The document discusses aspiration and glottalization in phonetics. It defines aspiration as an audible breath that accompanies certain plosive consonants like /p/, /t/, and /k/ when they occur at the beginning of stressed syllables in English. Glottalization is the production of these consonants with closed glottis, symbolized with an apostrophe, and it commonly occurs with /t/ and /tʃ/ at the end of syllables in some English dialects. The document provides examples of words that demonstrate aspiration and glottalization.

1. Aspiration and Glottalisation
By:
Zahra Aamir
17th October
h
[ ]

2. Aspiration
Is a term in phonetics for the audible breath which may
accompany sound’s articulation, as when certain types of
plosive consonant are released.( Crystal,2008:38)
It is a period of noiselessness after the stop articulation and before
the start of voicing for the vowel.( Ladefoged,2010:57)

3. “If you hold the palm of your hand up close to your mouth
when uttering pit, you will feel a stronger puff of air on
releasing the bilabial stop than you will when you utter spit.
That ‘stronger puff of air’ phenomenon is called aspiration” (
Carr,200:2013)
 Place your hand in front of your mouth to feel the aspiration.
https://www.google.com/search?q=picture+aspiration

4. • Aspiration is symbolized as :
([h ]) Cool _____ /k u:l/
h
pet _____ /p et/
h
https://www.pngwing.com/en/search?q=pencil+shaving

5. • Aspiration in English is found in three consonant sounds / p/,
/t/ , /k/
Basically aspiration is unvoiced air that comes out of the
mouth at the end of the /p/,/t / and /k / sounds. that means
the air is coming out of the mouth ,but there is no vibration in
the throat.

6. (Roach ,1989:52)

7. Aspiration occurs :
• If / p/ ,/t / ,/ k/ at the beginning of a stressed syllable .
pin ____ /p ɪn/ ( p is aspirated)
Cat ____ /k æt/ (k is aspirated)
top ____ /t ɒp/ (t is aspirated)
h
h
h
Crystal(2008.39).

8. /p ɪn/ p is aspirated
/k æt/ k is aspirated
/t ɒp/ t is aspirated
h
h
h
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57JoKH3hfK0

9. • If / p /,/t/ , /k/ at the beginning of an unstressed syllable
*In English, aspirations do not come at the end of the word.
h
h
Water /ˈwɔː.t ər/
baker /beɪ.kər/
SLITLY ASPIRATED
stop /stɑːp/

10. (Roach ,1989:Introduction )

11. Glottalisatio
n

12. Glottalisation
A process in which the closure in an oral articulation is accompanied by a
glottal stop articulation. Glottalised stops are common in Tyneside English,
spoken in the North-East of England.( Carr,2008:65)
That means “Glottalisation” is the situation whereby the fortis consonants
are produced in specific contexts with closed glottis.

13. The symbol of glottalisation
is
actor [ æʔktə ]
football [fʊʔtbɔːl ]
mat [ mæʔt ]
https://www.pngwing.com/en/search?q=pencil+shaving
https://www.pngwing.com/en/search?q=pencil+shaving
( Roach, 2009 :44)

14.  Glottalisation ( glottal closure ) occurs immediately before [ p , t , k , tʃ ]
but the most widespread glottlisation is that [ tʃ ]at the end of stressed
syllable.
( Roach, 2009 :44)
Word With Glottalisation Without
1- catching [ kæʔtʃɪŋ ] [ kætʃɪŋ ]
2- riches [ rɪʔtʃɪz ] [ rɪtʃɪz ]

15.  Glottalisation is possible with [p ,t , k ] when they are followed by
another consonant or pause.( Roach, 2009 :44)
Word With Glottalisation Without
1- actor [ æʔktə ] [ æktə ]
2- mat [ mæʔt ] [ mæt ]
3- football [fʊʔtbɔːl ] [ fʊtbɔːl ]

16. T-Giottalisation is a phonological process in many verities of
English that realize /t/ as a glottal stop in certain position.(
Ladefoged 2006)
 We can use it to replace the /t/ in the middle of a word or
at the end of a word .
water /ˈwɔː ə/
Better /ˈbe. ə/
ʔ
ʔ

17. References:
Crystal,D.(2008),A dictionary of Linguistics and phonetics.6th
ed,Blackwell publishing .
Ladefoged ,P.(2010),A course in phonetics,5th ed.Thomson
Wadsworth.
Carr,P.(2008). A glossary for phonology, Edinburgh University
press.
Roach,P.( 2009).English phonetics and phonology .4th ed.
Cambridge university press.