle. It was the
gatekeeper’s job decide when to open the gate to
allow people to pass into and out of the castle. The
gatekeeper made the castle wall “ selectively
permeable”- it was permeable to friendly folks but
not to enemies.
42. How is a cell like a space
station?
Space Station Cell
The walls of a space
station protect the
astronauts inside
from the airless
vacuum of space.
Food, water and
other supplies must
be brought to the
space station by
shuttles from Earth
All cells are
surrounded by a cell
membrane that
separates the cell
from the outside
environment. It takes
the needed materials
and get rid of wastes.
43. List three ways that substances can move
into and out of a cell.
Diffusion (2) a b. Osmosis
[oz-moh-sis, os-]
c.Active
Transport
Definition (3) It is the process by
which molecules tend
to move from an area of
higher concentration to
an area of lower
concentration
The diffusion of
water molecules
through a
selectively
permeable
membrane.
Moving materials
through a cell
membrane using
energy is with
called Active
Transport.
Examples: Air freshener experiment Red blood cells
What causes? Molecules are always
moving. The molecules
bump into one another.
Look Figure 16 A. and B.
Look at Figure
17 to see the
effect of
osmosis on
cells.
Diffusion in
Cells
Higher concentration of
oxygen molecules in the
44. 4. Draw molecules on Part B of the
diagram below to show how the molecules
are distributed inside and outside the cell
after diffusion has occurred.
A B
There is a higher concentration of molecules outside the cell than inside the cell. Figure A.
The molecules diffuse into the cell.
Eventually, there is an equal concentration of molecules inside and outside the cell. Figure B
45. 5. Osmosis
In osmosis, water molecules diffuse through a selectively permeable
membrane.
Shape of Cell Kind of water
6. Normal Figure 17 A. Concentration of water
molecules is the same inside and
outside of the cell.
7. Shrunken The concentration of water
molecules outside the cells is lower
than the concentration of water
molecules inside the cell.
8. Swollen The concentration of water outside
the cell is greater than it is inside
the cell
46. Active Transport ( page 43-
44)
9. Two ways of moving things
into and out of cells that do
NOT need energy are
diffusion and osmosis.
Moving materials through a
cell membrane without using
energy is called Passive
Transport.
47. 10. How does active transport
differ from passive transport?
The main difference
between passive transport
and active transport is that
active transport requires
the cell to use energy
while passive transport
does not.
48. 11. List two ways that the cell
moves things by active transport.
First
Method
Transport proteins in the cell
membranes “pick up” molecules
outside the cell and carry them in,
using energy in the process.
Second
Method
Transport by engulfing. Figure 19. First
the cell membrane surrounds, or
engulfs, a particle. Once the particle
is engulfed, the cell membrane
pinches off and forms a vacuole within
the cell. The cell must use energy in
this process.
49. 12. Why Are Cells Small?
(page 44) Is the following sentence true or false?
As a cell gets larger, it takes longer for a
molecule to reach the middle of the cell.
Why?
The streams of cytoplasm must travel
farther to bring materials to all parts of the
cells. It would take much longer for a
molecule to reach the center of a very
large cell than it would in a small cell.
50. Chapter 1 Study Guide
Complete Chapter 1 Study Guide C 45-46
Concept Map
Copy the concept map onto a separate
sheet of paper. Then complete the map
and add a title.
Chapter 1 Assessment Review content
1 to 16
51. Chapter 1, Cell Structure and
Function page 14C
Step 1 Match
each definition on
the left with the
correct term on
the right.
52. Definition Term (Words)
A. Acts as the cell’s control center
8 nucleus
B. Area between the cell
membrane and the nucleus 1 cytoplasm
C. The movement of materials
through a cell membrane without
using energy
9 Passive transport
D. An energy rich compound such
as sugar 7 Carbohydrate
E. Basic unit of structure and
function in living things 6 cell
F. Process by which molecules
move from an area of higher
concentration to one of lower
concentration
5 Diffusion
G. Make things look larger than
they are 3 magnification
H. Genetic material in the
nucleus. 11 chromatin
53. Then write the number of each term in the
appropriate box below. When you have filled in all the
boxes, add up the number in each column, row, and
two diagonals. The sums should be the same.
A
8
B
1
C
9
=
18
D
7
E
6
F
5
=
18
G
3
H
11
I
4
=
18
=
18
=
18
=
18
=
18
= 18
54. Vocabulary Chapter 1 Section 4 Vocabulary
Vocabulary Definition
Osmosis The diffusion of water molecules through a
selectively permeable membrane (hint: water
and a barrier)
Active Transport The movement of materials through a cell
membrane using energy.
Selectively
Permeable
which means that some substance can pass
through it while others cannot.
Passive Transport The movement of materials through a cell
membrane without using energy
Diffusion Process by which molecules move from an area
of higher concentration to one of lower
concentration
Concentration The amount of a substance in a given volume
(how much of one thing there is in a certain
55. CHAPTER 2
CELL PROCESSES AND ENERGY
Section 1 Photosynthesis
Guide for Reading
QUESTION #1 QUESTION #2
What happens
during the
process of
photosynthesis?
How does the sun
supply living
things with the
energy they
need?
56. Reading Tip - 50 C
Flow Chart
As you read, create a
flowchart that shows
the steps involved in
the process of
photosynthesis.
57. Flow Chart - Photosynthesis
1 stage
Chlorophyll and other
plant pigments’
capture energy from
the sunlight.
2nd stage
The cell
uses the
energy to
produce
sugars from
carbon
dioxide and
water
In
plants,
the roots
absorb
water
from the
soil.
Then the
water
moves up
through
the plant’s
stem to
the leaves.
Carbon dioxide is one
of the gases in the air.
Carbon dioxide enters
the plant through small
openings on the
underside of the leaves
called stomata
Once in
the leaves,
the water
and carbon
dioxide
move into
the
chloroplast
s.
Inside the chloroplasts, the
water and carbon dioxide
undergo a complex series of
chemical reactions. This
reactions are powered by the
energy captured in the first
stage.
58. What is Photosynthesis? Page
51
1. During photosynthesis,
plants and some other
organisms use energy from
the sunlight to convert
carbon dioxide and water
into oxygen and sugars
including glucose.
59. 2. A Two Stage Process
Stage 1 Stage 2
Capturing
the sun’s
energy
Producing
sugars.
60. Capturing the Sun’s Energy
3. The green pigment in
chloroplasts, called chlorophyll,
absorbs light energy from the
sun.
4. True or False
Besides the energy in sunlight,
the cell needs water and
carbon dioxide to make sugar.
True
61. Using Energy to Make Food
The Cell uses the captured energy to produce sugars.
The cell needs two raw materials for this stage:
Water (H2O)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Stomata (stoh, muh tuh) They are small openings on the
undersides of the leaves.
64. Flow Chart- C 53
1 The
chlorophyll:
2: the cell will use
H2O and CO2
To produce
sugars &
oxygen
65. 6.
Circle the letter of each
product of photosynthesis
A. water
B. carbon dioxide
C. oxygen
D. sugars
66. The PHOTOSYNTHESIS
EQUATION
7. WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION FOR THE PROCESS OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
6 CO2 + 6 H20 C8 H12 O6 + 6 O2
8. What word does the arrow in the
chemical equation stand for? yields
Raw materials:
6 molecules of carbon
dioxide and 6 molecules of
water
Products
One molecule of glucose
Six oxygen
67. Continued 16C- Page C 53
9. Circle the letter of each raw material of photosynthesis.
A. carbon dioxide b. glucose
C. Water d. oxygen
10. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about the
product of photosynthesis.
A. Plant cells use the sugar for food True or False
B. Some of the sugar is made into other compounds, such
as cellulose. True or False
C. Some of the sugar is stored in the plant’s cells for later
use. True or False.
D. Extra sugar molecules pass out of the plant through the
stomata. false
68. What happens to the product of
photosynthesis?
Steps Process
Sugar Plant cells use some of the
sugar for food.
The cell breaks down the
sugar molecules to release
the energy they contain. This
energy can then be used to
carry out the plant’s
functions.
Other compounds Some sugar molecules are
converted into other
compounds such as cellulose.
Other sugars It may be stored in the
plant’s cells for later use.
69. Photosynthesis and Life (page 54)
How Living Things Use Energy from
the Sun
Living Thing Autotroph or
Heterotroph
Obtains Energy
from the Sun
Directly or
Indirectly
Plant Autotroph Directly
Caterpillar Heterotroph Indirectly
Bluebird Heterotroph Indirectly
70. Reading Skill Practice- 16 C
Writing a summary can help
you remember the important
ideas of what you have read.
Write a summary of the
process of photosynthesis.
Your summary should be much
shorter than the text on which
is based.
Do your work on a separate
sheet of paper.
71. Section 2: Respiration C 55
Guide for Reading
Question #1 Question #2 Question #3
What
events
occur
during
respiration?
How are
photosynthesis
and respiration
related.
Fermentation
What is
fermentation?
72. Reading Tip
Write a definition of
respiration. As you
read, revise your
definition based on
what you have
learned.
73. Storing and Releasing Energy
Money in the Bank How cell use energy
Put some money in a
saving accounts
During photosynthesis, plant
capture the energy from the
sunlight and save it in the
form of carbohydrates.
When you want to buy
something, you
withdraw some of the
money
When you seat a meal,
you add to your body’s
energy saving account.
When your cell need
energy they make a
withdrawal and break
down the food to
release energy
74. 2-2 Respiration ( pages 55-58)
1. Cells store energy in the
form of ______________.
( carbohydrates)
2. How do cell get energy?
Cells break down
carbohydrates to get
energy.
75. Respiration ( page 56-57)
3. What happens during
respiration?
Cell break down
simple food
molecules such as
glucose and release
the energy they
contain.
76. Confusion of the
Definition-Respiration
Respiration has two meanings:
Breathing that is moving air
in and out of your lungs.
Respiration process that take
place inside the cells is
sometimes called cellular
respiration.
77. 4. Is the following sentence True
or False?
Respiration that
takes place inside of
cells is the same as
breathing air in and
out of the lungs.
WHY?
78. 5. Is the following sentence
True or False.
The most efficient means
of obtaining energy from
glucose (sugar) requires
the presence of carbon
dioxide.
It is false because it
requires oxygen.
79. 6. Use the table below to list the
raw materials and products of
respiration.
Raw
materials
Products
Glucose Carbon
dioxide
Oxygen Water
Energy
80. The Respiration Equation
Do you notice anything familiar about the
equation for respiration? It is the opposite
of the equation for Photosynthesis
Overall process can be summarized in the
following equation:
Respiration
C6 H12 O6 + 6 02 6 CO2 + 6 H2O) + energy
Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide water
Raw materials product
Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H20 C6 H12 O6 + 6 02
Carbon dioxide water Glucose + oxygen
81. The Two Stages of Respiration
Photosynthesis Respiration
First stage Capturing the sun
energy
It takes place in the
cytoplasm of the
organism’s cell. There
glucose molecules are
broken down into
smaller molecules.
Second stage Storing it in order to
make food (plant
sugar)
It takes place in the
mitochondria. There,
the small molecules are
broken down into even
smaller molecules.
These chemical
reaction require
oxygen, and great deal
of energy is released.
This is the reason that
it is called the
powerhouse.
82. Match the events in respiration with the
stages in which they occur. The items in
the second column may be used more than
once.
Event in Respiration Stage of
Process
7 Takes place in the
mitochondria
Second stage
8 Takes place in the
cytoplasm
First stage
9 Oxygen is involved Second stage
10 Energy is released. (large
amount of energy)
First & Second
stage
11 Glucose molecules are
broken down.
First stage
84. 13. Fermentation
What is fermentation?
It is an energy-releasing
process that does not
require oxygen.
Fermentation provides
energy for cells without
using oxygen.
85. 14. Fermentation Is the following
sentence true or false? Page 58
Fermentation releases more
energy than respiration. False
Why?
The amount of energy
released from each sugar
molecules during
fermentation is much lower
than the amount during
respiration.
86. Two types of fermentation #15
A. Alcoholic fermentation: Yeast
It is important for a baker and beer
brewers.
Bread
The carbon dioxide produced by yeast
causes dough to rise and it creates the
air pockets you see in bread.
Beer brewers
Carbon dioxide is also the source of
bubbles in alcoholic drinks such as beer
and sparkling wine.
87. B. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Running and those athletics
No matter how hard you breathed
your muscle cells used up the
oxygen faster than it could be
replaced. It lacks oxygen, then
fermentation begins.
It is an acid know lactic acid.
When lactic acid builds up, you feel
a painful sensation in your muscles.
Your muscles feel weak and sore.
88. Cell Division Pages 61-68
1. The regular sequence
of growth and division
that cells undergo is
known as the cell cycle.
89. Page C64-C65 #3 Interphase
You can see the details of the cell cycle
on these pages.
2. List three things that the cell is doing
during interphase.
A
The cell grows to its
mature size.
B
Makes a copy of its DNA.
C
Prepares to divide into
two cells.
90. 3. Circle the letter of the process
in which the cell copies its DNA
The cell makes a
copy of the DNA in
its nucleus in a
process called
replication.
91. A. Growth Stage
Interphase
Growth
Does
what
The cell doubles in size and
produces all the structures needed
to carry out its functions.
Examples Cell enlarges its ER - endoplasmic
reticulum, makes new ribosomes and
produces enzymes.
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts
make copies of themselves during
the growth
92. B. DNA Replication #3
Replication The cell makes a copy of the DNA in its
nucleus in a process called replication.
DNA It is a nucleic acid found in the chromatin
in a cell’s nucleus.
It holds all of the information that the cell
needs to carry out its functions.
Importance Each daughter cell must have a complete
set of DNA to survive.
At the end of
DNA
replication
The cell contains two identical sets of DNA.
One set will be distributed to each
daughter cell.
3. Circle the letter of the process in
which the cell copies its DNA.
Replication How?
93. Interphase (page C 63)
c. Preparation for Division
Preparation for cell division will
begin.
The cell produces structures that it
will use to divide during the rest of
the cell cycle.
At the interphase, the cell is ready
to divide.
94. Stage 2: Mitosis (my toh sis) #4
Definition It is the stage during which the cell ‘s
nucleus divides into two new nuclei.
Purpose One copy of the DNA is distributed into each
of the two daughter cells.
A The cell makes a copy of
its DNA
False because its done in
Stage 1 Interphase
B The cell divides into two
new cells.
False
C The cell’s nucleus divides
into two new nuclei
(nucli)
True
D One copy of DNA is
distributed into each
daughter cell.
True
95. 4 Parts of Mitosis
Parts or Phases Functions
a. Prophase 6 The threadlike chromatin in the
cell’s nucleus begins to condense
and coil, like fishing line wrapping
around a ball. The condensed
chromatin looks like ting rods.
Chromosome. Each identical rod is
called chromatid.
b. Metaphase 8 The chromosomes line up across
the center of the cell. The two
strands are held together by a
structure called a centromere.
c. Anaphase 5 The centromeres split and
the chromatids separate.
d. Telophase 7 A nuclear membrane forms
around each set of
chromosomes.
96. During mitosis, the chromatin condenses to
form rod-like chromosomes Each
chromosomes consists of two identical
strands, or chromatids.
Centromere: spindle fiber which
holds the chromatids.
chromosomes
chromatids
97. Stage 3 Cytokinesis
(sy toh kih NEE sis)- Page 66
10. During cytokinesis the
cytoplasm divides and the
organelles are divided between
the two new cells.
11. Is the following sentence True
or False
During cytokinesis in plant cells,
the new cell membrane forms
before the new cell wall does.
98. Length of the Cell Cycle
page 68
How long does it take for a cell to
go through one cell cycle?
Is the following sentence true or
false.
All cells have a cell cycle that lasts
the same amount of time.
99. Page C 21
13. Look at the circle graph in
Figure 11 on page 66. How
long is interphase in a human
liver cell?
A human liver cell completes
one cell cycle in about 22
hours.
Brain cells never divides.
100. DNA Replication ( pages 67-68
14. Why is it important that a cell
make a copy of its DNA before
mitosis occurs?
DNA replication ensures that each
daughter cell will have all of the
genetic information it needs to
carry out its activities.
101. 15. Circle the letter of each molecule
that makes up the sides of the DNA
ladder.
The Structure of DNA:
DNA molecules looks liked a twisted ladder or spiral
staircase.
It is called “double helix”.
A helix is a shape that twists like the threads of a
screw.
The two sides of the DNA ladder are made up of
molecules of a sugar called deoxyribose
Alternating with molecules know as phosphates.
102. Each rung of the DNA ladder is
made up of a pair of molecules
called nitrogen bases.
Nitrogen
bases
Capit
al
lette
rs
Pairs with
A. Ademine
(AD uh neen)
A Ademine Thymine
B. Thymine (
Thy meen)
T
C. Guamine
(GWAHneen)
G Guamine Cytosine
d. Cytosine
(sy tuh seen)
D
103. Complete the flow chart to show
what happens during DNA
replication
Step 1
• The two sides of the DNA molecule
• Unwind and separate
Step 2
• Nitrogen bases floating in the nucleus pair
up with the bases on each half of the
DNA molecules.
Step 3
• When the new bases are attached, two
new DNA molecules are formed.
104. Chapter 2: Date: January 5, 2015
Cell Processes and Energy
Section 2-4 Cancer page 70-73
This section explains what happens when cells grow out of
control.
1. What is cancer? Cancer is a disease in
which cells grow and divide uncontrollably,
damaging the parts of the body around
them.
100 types of cancer.
Cancer can occur in almost any part of the
body.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer
deaths among both men and women.
105. How Cancer Begins
Scientists think that cancer begins when
something damages a portion of the DNA in
a chromosome.
The damage cause a change in the DNA
called a mutation which can cause cells to
function abnormally.
Cancer begins when mutations disrupt the
normal cell cycle, causing cells to divide
in uncontrolled way.
Then the cells stop behaving as they
normally do.
106. 3.
Growth and Spread of Cancer
Step 1
• A(n) mutation occurs in a cell, causing a
change in the DNA
Step 2
• A (n) tumor, or mass of cells that divide
uncontrollably, forms
Step 3
• Cancer spreads to other parts of the
body when cancer cells enter the
bloodstream.
107. How can a mutation affect
the function of cells?
A mutation can
cause cells to
function
abnormally
because there is
108. 5. Is the following sentence
true or false?
DNA contains all
the instructions
necessary for
life.
109. 6. List three ways in which
doctors usually treat cancer.
Surgery
Radiation
Medication or Drug
Treatment
110. 7. Why is radiation used to
treat cancer?
Because the cancer
spread or the tumor
cannot be removed.
Radiation is a form
of beams of high
energy waves.
111. 8.Why is chemotherapy an
effective way to treat cancer?
Chemotherapy is effective
because the drugs spread
throughout the body,
killing cancer cells or
slowing their growth.
112. Cancer prevention
(page 73)
9. Name two things that
can cause cancer.
1. Tobacco Use: Smoking
all type of cigarettes.
2. Unhealthy Diets:
113. 10. What kind of diet can help
lower a person’s risk of some
kinds of cancer
A diet that includes a
lot of fruits, vegetables
and grain products can
help lower a person’s
risk of some types of
cancer.
114. Answer the clues to solve the crossword puzzle.Term Clues
1 Cancer A disease in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably.
2 autotroph An organism that makes its own food.
3 chromatid An individual strand of a chromosome
4 cytokinesis The final stage of the cell cycle in which the cytoplasm
5 Cell cycle The regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo
is the cell cycle.
6. chromosome Condensed genetic material or chromatin, that is double
stranded.
6 chemotherapy The use of drugs to kill cancer cells.
7 tumor A mass of abnormal cells.
8 chlorophyll A pigment found in chloroplasts
9 Mutation A change in DNA
10 pigment Colored chemical compounds in plants that absorbs lights
11 STOMATA OPENINGS ON THE UNDERSIDES OF LEAVES
12 interphase The first stage of the cell cycle in which the cell prepares to
divide
13 Fermentation A process by which cells get energy from food without using
oxygen
14 mitosis The stage of the cell cycle in which the cell’s nucleus divides
115. Chapter 2 study guide page 75c
Cell grows,
make copy of
its DNA, and
prepares to
divide
a. Mitosis:
Prophase
The chromatin
condenses to
form
chromosomes
Chromosom
es line up
in middle
of cell
b.
Centrome
res split.
The two
chromatid
s
separate.
New
nuclear
membran
e form.
The cytoplasm
divides and
the organelles
are divided
between the
two new cells
116. Assessment page 76
1. b. chloroplast
2. a. photosynthesis
3. c. replication
4. c. centromere
5. A. tumor
6. True
7. True
8. False An energy-releasing process that does not require oxygen
is fermentation.
9. False Interphase. The stage of the cell cycle when DNA
replication occurs is called interphase.
10. True
117. Checking concepts 76 C
11. Briefly explain what happens to energy from
the sun during photosynthesis.
12. Explain how heterotrophs depend on the sun
for energy.
13. Why do organisms need to carry out the
process of respiration?
14. Describe what happens during the interphase?
15. How do the events of the cell cycle ensure
the daughter cells will be identical to the parent
cell?
16. Describe how cancer usually begins to develop
in the body.
118. Young cancer survivor asks U.S.
Lawmakers for more hospital
funding
Emily Whitehead suffered Leukemia, a form of cancer.
She underwent an experimental treatment at the
Children’s Hospital Philadelphia, (CHOP).
Treatment: collecting and removing millions of Emily’s
T-cells.
A T-cells is a type of white blood cell.
Funds came from governmental organization – The
National Institute of Health (NIH)
Lawmakers cut spending on a range of government
programs.
They will no longer be able to give as much money to
hospitals for medical research.
119. Preview the Article
1. What is an experimental treatment?
2. What is leukemia?
3. What do you think might cause leukemia?
Target Words
Complete each sentence stem below. Before you answer, think
about the meaning of the target word in bold.
• Pitts and Casey are co-sponsoring a bill. Meaning is
________________________________________________
• Government Money Cutbacks. Meaning is
_______________________________________________
120. Give me three supporting ideas for
your argument
The government should not
decrease their funding for
research done at children’s
hospitals.
• Give your supporting idea with your opinion.
1st Evidence
121. With Lung cancer, the victims
get the blame
Meghan O’Brien, 31, non-smokers diagnosed with the
worst level of the disease last year.
Cancer: breast, prostate, colon and pancreatic.
16% percent of people who get it live more than five
years.
10% to 15% of the roughly 228,000 people diagnosed
with the disease each year were never smokers,
according to the LUNGevity Foundation, a support
organization.
122. Myth: Lung cancer only
attacks full blown smokers.
Your argument is to find evidence in the article to
disclaim this myth.
•Give your supporting idea
First Evidence
Second Evidence
Third Evidence
