PPT EDU 9275270

1. Use, Support, and Effect of
Instructional Technology
(USEIT)
Michael Russell
Damian Bebell

2. Technology: Where Were We and
Where Are We Going?

3. 1907

4. 2002

5. Computers in K-3 Classrooms

6. Typewriters in K-3 Classrooms

7. Typewriters in K-3 Classrooms

8. Typewriters in K-3 Classrooms

9. What Are We Doing with
Technology?
• Students
• Teachers
• Large Variations Between Schools

10. Research-Based Evidence
• 3 Year Study
• 22 Massachusetts Districts
• Surveys
– 112 District Leaders, 120 Principals,
4,000 teachers, 13,300 students
Linked to each other
• Site Visits and 200+ Interviews
• Case Studies

11. Sample
4 Small Urban
5 Rural
13 Suburban

12. Vision
Resources
Curriculum &
Instructional Model
Policies and Standards
Leadership
Physical Infra. Support/Personnel Prof. Devel.
School Leadership
Princ. Beliefs
Princ. Preparedness
Teacher Beliefs Teacher Preparedness
Home Resource
Education
Resources
Students
Use
School Culture
Barriers
Community
DistrictLevelSchoolClass

13. Vision
Resources
Curriculum &
Instructional Model
Policies and Standards
Leadership
Physical Infra. Support/Personnel Prof. Devel.
School Leadership
Princ. Beliefs
Princ. Preparedness
Teacher Beliefs Teacher Preparedness
Home Resource
Education
Resources
Students
Use
School Culture
Barriers
Community

14. How We Defined Technology
• Computer-based
• Hardware
• Software
• Peripherals
– PDA, AlphaSmarts, LCD Projectors, Digital
Cameras, Scanners, Probes
• Internet, Networks, and e-Mail
• Not Graphing Calculators

15. Students and Technology
Grades:
5
8
11
Math
English/Language Arts
Social Studies
Science
Self contained classrooms

16. Students Have Computers at Home
No computer
at home
2%
1 computer at
home
37%
2 computers at
home
32%
3 or more
computers at
home
29%
Number of
computers
students report
at their home
(all grade levels)

17. Students Have Internet at Home
What kind of
internet
connection do
you have at
home?

18. Students Can Access Computers at Home
How difficult
is it to access
your home
computer?

19. Students Use Computers at Home
How much
time do
you spend
using a
computer
at home?

20. Students Use the Internet at Home
For Fun and School
For Fun
For School

21. Students Write with Computers
How often
do you use
your home
computer
to write
papers for
school?

22. Students Write with Computers
01020304050
Grade 5 (NGrade 8 (NGrade 11 (N19.6%29.7%28.6%18.04.4.2%9.0%24.0%43.4195.0%9.5%30.1%43.611
NeverAlmostOnceOncEv
How often do
you use a
computer to
write first
drafts?

23. Students Write with Computers
01020304050
Grade 5 (N =Grade 8 (N =Grade 11 (N =14.4%25.4%28.5%23.6%8.14.2%9.0%24.0%43.4%193.5%7.2%29.3%45.2%14
NeverAlmost nOnce aOnceEv
How often
do you use
a computer
to revise?

24. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
Never
Couple of
times a year
Once every
couple of
weeks
At least every
week
Students Use Computers in School,
But less than at Home
Grade 5

25. Students Use Computers Most Often in Science
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Math
Social Studies
English
Science
Never
Couple of times
a year
Once every
couple of weeks
At least every
week
Grade 8

26. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
English
Social Studies
Science
Math
Never
Couple of times
a year
Once every
couple of weeks
At least every
week
Students Use Computers Most Often in English
Grade 11

27. 5th Graders Use Computers in School
More than 8th and 11th Graders
01020304050
Grade 5 (NGrade 8 (NGrade 11 (N24.5%39.6%33.4%2.2%0.43.6%29.9%24.4%1.7%0.41.2%30.8%21.7%5.4%0.
None15 minuor less15–60An hOv

28. Teachers Use Computers During
Instruction Less than Students
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Teachers Use
When Teaching
Student Use in
Class
Every
Week
Once Every
Couple
Weeks
Couple
Times/Year
Never
Every
Week
Once Every
Couple
Weeks
Couple
Times/Year
Never

29. Summary of Student Survey Results
•More use at home than in school
•Big brother/big sister effect on home use
•Use home computers for email, internet, games and
chatting
•Use home computers for school work
Additionally…Additionally…
•Students are generally confident with their technology
skills
•Believe they produce good work and learn better when

30. Understanding Teachers
Use of Computers

31. Teacher’s VALUE Older Technologies
VV
Desktop teacInternet acce1 classroomTV monitor w1 desktop forOverhead prTelephone w4 desktops inLCD projectoLaptop for teDigital came4 wireless laMultiple clas1 wireless laA PalmPilot fA Portable wA Palm PilotNot veNot ve

32. Teacher’s Values Shift with Experiences
Teachers wLCD project
Teachers wLCD project
LCD Pro
LCD ProTV/VCR
TV/VCR
Not verNot verVV

33. Easy Access Is Major Obstacle
MaMaNot anNot an
lack of compnot having enlack of practiamount of codifficulty in aunpredictableinsufficient sinsufficient soutdated comhaving too mteachers' laclack of studeunavailabilitydifficulties colack of leadeslow internetlack of studenot sure/technot knowingwide varietyincreased spdifferences bwide varietylack of flexib

34. Teachers Have Students Use Computers
in Variety of Ways
Work individDo project/pResearch/wWork in groUse computUse computUse computUse computLearn keyboPresent infoUse spreadsUse email toUse computUse probesStimSetimyeOnctwicyearNeverStimSetimyeOnctwicyearNever

35. Teachers Use Computers
for a Variety of Purposes
SetimmoStiwStiwSevtimeyeaOncetwiceyearNeverSetimmoSevtimeyeaOncetwiceyearNever
Make handoCreate a tesEmail teachPerform resEmail commEmail studeAdapt activiRecord studUse a compCreate web-Prepare or mCreate and m

36. 1. Delivering Instruction
2. Directed Student Use
3. Preparing for Instruction
4. Communicating via E-mail
5. Recording Grades
6. Accommodating Lessons
Six Measures of
Teacher Technology Use

37. Relative teacher technology use
NeverNeverOncetwiceyearOncetwiceyearSetimmoSetimmoSevtimeyeaSevtimeyeaStiwStiw
Communicating via Email
Preparation for instruction
Directed Student Use
Recording Grades
Delivering Instruction
Accommodating Lessons

38. Correlation of Technology Uses
Accommodating
Lessons
Delivery of
Instruction Email
Preparing for
Instruction
Directed
Student Use
Recording
grades
Accommodating Lessons 1.00
Delivery of Instruction .22 1.00
Communication via Email .25 .23 1.00
Preparing for Instruction .29 .25 .36 1.00
Directed Student Use .36 .44 .21 .29 1.00
Recording grades .09 .22 .16 .24 0.04 1.00

39. •29 Independent variables scales developed through
exploratory analysis and the literature
•These include measures of:
–School/District Vision
–Teacher Pedagogy
–Teacher Philosophy
–Leadership
–School culture
–Technology support
–Technology access and distribution
–Professional Development
+ demographic
variables
Factors Influencing
Teacher Technology Use

40. Teacher-Directed Student Use of Technology
Top
Predictor
Variables
0.238
0.260
0.213
0.112
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Teacher’s belief in the
importance of
computers for
teaching scale
Technology access
scale
Teacher’s belief of
using technology to
shape classroom use
Number of years
taught throughout the
teacher’s career

41. Delivering Instruction
Top
Predictor
Variables
0.233
0.195
0.067
0.152
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Teacher’s belief in the
importance of
computers for
teaching scale
Technology access
scale
Teacher's confidence
with technology scale
Teacher’s belief of
using technology to
shape classroom use

42. Preparing for Instruction
Top
Predictor
Variables
0.240
0.131
0.082
0.148
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Teacher’s belief in the
importance of
computers for
teaching scale
Technology access
scale
Need for general
professional
development scale
Teacher's confidence
with technology scale
NEGATIVE

43. Recording Grades
Top
Predictor
Variables
0.423
0.131
0.184
0.071
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
School type
Technology Access
Scale
Teacher's confidence
General Professional
Development Scale
NEGATIVE

44. Accommodating Lessons
Top
Predictor
Variables
0.215
0.139
0.079
0.056
0.041
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Teacher’s belief in the importance of
computers for teaching scale
School’s culture/environment of openness
School’s culture of support for innovation
scale
Teacher’s belief of using technology to shape
classroom use
Number of years taught throughout the
teacher’s career NEGATIVE

45. Communicating via Email
Top
Predictor
Variables
0.185
0.188
0.155
0.149
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Teacher’s belief in the importance of
computers for teaching scale
Technology access scale
Need for general professional
development scale
Teacher’s perception of the district’s
technology success
NEGATIVE

46. Specific models for specific uses of technology
Some variables are shared across the different uses
•Access to technology
Some variables are more unique
•Grade level

47. Multilevel Modeling

48. Figure 1: Two level model with variance decomposition
Level 1: Classroom/Teacher
Level 2: School
School Leadership
Pressure Relating to
Technology use
Principal Beliefs
Outcome : Teacher Use
School Demographics
Teacher Beliefs
Teacher Resources
Reported Obstacles
Teacher Attitudes Towards
Technology

49. Teacher Outcomes
• Delivering Instruction
• General Student Use
• Student Use of Specific
Applications
• Student Products Using
Technology
• Preparation
• Accommodating Lessons

50. Explaining Technology Use
Teacher Level Factors
• Quality of Technology (Obstacle)
• Confidence Using Computers
• Importance of Technology for Teaching (Teacher Belief)
• Positive Impacts of Technology (Teacher Belief)
• Importance of Teacher-Directed Instruction (Pedagogical Belief)
• Importance of Student-Centered Instruction (Pedagogical Belief)

51. Predicting Technology Use
School Level Factors
• Average Student Comfort with Technology
• Average Student Home Access
• Principal Beliefs about the Impact of Technology on Student Work
• Leaderships Emphasis on Technology Use (Average Teacher Belief)
• Quality of Available Technology (Average Teacher Belief)
• Pressure to Use Technology (Average Teacher Belief)
• Principal Belief about Importance of Teacher-Directed Instruction
• Technology Vision

52. .07
.08
.14
.14
.32
.34
.43
.00 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50
Teacher-Directed Instruction
Positive Impacts of Tech
Confidence
Quality of Technology
Importance for Teaching
Quality of Technology
Pressure to Use
School Level Factors
Teacher Level Factors
Factors Influencing Use of Technology
for Delivering Instruction

53. Factors Influencing
Teacher-Directed Student Use
.15
.40
.34
.52
.00 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60
Positive Impacts of Tech
Importance for Teaching
Quality of Technology
Pressure to Use
School Level Factors
Teacher Level Factors

54. Factors Influencing
Use for Accommodations
.11
.25
.33
.42
.47
.00 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50
Positive Impacts of Tech
Importance for Teaching
Quality of Technology
Pressure to Use
Importance of Tech in District
School Level Factors
Teacher Level Factors

55. Site Visit Analyses

56. 13 Factors Related to Success
·Leadership
·Vision
·Goals
·Technology Plan
·Funding
·Resources
·Community
·Professional Development
·Teacher Support
·External Programs
·Collaboration
·Obstacles (Fewer)
·Technology Standards

57. Resources and Support
Districts with high levels of technology support
are more likely to have:
• more resources, and more funding
• a technology plan
• integration specialists
• better PD
• higher levels of technology support

58. Leadership and Vision
Districts with strong district-wide technology
leadership are more likely:
• higher levels of community involvement
• district leaders who emphasize technology
and who have clear technology visions
• and educational goals that are supported by
technology.

59. Correlation coefficients between components of tech
use and mean student use from student surveys
Mean
student use
in 5th grade
Mean
student use
in 8th grade
Mean
student use
in 11th grade
Support .382 .458 .373
Leadership .233 .090 .437

60. Initial Patterns and Observations
• Educational Technology is Complex
– Many Types, Beliefs, and Uses
– Presentation, Preparation, Record Keeping,
Communication, Tailoring, Student Use
– Home versus School
– Variation within and across schools
– What explains variation --- School and District
Leadership and Programs

61. Key Factors Affecting Elementary
Classroom Use
• Home Use, Skills, and Beliefs about tech
• Teacher’s Pedagogical beliefs and practices
• Mean Student Technology Skill Level
• Teacher’s Beliefs about Technology
• Principals beliefs about technology
• Principals Emphasis on technology and
Pressure to use Technology

62. What Leaders Do
• Showcase to community and school board
• Vision and expectations
• Pockets of innovation
• Professional Development - teams and
extended time

63. Resources
• www.intasc.org
• inTASC Library
• JTLA (jtla.org)