2. Course outline
I. Basic anatomy & physiology of the eye
II. Examination of the eye ---History taking & physical
examination
III. Diagnosis and management of ocular disorders
3.1. Diseases of the orbit
3.2. Diseases of eye lids and lacrimal Apparatus
3.3. Diseases of the conjunctiva
3.4. Diseases of the cornea
3.5. Diseases of the sclera
3.6. Diseases of uveal tract
3.7. Diseases of the lens
3. Course outline
Diagnosis & mgt of ocular disorders
3.8. Diseases of retina and optic nerve
3.9. Squint
3.10. Glaucoma
3.11. Vitamin A deficiency
3.12. ocular manifestation HIV/AIDS
3.13. Ocular trauma
3.14. Refractive errors
IV. Preventive ophthalmology
4. Basic Anatomy & physiology of the eye
Orbital Anatomy
Ocular appendages
- Eyebrows
- Eyelids
- conjunctiva
- Lacrimal Apparatus
The eye ball
- cornea - Lens
- sclera - vitreous
- uveal tract - Retina
Visual pathway - Nerve & blood supply of the eye
EOM
5.
6. ORBITAL CAVITY
The orbital cavities are a pair of
large bony sockets that contain
eyeball, EOMs, nerves, vessels
& orbital fat, and most of the
lacrimal apparatus.
Each cavity is pear-shaped and
its apex is directed
posteriorly,medially, and slightly
upward; the stalk of pear lying
within optic canal.
The medial wall runs
anteroposteriorly parallel to
sagital plane.
The lateral wall diverges at
angle of 45.
7. Bony orbit
Seven bones make up the bony orbit:
- Frontal -Sphenoid
- Zygomatic - Lacrimal
-maxillary - Palatine
-Ethmoidal
Orbital roof
- made up of 2 bones: 1. orbital plate of frontal bone
2. lesser wing of sphenoid
Medial wall ----- very thin wall
1.Frontal process of maxilla
2.Lacrimal bone
3.orbital plate of ethmoid
4.Lesser wing of sphenoid
9. The paranasal sinuses
The paranasal sinuses are cavities in the interior of the maxilla
,frontal , sphenoid and ethmoidal bones
Lined with mucoperiosteum & filled with air , they communicate with
nasal cavity through small openings
Function:
-to act as resonators to voice
- to reduce weight of the skull
4 sinuses:-1.maxillary sinus
2.frontal sinus
3.sphenoidal sinus
4.Ethmoidsal sinus
Sinusitis – infection of the paranasal sinuses
10. The ocular Appendages
The eye brow
lie at the junction of forehead
and upper eyelid
the hairs are thick and directed
horizontally laterally
several musles of facial
expressionare inserted into
the skin , permitting movement
of eye brows.
contraction of the frontalis
musle raising of eyebrow
contraction of orbital part of
orbitalis m lowering
11. The eyelids
The eyelids protect the eye from injury and excessive light by their
closure.
They also assist in distribution of tears over the anterior surface of
the eye ball
The palpebral fissure ,the elliptical opening b/n eyelids, is the
entrance into conjunctival sac
When closed the upper eyelids completely covers cornea
When open & looking striaght ahead,upper lid just covers upper
margin of cornea & lower lid lies just below cornea
Eyelashes are short,curved hairs,present on margins of eyelids.
upper lids: curve upward
lower lids: curve downward
12. The eyelids
Structure of Eyelids
From superficial to deep each
eyelids have:
1.skin
2.subcutaneous tissue
3.straited musle fibers of
orbicularis oculi
4.orbital septum & tarsal plate
5.smooth musles
6.conjunctiva
upper eyelid also receives
insertion of levator palpebrae
superioris musle
13. The eyelids
Tarsal plate
- fibrous tissue which keeps
eyellids rigid, &contains
meibomian glands which secretes
lipid layer of tear film
Orbicularis muscle
- supplied by CN VII (facial nerve)
- when contracted closes the eyelids
- important for tear drainage into lacrimal
apparatus
Levator muscle
- attached to tarsal plate of upper eyelid
- supplied by CN III ( oculomotor )
- Opens the eyelids
Muller’s musle –inervated by
sympathetic nerve
- raises upper lids
14. The conjunctiva
Thin mucous membrane that lines eyelids and eye balls
3 parts of conjunctiva:
1. Palpebral conjunctiva firmly attached to tarsal plate
2. Bulbar Conjunctiva
lies in contact & loosely attached to eyeball
3. Conjunctival fornix
The junction b/n tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva
Limbus the line along which fusion of conjunctiva to
cornea occurs
15. The conjunctiva
The main function of conjunctiva is to protect cornea
Supplies some of its oxygen and metabolic needs
Lubricates cornea with tears
Protect s exposed part of the eye from infection
Conjunctival secretion contains lysozme,antibody
and lymphocytes
17. Lacrimal Apparatus
Main lacrimal gland
produce aqueous
Accessory lacrimal glands of
krause & Wolfring 10% of
total lacrimal secretory mass
Lacrimal excretory system
- upper & lower punctum
- canaliculi common
canaliculus ( 90%)
- Lacrimal sac
- Nasolacrimal duct
18. Lacrimal Apparatus,cont’d
Tear film
3 layers of tear film on the cornea:
1.Lipid layer secreted by meibomian glands &
glands of Zeis
2. Aqueous layer
secreted by main lacrimal gland &
accessory lacrimal glands of Krause and wolfring
3.mucin layer
coats corneal epithelium and secreted by Goblet
cell of conjunctiva
19. Functions of tear film
Contribute to optical property of tear film
Supplying oxygen to avascular corneal
epithelium
Providing an antibacterial and antiviral defense
Retard evaporation
Washing away debris
Moistens eyeball and lubrication of eyelids
Traps exfoliated surface cells,foreign particles
and bacteria
20. THE EYE BALL
The normal adult AP diameter of the globe is b/n 21 &
26mm (average=24mm)
Consists of 3 layers of
tissues:
1. Outer ( protective) layer :
cornea, sclera
2. Middle vascular layer :
iris, ciliary body, choroid
3. Inner (light sensitive)
layer: Retina
21. Cornea
Transparent and avascular
layer
Important refractive power of
the eye(4/5)
Has 5 histologic layers:
1.Surface epithelium
2.Bowman’s layer
3.Stroma
4.Desmet’s membrane
5.Endothelium
Has high sensory innervation
from CN V.
22. Sclera
Covers the posterior 4/5th of surface of the globe with
anterior opening for cornea & posterior opening for optic
nerve
Opaque and thick layer made up of collagen fibres
Sclera is thinnest (0.3mm) at the insertion of rectus
musles and thickest ( 1.0mm) at the posterior pole
24. Uveal Tract
This middle layer is called the uvea( which means grape in Latin), &
consists of 3 parts: iris, CB , and choriod.
The main vascular compartment of the eye.
All three parts contain many pigment cells which absorb the light .
The iris
Consists of smooth muscles,pigmented epith.cells,blood vessels &
connective tissue.
Sphincter musle of iris is arranged circularly,supplied by
parasympathetic n. of CN III ( oculomotor) ,& constricts pupil.
Dilator m. arranged radially,supplied by sympathetic n.,
& dilates the pupils.
25. Uveal Tract
The ciliary body
Consists of ciliary epithelium and ciliary musle
2 parts: pars plana & pars plicata
Suspensory ligament pass from ciliary process to the
equator of the lens
Function:
- Aqueous humor formation ( by ciliary epithelium)
- Lens accommodation ( by ciliary musle )
26. Uveal Tract
The choroid
Consists mainly of blood vessels and pigment cells
Functions:
- The choroidal circulation supplies 2/3rd of O2 needs
of retina ( nourishes outer portion of retina )
- The pigment cells absorb light inside the eye & so
prevent unwanted reflections.
28. The inner layer of the Globe
The Retina
Light sensitive membrane at
the back of the eye.
The cells of the retina are
specialized & have a very
complex arrangement.
Cell connections from outer to
in side of retina:
RPE Rod & cones
Bipolar cells Ganglion
cells axons of GC forming
opic nerve
31. Retina
Photoreceptor cells (
rods & cones )
The rods are very sensitive in
dim light & found in the
periphery of the retina
The cones are more sensitive
in bright light , & found towards
the center.
The very center of retina is
called macula( consists of
closely packed cone cells )
33. The Lens
The lens is a biconvex structure located behind posterior
chamber and pupil
Attached to fibers of suspensary ligaments
Provides 1/5th of refractive( focusing ) power of the eye
4/5th by cornea
Parts: - capsule
- epithelium
- cortex
- nucleus
35. The vitreous humor
The vitreous cavity occupies 4/5th of the volume of the
globe.
Its volume is close to 4 ml.
Contains innert ,transparent jel-like structure:
- 99% water
- hyaluronic acid
- fine collagen fibrils
- hyalocytes
Function: maintains the shape of the globe of the eye
36. The visual pathway
The visual pathway connects the optic n. with part of
brain concerned with vision ( occipital part of cerebral
cortex – visual cortex )
Components of visual pw:
Retinaoptic nerve optic chiasm
optic tract lateral geniculate body optic
radiation visual cortex
37. The visual pathway
Optic nerve 1.2 million nerve fibers
When both optic nerves meet at chiasm, all the fibers
from nasal part of each retina cross over to the opposite
site and fibers from the temporal side pass through
chiasm to the same side without crossing.
Every thing in the left half of the field of vision in each
eye is seen on the right side of each retina and by the
right side of brain and viceversa.
A few fibers in the optic nerve regulate the pupil size.
38. Pupillary light reflex pathway
Light stimulates
RetinaON optic
chiasm(fibers from nasal side of
retina cross to opposite side of
brain) optic tract
Pretectal nucleus
Edinger-westphal
nucleus(some fibers cross to
opposite side )
parasympathetic fibers to
CN III ciliary genglion
short ciliary nerves supply
pupillary sphnicter musle
39.
40. Extraocular musles
There are six EOMs which control eye movement.
They form a cone which passes backwards from the eye
to the apex of the orbit. Nerve supply
4 rectus musles: - superior rectus …… CN III
- Inferior rectus …… CN III
- Lateral rectus …….. CN VI
- Medial rectus …….. CN III
2 oblique Ms : - Inferior oblique …….. CN III
- Superior oblique …….. CN IV
41. Extraocular musles
Origin
The 4 rectus musles and superior oblique musle originate from apex of the orbit.
The inferior oblique m. originate from the periosteum of the maxillary bone behind
lacrimal fossa
Insertions
MR : 5.5 mm from medial limbus
LR : 6.9mm from lateral limbus
SR : 7.7mm from superior limbus
IR : 6.5 mm from inferior limbus
SO : posterior to equator in superotemporal quadrant
IO : macular area (temporally )
46. Binocular eye movements
Versions-when binocular eye mov’ts are conjugate and the eyes move in
the same direction
When the eye movements are disconjugate and eyes move in the opposite
directions , such mov’ts are known as vergences ( e.g. convergence &
divergence )
Versions:
1.Right gaze ( dextroversion )
2.Left gaze ( levoversion )
3.Elevation or up gaze( sursumversion)
4.Depression or down gaze ( deorsumversion)
5.Dextrocycloversion both eyes rotate so that superior portion of vertical
corneal meridian moves to patients right.
6.Levocycloversion mov’t of both eyes so that superior corneal meridian
rotates to patients left.
49. Actions of EOMs
Defn.:
Primary position of gaze is when the eye is directed straight ahead
and head is also straight.
The primary action of a musle is its major effect on the position of
the eye when the musle contracts while the eye is in primary
position.
The secondary and tertiary actions of a musle are the additional
effects on position of the eye in primary position.
50. Actions of EOMs
EOM Primary action Secondary action Tertiary action
LR Abduction None None
MR Adduction None None
SR Elevation Incyclotorsion Adduction
IR Depression Excyclotorsion Adduction
SO Incyclotorsion Depression Abduction
IO Excyclotorsion Elevation Abduction
51. Summary of Actions of EOMs
The horizontal muscles(LR & MR) have only primary
actions( abduction or adduction)
The vertical muscles(SR & IR) adduction
The oblique muscles(SO & IO) abduction
The superior muscles(SR & SO) incyclotorsion
The inferior muscles(IR & IO)excyclotorsion
52. Blood and nerve supply of the eye
Blood supply
Arterial supply
From anastomosing vessels from internal and external
carotid arteries
venous drainage
From anterior and posterior uveavortex v.orbital
vcavernous sinus
Lymphatic drainage
No lymphatic vessels in the globe
From medial eye lidssubmandibular LN
Lateral side lidspreauricular LN
53. Innervation
Motor
CN IIIMR,SR,IR,IO
CN IV SO
CN VI LR
CN VII orbicularis oculi
Sensory
CN V
CN II
Autonomic
Sympatheticmuller m. and dilator pupilae
Parasympathetic ciliary m and sphincter pupilae