After partition of Bangalore...

1. After Partition of Bengal
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1. Two nation Theory
-Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
-Quaid-e-Azam
-Allama Iqbal

2. • Shimla Deputation, 1906
• The Hindus were demanding for the annulment of partition of Bengal
and Muslim leaders were quite dismayed.
• The secretary of state about Indian matters had announced in
England that government would soon add Indian public for the
implementation of legal reforms
• When Muslims got this news, they started negotiating and agreed on
organizing a Muslim deputation to meet Viceroy and demand right of
separate electorate.
• (Separate Electorates are that type of elections in which minorities
select their own representatives separately, as opposed to Joint
Electorates where people are selected collectively. When minorities
fear that they would not get representation in state affairs and
government then they demand separate )

3. The Muslims were demanding this right to get representation in
Viceroy’s legislative council which was the first-ever constitutional
structure formulated in 1861. British government passed this act to
include the Indian people in viceroy’s legislative council. Governor was
given the authority to nominate at least 6 people in his council. The
nominated members were not allowed to criticize the policies of
council. Also, the governor general could issue the ordinances and was
authorize to veto the provincial legislation . Sir Syed Ahmed khan was
one of the nominated members of that legislative council.
Indian Legislative Act of 1861

4. Indian National Congress expressed its dissatisfaction over the
inadequate representation which the legislative council Act of 1861
gave to the Indian people. It demanded more representation for Indian
people in Viceroy’s Legislative council. Indian national Congress
demanded that members in the viceroy’s legislative council should be
elected through general elections instead by nominations. Sir Syed
criticized this demand because it would impose the Hindu-Majority
rule over Muslim minority. He therefore advocated the Indian
Legislative Act 1861.
So, demands of Indian National congress were accepted and hence the
Muslims of the sub-continent suffered, as predicted by Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan.
Indian Council Act, 1892

5. • So, 35 prominent Indian Muslim leaders led by the Aga Khan III at the
Viceregal Lodge met Viceroys in Simla 1st October 1906. The deputation
aimed to convince Lord Minto, the viceroy of India, to grant Muslims
greater representation in politics.
• They presented a written charter of demands claiming that the Muslims
were a separate nation and India consists of more than one nation.
Therefore, it was impossible for the minorities to achieve their rights if they
do not get representation in the Viceroy’s legislative council.
• Minto, finding himself sympathetic to the demands of the Muslims, put
many of them into law through the Indian Councils Act 1909, granting the
wishes of the deputation.
• The deputation also led indirectly to the creation of the All-India Muslim
League in December that year, as the leaders of the Simla Deputation had
taken the time to draft the constitution of the Muslim League to present at
the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference.

6. Establishment of All India Muslim:
• Sir Syed Ahmed Khan advised the Muslims to stay away from the politics
and devote themselves to acquire education.
• However, the situation after 1860s took dramatic change due to some issues
like Urdu-Hindi controversy (1867), partition of Bengal (1905), anti-Urdu
riots etc.
• The formation of a Muslim political party on the national level was seen as
essential by 1905.
• In meantime, Muslim newspapers and journals began to carry articles and
letters calling for a separate political party.
• In support of growing demands Muslim leaders like Mohsin-ul-Mulk,
Sayyid Raza, Maulvi Mahdi Hassan, wrote articles in Paisa Akhbar,
Institute Gazette and Pioneer etc.

7. • At provincial level, the Muslims had their political parties such as
Muhammadan Political Association (U.P), the provincial
Mohammedan Association of Eastern Bengal and Punjab Muslim
League. But there was no political party at national level to represent
the Muslims
• At last, the Muslims held a meeting at the house of Nawab Hamid Ali
Khan in Lucknow on October 20-21, 1901. In this meeting Nawab
Waqar-ul-Mulk stated the position by underlining the decline of
Muslims, their ever-decreasing number in government offices and
deprivation in central and provincial councils. Hence, a political party
named ‘Political Organization’ came into being, but it could not
achieve its objectives or any success.

8. • Hence, the struggle for establishing the political party continued and the
party arose out of the need for the political representation of Muslims in
British India, especially during the Indian National Congress-sponsored
massive Hindu opposition to the 1905 partition of Bengal.
• During the 1906 annual meeting of the All-India Muslim Education
Conference held in Israt Manzil Palace, Dhaka, the Nawab of Dhaka, Khwaja
Salimullah, forwarded a proposal to create a political party which would
protect the interests of Muslims in British India. Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi,
a prominent Muslim leader from Lahore, suggested the political party be
named the 'All-India Muslim League'. The motion was unanimously passed
by the conference, leading to the official formation of the All-India Muslim
League in Dhaka on 30th December 1906.
• Nawab Waqar-ul-mulk said in his address, ‘The aim of separate political
party is that we need protection of political rights of Muslims’

9. Objectives of Muslim League:
• 1. Muslim league would defend the rights of Muslims
• 2. Muslim league would cooperate with other nations for better
future
• 3. Muslim league would develop patriotic sentiments among muslims
regarding British Government