The document provides information about the production of mangoes. It discusses the origin, botanical classification, and key characteristics of mangoes. It also outlines different mango varieties classified by their season of maturity. The document discusses mango cultivation practices including soil type requirements, planting methods, fertilizer application, irrigation, and pest and disease management. Common mango pests like hoppers and mealybugs and diseases like anthracnose and powdery mildew are also mentioned.

1. Presentation

2. Submitted to:
Dr Muhammad Nafees
Submitted by:
Mohsin Ashfaq
Roll no:
C007
Subject:
Horti-402
UCA&ES

4.  Mango
 (Mangifera indica L.)
 • Family: Anacardiaceae
 . Genus Mangifera consist of 40 species
 • Origin: Malay Peninsula, Indonesian
archipelago, South Asia, South
 East Asia
 • ‘King of fruit’
 • Tree is evergreen
 • Not continuous growth produce periodic
flushes
 Pakistan rank 6th largest mango producing
country in the world.

5.  Borne on terminal pyramidal panicles
 • Inflorescence rigid and erect: Cymose
 • Flowers are small: yellowish or pinkish in
colour
 • Staminate (male) flowers predominates
(67-90%) or hermaphrodite
 (10-30%)
 • Fruit is a drupe: Skin (Epicarp), Pulp
(Pericarp) and Stone (Endocarp)
 • Size varies from size of plum to weight of 2
kg.

6.  Early season maturing (May-June)
 • Dusehri, Sindhri, Early Gold, Jagirdar, Langra, Malda
 • Mid season maturing (July-August)
 • Anwar Retaul, Burma Surkha, Summar Bahisht
Chaunsa, Maya
 • Late season maturing (September)
 • Sufaid Chaunsa, Kala Chaunsa, Fajri Kalan, Malda
Late
 • Every season maturing
 • Baramasi
 • Export cultivars
 • Sindhri, Summar Bahisht Chaunsa, Sufaid Chaunsa

7.  Deep, well-drained sandy loam soil
 • Soil pH 5.5-8.7
 • Soil should be free from hardpan and sticky
clay
 • Tropical fruit
 • During flowering: there should be no rain
and frost
 • Heavy frost may even kill big trees
 • Fruit induction a period of drought or low
temperature stress is
 required

8.  . Planting time
 • August-September
 • Commonly plated in square system [11
(35 ft) or 15 m (45 ft)]
 • High density mango plantation (20 feet)
 • However rectangle system and hexagonal
system also followed in
 some area
 • No. of plant per acre

9.  • After fruit set fortnight irrigation until
‘Monsoon’ rain
 • FYM 100kg in August-September
 • N 1.5kg half dose after harvest and half in
February
 • P 500g after harvest
 • K 500g after harves

10.  • Mango malformation
 • Two types: vegetative and reproductive
 • Malformed branches show stunted growth, with small and bunchy leaves; this disorder is
also
 called 'bunchy top'.
 • The cause is not yet known, but viruses, fungi, mites, and deficiency of elements have all
been
 considered as possible causes.
 • Good management reduces the problem to some extent.
 • Alternate bearing
 • The factors affecting it are environmental, physiological, and genetic.
 • Environmental factors like frost, heavy rains, hail, diseases, and insects at blooming cause
 heavy damage,
 • an imbalance in the carbohydrate-nitrogen ratio, deficiency of certain minerals, more shoot
 growth in one year and less in the next, old age of the tree, and low intensity of blooming.
 • varieties like Langra Totapari, Romani, Fazli, Neelum, and Kelepad bear regularly, while all
 commercial varieties of Pakistan have the biennial bearing habit.
 • improved cultural practices including deblossoming, ringing and girdling, and control of
pests and
 diseas-es are helpful in lessening the problem.

12.  • Mango Hopper
 • Suck the sap from leaves and panicles
 • More serious damage in high density orchard
 • Pre-blossoming spray from mid-December to late January is done for
control
 • Mango Mealybug
 • The nymphs of the female insects suck sap from the panicles and leaves
 • They crawl up the tree during February and feed there until May;
 • then as the temperature rises they climb down and
 • find shelter in cracks in the soil and die there.
 • The female is filled with eggs which hatch next year and again cause
damage.
 • Control is possible only through a series of systematic efforts like
 • destruction of eggs during November-December, by
 • putting slippery and sticky bands on the main stem to stop their
crawling on the tree,
 • dusting and spraying of insecticides during various stages of insect
activity

14.  • Anthracnose
 • Fungal disease
 • S.B. Chaunsa more prune
 • Severity increases with rains
 • Damages leaves, twigs, panicles and fruit
 • Copper based fungicides
 • Powdery mildew
 • Fungal disease
 • Warm and humid weather
 • Attacks the inflorescence causing purplish color
with sprinkling of white
 fungus
 • Inflorescence dry out and flowers drop without set

15. Productio
n
technolog
y of Date
palm

16.  Scientific name : Phoenix dactilylifera
 Family: Palmae
 Genus: Phoenix
 Specie: Dactilylifera

17.  Dhakki, Gulistan, Aseel and Karbala of DI
 Khan
 Fasli and Kupro of Sindh
 Jangi, Jaan Swore, Kehraba and Rabai of
 Balochistan
 A seedless variety of Punjab

18.  3 techniques of propagation
 1. By seed(take 6-10yrs to fruit,50% turn
male)
 2. By offshoots(3-5yrs old, 18-34 kg in wt)
 3. Tissue culture

19.  Pollens are abundant but not airborne very
 far
 Artificial pollination is required. (Plant one
 male tree for every 48-50 female trees)
 Refrigerated and dried pollen are also used

20.  Can best be grown in;
 Arid and semi arid regions with long and hot
 summer
 Low relative humidity during ripening
 Withstand temperature upto (±65)
 Zero vegetation point of date palm is 70
 C
 Upto 380
 C – 400
 C growth is max and then
 ceased

21.  More water not a lot of water (improve
 quality of date crop)
 Ditch under palm should never dry with
 proper drainage otherwise palm suffer from
 lack of air

22.  High quality dates are picked by hand
 individually
 Most are harvested by cutting off the entire
 cluster
 Extension ladder, mobile steel ladder or
 forked sticks are used in many countries.
 In low humidityand adequate sunshine
dates are sun dried.

23.  Immature fall by Coccotrypes dactiliperda
 (insecticide)
 Red weevils(Major problem in Pakistan,
 control by fastoxin tablets)
 Beetels
 Cale insects and moth(trimming of infested
 leaves)

27.  Common name:
 GUAVA
 Botanical name:
 Psidium guajava L
 Family:
 Myrtaceae

28.  Guava grown under tropical and
subtropical
 climatic zones.
 young plants are susceptible to drought and
 cold conditions.
 The guava does equally well on heavy clay,
to
 light sandy.
 It tolrates a pH range from 4.5 to 9.4.

29.  Guava is propagated generally through:
 Cuttings
 Air layering
 Grafting
 Budding

30.  Light annual pruning is necessary after
every
 harvest.
 Guava flowers twice a year:
 1
 st in March to April for summer crop.
 2
 nd in August to September for winter.
 . Blooming period varies from 25-45 days.

31.  Winter crop is usually preferred as it yields
 higher with fruit of better quality.
 Some of the growers adopt the practice of
 having a good winter crop by with holding
 water during summer.
 Guava fruit takes about 125 days to reach
 maturity after setting.

32.  At maturity fruit turns from green to oil
green
 and at ripening creamy in colour.
 Hand picking of ripened fruits two to three
 times a week is suggested.
 The harvesting season many last 8-10
weeks.
 Fruit is highly perishable, it should be
 immediately marketed after harvest.

33.  Rust (Puccinia psidii)
 Orange to red pustules appearing on leaves,
young shoots,
 flowers and/or fruit; leaves distorted;
defoliation of tree;
 reduced growth; circular lesions on fully
expanded leaves
 with dark borders and yellow halos

35.  Anthracnose( Colletotrichum
gloeosporoides)
 Sunken, dark colored lesions on mature
fruit
 which may become covered in pink spores.
 lesions coalesce to form large necrotic
patches
 on surface of fruit.

36.  Algal leaf spot (Cephaleuros virescens)
 Orange, rust-colored, dense, silky tufts on
 both upper and lower surfaces of leaves
which
 turn reddish-purple in color as they mature.
 if tufts are scraped away, a thin gray-white
or
 dark-colored necrotic spot remains on the
leaf

39.  Botanical name : Vitis vinifera Linn.
 Family : Vitaceae
 Origin : Armenia
 Delicious refreshing and nourishing fruits
 Rich in sugars, acids, minerals, vitamins and
tannins
 The pigments of grapes are Anthocyanidins
 The fruits contain Tartaric acid and Malic
acid
 50 % of the total production of fruits in the
world is
 contributed by grapes

40.  Grown on a wide variety of soil.
 A well drained sandy loam soil with good
WHC.
 PH - 6.7 to 7.5
 EC not more then 4 mmhos/cm.
 ESP <15%
 Soil depth should be 0.6 m.
 Temperature: 15-40 C

41.  Multiplication on own roots
 Hardwood cuttings
 September or October – mature canes
 20-30 cm length,3-4 nodes and thickness of
8-
 10 mm.
 Soaked in running water for 24 hours –
 inhibitors
 IBA @2000 ppm for five minutes
 In situ planting – soil drenching with
 chlorophyriphos 0.1% termities

42.  The vines are pruned at the end of 11 to 12 months
from
 planting for the pandal trained vines.
 At the end of 18 months, the vine is ready for
pruning for
 fruit.
 The pruning consists of mainly thinning out and
 heading back.
 Generally, in medium to vigorous cultivar, 50 %
canes
 are to be headed back to 9 bud level; the fruiting
spurs are
 moved quite away from the centre of the vine.

43.  Maximum nutrient requirement was
reported
 during blooming stage.
 In T.N the manures and fertilizers are
applied
 twice a year after pruning.
 Immediately after pruning, urea and super
 phosphate can be applied.
 M.O.P is applied at flowering and fruits
 formation stage

44.  Watering immediately after pruning and fertilizer
 application should be done.
 Irrigation at an interval of 5-7days during initial
berry
 development stage till they become pea size and at
 10 days interval till maturity is better for good yields.
 Watering should be withheld from 25-30 days prior
to
 harvesting to ensure quality of produce.
 Excess salt content in irrigation water, with EC value
 of more then one causes injury to vines.
 15-20 irrigations necessary per season.

45.  Pests:-
 Mealy bug
 Thrips
 Mites
 Diseases:-
 Downy mildew
 Powdery mildew
 Anthracnose
 Post harvest berry rots caused by fungi

49.  Family: Rosaceae
 Genus: Malus
 Binomial name:. Malus domestica

50.  1. The apple is a hardy, deciduous woody perennial tree
that
 grows in all temperate zones.
 2. Apples grow best where there is cold in winter,
moderate
 summer temperatures, and medium to high humidity.
 3. Apples can grow from 10 to 30 feet tall and nearly as
wide.
 4. Apples are moderately fast growing, but growth slows
with
 age. Apple trees can live for 100 years or more.
 5. Apple trees bloom in the spring, set fruit, and take from
100
 to 200 days to reach harvest depending upon the variety.
 6. An apple tree can yield from 30 to more than50 kg of
fruit
 each year.

51.  Apples grow best on a well-drained, loam
soils having a depth of 45 cm and a pH
range of pH 5.5-6.5.
 Temperature ranges from 10-30 C

52.  1. Remove all diseased, dead, or broken branches.
 2. Remove all watersprouts. Watersprouts are fast-growing vertical branches that usually have
no
 side branches.
 3. Remove all suckers. Suckers are the fast-growing shoots that grow out of the soil from the
roots
 below the soil surface.
 4. Remove tight V-branching crotches. These are narrow crotches formed by branches that
will not
 support the weight of a full crop of fruit.
 5. Remove crossing or rubbing branches. If two branches cross and rub against each other
they
 can cause a wound that may allow insects or fungal disease to attack the tree. Remove the
least
 desirable branch.
 6. Never prune away more than one-third of the total tree in a single growing season.
 7. Always prune to a growth bud or flush to a main branch or trunk. Remember that apple
trees
 produce on same lateral spurs several years in a row.
 8. Prune every year. Once a tree has been well pruned, it will need less annual pruning; only
the
 removal of crossing branches and twiggy growth.
 9. Prune in late winter when the tree is dormant and before buds appear, particularly heave
 pruning. A light maintenance pruning can be done in summer working around the fruit set

53.  Apple trees are susceptible to many fungal
diseases that are difficult to
 control without use of preventive spraying.
Cedar-apple rust cause yellow-
 orange spots on leaves and fruit. Powdery
mildew results in a dusty white
 coating on leaves and fruit. Apple scab results in
greenish brown lead and
 fruit spots. Fireblight is marked by blossoms
that appear watersoaked and
 twigs that look black and scorched.
 the crown of the tree and prune out any
diseased branches, leaves, or fruit.

55. The insects that attack apples are
scale
apple maggots
codling moths
fruitworms
leafhoppers
mites.

56.  Apples come to harvest from midsummer through
late
 fall. The best way to know if apples are ready for
 harvest is to taste them; select one and try it. Also
 consider skin color and fruit drop. Apples are
usually
 ready for harvest when they reach full color; full
color
 may vary according to the variety. Late ripening
apples
 usually come to harvest more quickly than long-
 maturing early and mid-season varieties.