Energy Efficient Lighting Systems Guide

Southeast Asia network of climate change focal points
Training programme on Energy Efficient technologies for climate
change mitigation in Southeast Asia
ENERGY EFFICIENT LIGHTING SYSTEM
( Industries, Public Utilities & Residential
Buildings)
ENERGY EFFICIENCY INFORMATION
SHARING SERIES

Introduction
• Lighting energy consumption
• 20-45% in commercial buildings
• 3-10% in industrial plants
• Significant energy savings can be
realized with a minimal capital investment

– Lamp(s)
• Equipment to produce light
– Luminaire
• Distributes, filters or transforms the light emitted from lamp(s)
• Includes the necessary parts for fixing and protecting the
lamps
• May include circuit auxiliaries
– Gear
• Ballast
• allast provides necessary starting voltage to fluorescent and
HID lamps and limits and regulates the lamp current during
operation
• Agitator helps to start high intensity metal halide and sodium
vapour lamps.
Components of a lighting system

Definitions and Common Terms
 Lumen
• 1 lumen = the photometric equivalent of the watt
• 1 lumen = luminous flux per m2 of a sphere with 1
m radius and a 1 candela isotropic light source at
the centre
 Lux
• metric unit of measure for illuminance on a
surface: 1 lux = 1 lumen / m2

Types of Lighting Systems
• Incandescent lamps
• Tungsten Halogen Lamps
• Fluorescent lamps
• High pressure sodium lamps
• Low pressure sodium lamps
• Mercury vapour
• Metal halide
• Blended
• LED lamps
HID lamps

Color rendering index (CRI)
Color rendering
groups
CIE general color
rendering Index(Ra)
Typical application
1A Ra > 90 Wherever accurate color rendering is required
e.g. color printing inspection
1B 80 < Ra < 90 Wherever accurate color judgments are
necessary or good color rendering is required
for reasons of appearance e.g. display lighting
2 60 < Ra < 80 Wherever moderate color rendering is
required
3 40 < Ra < 60 Wherever color rendering is of little
significance but marked distortion of color is
unacceptable
4 20 < Ra < 40 Wherever color rendering is of no importance
at all and marked distortion of colour is
acceptable

Incandescent Lamps
• Emit radiation mainly in
the visible region
• Bulb contains vacuum or
gas filling
• Efficacy: 12 lumen / Watt
• Color rendering index: 1A
• Color temperature: 2500 –
2700 K
• Lamp life <2000 hrs

Incandescent (GLS ) Lamps

Fluorescent Lamps
• 3 – 5 times as efficient as standard incandescent
lamps and last 10 – 20 times longer
• Electricity passes through a gas or metallic vapor
and causes radiation
• Fluorescent tubes are hot cathode lamps

Luminous Efficacy

Fluorescent Lamps

Better
T8, 26 mm
68 Lm/W
Good
T12, 38 mm
60 Lm/W
Best
T5, 16
mm
104
Lm/W

5000
Hours
Good
FTL 40W
T12, 38 mm dia
8000
Hours
Better
FTL 36W
T8, 26 mm
dia
20000
Hours
Best
FTL 28W
T5, 16 mm
dia

Compact Fluorescent Lamps

EFFICIENCIES OF LIGHTING SOURCES
Comparison of Efficiencies of Different Lighting Sources
1.0
1.2 1.3
1.6
4.9
5.2
4.9
6.1
6.7
5.2
6.0
8.0
7.4
10.0
11.6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Incand.
GLS25
GLS40
GLS60
GLS100
CFL
SL13P
SL18P
SL25P
PL11
PL15
FL
TL-12+MB
TLD-8+MB
TLD-8Super+MB
TLD8Super+EB
TLD8Super+EB
TL-5Super+EB
Comparison(Reference:GLS25=1)

EFFICIENCIES OF LIGHTING SOURCES

High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps
• Used in outdoor and industrial applications
• Consist of: ballast, high- voltage electronic starter,
ceramic arc tube, xenon gas filling, sodium, mercury
• No starting electrodes
• High efficacy: 60 – 80 lumen/Watt
• Color rendering index: 1 - 2
• Color temperature: warm
• Lamp life < 24,000 hrs

High pressure sodium vapor lamps

Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps
• Commonly included in the HID family
• Highest efficacy: 100 - 200 lumen/Watt
• Poorest quality light: colors appear black, white
or grey shades
• Limited to outdoor applications
• Efficacy: Color rendering index: 3
• Color temperature: yellow
• Lamp life < 16,000 hours

Mercury Vapor Lamps
• Oldest HID lamp
• Consists of: arc tube with mercury and argon
gas and quartz envelope, third electrode, outer
phosphor coated bulb, outer glass envelope
• Long life and low initial costs
• Very poor efficacy: 30 – 65 lumens/Watt
• Color rendering index: 3
• Color temperature: intermediate
• Lamp life: 16000 – 24000 hours

Mercury Lamps

Metal halide Lamps

Case : MERCURY Vs. SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP
• A 4,000 m2 working area in a factory
• Need for new lighting system
– Required task illuminance: 450 lux
• Proposals under consideration
– Mercury vapour lamp (efficacy: 56 lm/W)
– High-pressure sodium vapour lamp (efficacy: 93
lm/W)
• Period of use: 5,000 h/year
• Electricity price: US$0.06/kWh

MERCURY Vs. SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP

LED Lamps
• Newest type of energy efficient lamp
• Two types:
• red-blue-green array
• phosphor-coated blue lamp
• Emit visible light in a very narrow spectrum and
can produce “white light”
• Used in exit signs, traffic signals, and the
technology is rapidly progressing
• Significant energy savings: 82 – 93%
• Longest lamp life: 40,000 – 100,000 hours

Reflectors
• Impact how much light reaches
area and distribution pattern
• Diffuse reflectors:
• 70-80% reflectance but declining in time
• painted or powder coated white finish
• Specular reflectors:
• 85-96% reflectance and less decline in time
• Polished or mirror-like
• Not suitable for industrial open-type strip
fixtures

Gear
• Ballast
• Current limiting device
• Helps voltage build-up in fluorescent lights
• Igniters
• Start metal halide and sodium vapor lamps

Comparing lamps
Type of Lamp
Lum / Watt Color
Rendering
Index
Typical Application Life (Hours)
Range
Avg.
Incandescent 8-18 14 Excellent Homes, restaurants, general
lighting, emergency lighting
1000
Fluorescent Lamps 46-60 50 Good w.r.t.
coating
Offices, shops, hospitals,
homes
5000
Compact fluorescent
lamps (CFL)
40-70 60 Very good Hotels, shops, homes,
offices
8000-10000
High pressure mercury
(HPMV)
44-57 50 Fair General lighting in factories,
garages, car parking, flood
lighting
5000
Halogen lamps 18-24 20 Excellent Display, flood lighting,
stadium exhibition grounds,
construction areas
2000-4000
High pressure sodium
(HPSV) SON
67-121 90 Fair General lighting in factories,
ware houses, street lighting
6000-12000
Low pressure sodium
(LPSV) SOX
101-175 150 Poor Roadways, tunnels, canals,
street lighting
6000-12000

Designing with Light
Illuminance
level (lux)
Examples of Area of Activity
General Lighting for
rooms and areas used
either infrequently
and/or casual or simple
visual tasks
20 Minimum service illuminance in exterior circulating areas,
outdoor stores , stockyards
50 Exterior walkways & platforms.
70 Boiler house.
100 Transformer yards, furnace rooms etc.
150 Circulation areas in industry, stores and stock rooms.
General lighting for
interiors
200 Minimum service illuminance on the task
300 Medium bench & machine work, general process in
chemical and food industries, casual reading and filing
activities.
450 Hangers, inspection, drawing offices, fine bench and
machine assembly, colour work, critical drawing tasks.
1500 Very fine bench and machine work, instrument & small
precision mechanism assembly; electronic components,
gauging & inspection of small intricate parts (may be partly
provided by local task lighting)
Additional localized
lighting for visually
exacting tasks
3000 Minutely detailed and precise work, e.g. Very small
parts of instruments, watch making, engraving.
Recommended light levels for different tasks (BEE India, 2005)

High Efficiency Lamps & Luminaries
Examples (9 – 75% savings):
• Metal halide lamps to replace mercury / sodium
vapor lamps
• HPSV lamps where color rendering is not critical
• LED panel indicator lamps to replace filament lamps
• Luminaries with mirror optics instead of
conventional painted ones
Energy Efficiency Opportunities

For improving energy efficiency (T12 to T8/T5

Efficiency in outdoor lighting

Efficacy Comparison

Ballast

35
Electronic Ballasts instead of Electromagnetic Ballasts
• Oscillators that convert supply frequency to about
20,000 – 30,000 Hz
• Available for fluorescent tube lights, CFLs
• Benefits in fluorescent tube lights:
• Reduced power loss: 1 Watt instead of 10-15 Watt
• Improved efficacy at higher frequencies
• Elimination of starter: no flickering

For improving energy efficiency

Timers, Twilight Switches & Occupancy Sensors
• Timers: switching of unnecessary lights
• Twilight switches: depending on availability
of daylight
• Occupancy sensors: depending on
presence of people
• Applicable for general areas, conference
rooms, cubicles, restrooms, exteriors

Occupancy sensors

Reduction of Lighting Feeder Voltage
• Can save energy
• Provided drop in light
output is acceptable
Effect of voltage variation of fluorescent tube
light parameters (BEE India, 2005)
6
Percentage
Supply voltage percentage
1) Lamp current 2) Circuit power, 3) Lamp power,
4) Lamp output 5) lamp voltage 6) lamp efficiency
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
6

Use Natural Day Lighting
• North lighting
• Glass strips across the roof
• Sky lights with fiber reinforced plastic
(FRP)
• Atrium with FRP dome
• Natural light from
windows

De-lamping to Reduce Excess Lighting
• Effective method to reduce energy
consumption
• Reducing lamp height combined with de-
lamping: illuminance hardly affected
• Complicated for series wired ballasts
• Less problematic with parallel wired ballast

Energy efficiency : Lighting power density
(LPD)

Comparison

ENERGY SAVING OPPORTUNITIES IN LIGHTING
SYSTEM
• Reduce lighting levels to meet actual requirements in
locations where levels are more than required
• Use the most energy efficient lamps wherever possible
• Use efficient lighting fixtures (reflectors, louvers, housings)
• Use energy efficient ballasts for application
• Use daylighting to the fullest extent possible
• Install manual and/or automatic switching and control
systems to ensure close control of lighting
• Undertake regular maintenance program of replacing
lamps, cleaning luminaires, replacing defective
components and cleaning surrounding surfaces

OPTIONS TO REDUCE EXCESS LIGHTING
• Use task lighting
• Physically group the tasks with similar
lighting requirements, if possible
• Remove a number of lamps to reduce
general illumination levels
• Reduce general lighting level by
controlled dimming without sacrificing the
symmetry of the lighting fixture pattern

A Case Study : Building
A Case Study : Building

Floor
Lighting
Incan FTL FTL(20W) CFL Total kw
GROUND 0 222 22 55 13
FIRST 0 684 57 24 38
SECOND 0 686 40 18 38
THIRD 7 591 0 3 32
FOURTH 0 613 26 23 34
FIFTH 0 420 22 3 23
CORRIDORS 0 361 0 195 24
CANTEEN 0 141 0 0 7
CAMPUS 23
TOTAL 7 3718 167 322 231
LIGHTING INVENTORY
15% OF CONNECTED LOAD 29% OF ENERGY CONS. (0.7 m KWH)

LIGHTING LOAD SHARE
72%
7%
9%
9%
3%
Office Area
Toilet+Tea Room
Campus
Corridor
Canteen

LIGHTING LUX DISTRIBUTION
Lux level Distribution in office area
21%
28%
40%
10%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250
Range
78% of the working station is well illuminated

LUX DISTRIBUTION IN NON-ESSENTIAL AREAS
Lux level distribution in non essential areas
14%
14%
36% 36%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
50-100 100-150 150-200 200-250
Lux level range
Improper lux distribution in Non essential area

LUX DISTRIBUTION IN VARIOUS LOCATIONS
FLOOR
LUX LEVEL LUX/M
2
WATT/M
2MAX MIN AVG
FIRST 428 165 217 9.88 11.54
SECOND 450 80 215 12.81 15.37
THIRD 355 80 186 9.54 11.80
FOURTH 430 40 187 9.47 10.75
FIFTH 485 45 197 9.46 10.33
TOTAL
BUILDING 485 40 200 10.23 11.96
LIGHTING INDEX : 11.96 WATT/M2

LIGHTING : BASE LINE ESTABLISHMENT
Floor wise
Measurements
at 8 DB points
Per FTL
≈ 54.1 watt
Single Tube light
measurement
Per FTL
≈ 40 watt
Measurement at
Substation
Emergency
panel & estimated
Per FTL
≈ 53.3 watt
Result : Consumption per FTL = 54watts

ENCON OPTIONS
Essential Area lux level : 200-220
Non-Essential area lux level : 120
Minimum physical change
Delamping
Elimination of incandescent lamp
High Lumen tube lights (T5)
Electronic Ballast
CFL
Control Techniques
E
C
M

LIGHTING LOAD MANAGEMENT
KW KWH/ANNUM
AS IS 160 528000
TO BE 99 326700
SAVINGS 61 201300
% SAVINGS 38 38
REPLACING WITH T5 LAMPS & ELECTRONIC CHOKES IN
ESSENTIAL AREAS
ANNUAL SAVING (‘000 $) 20
INVESTMENT (‘000 $)
SIMPLE PB PERIOD (YEARS)
45
2.25

KW KWH/ANNUM
AS IS 37 122100
TO BE 15 49500
SAVINGS 22 72600
% SAVINGS 59 59
REPLACING WITH 22W CFL IN NON-ESSENTIAL AREAS
8.5
1.06

KW KWH/ANNUM
AS IS 19.1 68760
TO BE 7.1 25560
SAVINGS 12 43200
% SAVINGS 62.8 62.8
REPLACING FTLs WITH 22W CFL IN CORRIDORS
6
1.2

LIGHTING POWER INDEX
As is
To Be
S1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
watt/sqmeter
As is To Be
55%
Improvement

58
A Case Study : Public Utility
Energy Efficient Street Lights

Present Scenario
• Busy & Important road
segment of 1.1 km in South
India
• 36 x 250 watt HPSV lights
supplied from 3 supply
feeders
• RCC Pole height = 9.5 m
• Pole to Pole distance is
irregular varying from 22m
to 39 m
• Timers are installed
• The road is having central
verge

Baseline Power Consumption per Lamp
Location Remark Volt
Am
p
PF KW
Power
Cons./Lamp
(Watt)
Keltron
S/S
13 numbers of 250W
HPSV lamps were ON
236 34.8 0.42 3.45 265
Single
Fitting
GE Make measured
at KSEB
223 2.98 0.39 0.26 259
Pole -10
5 numbers of 250W
HPSV lamps were ON
226 13.6 0.41 1.26 252
Average (Obtained from above) 228.3 0.41 258.8
Avg. Power = 259 w per lamp

Lux Measurement
Locations
Lux (Avg.) in Road
Positions
Along the Pole
Pole side
Half Other Half
Under Light Fittings 19 - 20.5 -
Middle of the road 16.5 - 19.5 6 - 8
Edge of the Middle
Verge 13 - 14.5 9 - 13.5
Edge of the road - 4 - 4.5
Between Two
Poles
Pole side
Half Other Half
Between Poles 5.3 - 9.3 -
Middle of the road 5 - 7 3 - 4
Edge of the Middle
Verge 4.7 - 5.3 4 - 5.3
Edge of the road - 1.7 - 3

Demonstration : LED Street Light
• Make : SECO
• Power Consumption : 100 Watt
• Supply Voltage : 180-250 V AC
• LED Type : 5 mm
• Electrical Connection: Lead wire 1m long
• LED Cluster : 1400
• Dimensions (mm) : 750x230x125
• Dispersion angle : 60 degree

Measurement of Electrical Parameters
LED Lamp Power Measurements
Voltage (Max) Volt 227.5
Voltage (Min) Volt 221.3
Voltage (Avg.) Volt 225
Supply Frequency HZ 48.8
Current Amp 0.80
Power Factor 0.46 (Leading)
Power Consumption Watt 98.11
Total Harmonic Distortion(THD) % 13

Lux Level Measurement
Locations
Lux (Avg.) in Road
Positions
Along the Pole
Pole side
Half
Other
Half
Under Light
Fittings 26 -
Middle of the road 22 -
Edge of the
Middle Verge 15 14
Edge of the road - -

Analysis
Present Annual Energy Bill $ 1000
Total Cost of Energy $ 1000
Number of installed lamps No. 36
Utilization factor 0.95
Total usage hour per annum Hr 4380
Power Consumption / Lamp Watt 259
Estimated Energy Consumption KWH 40839
Energy Cost per Unit $/kwh 0.06

Cost-Benefit
Present Consumption / Lamp 0.259 kw
Annual glowing hours 4380 hrs
No. of lamps 36
Total Annual Energy Consumption 40839.12 kwh
Expected consumption/lamp 100 watt
Expected Annual Energy consumption 11037.6 kwh
Annual Energy Saving 25071 kwh
Energy Cost/unit 0.06 $
Annual Energy Bill Saving 1504 $
Investments
Cost per Lamp 550 $
Total cost for 36 fittings 19800 $
Installation Cost 800 $
Timers & Energy Meter Cost 680 $
Total Cost 21280 $
Simple Pay Back Period 14 Years

68
A Case Study : High Mast Tower
Energy Efficient Lights

Present System
• In major installations such as Depots, Oil
terminals, retail outlets, LPG Plants,
Refineries, Petrochemicals, Railways, High
ways, Fly over's, Dry ports, Defence
establishments, normally sodium vapour/
Metal Halides lamps are used for lighting
purpose.
• One of the major area of concern is high cost
of power and maintenance.

Proposed System
• A new technology, known as electrode less induction lighting, under the heating
“mag-coupled lamps” is available. The following table gives the comparison
between mag-coupled Electrode less lamps with HPSV Lamps
Comparison between Mag-Coupled Electrodeless Lamps with HPSV Lamps
Comparative
Parameters
Mag-Coupled Electrodeless
lamps
High Pressure Sodium
Vapour Lamps (HPS)
Actual Life >60,000 hours About 10,000 hours
Dimming Setting 50% power reduction with
timer
Not available in this
configuration
Color Rendering Index
(CRI)
> 80 ; Improves visibility 80
Lamp temperature Lower <80OC, Reduce A/c
cost
Higher > 350OC, increase
A/c cost
Power Factor > 0.98 0.85
Excellent energy efficiency Low energy efficiency
Electric Current 200W , 0.97 A, 150W < 0.74
A; Effectively reduces the
wiring gauge requirement &
circuit switch capacity by 50%
Approx. 4.0A

Voltage Fluctuation and
Lamp Efficiency
Fluctuation
+ 20% / + 3% + 10% / + 20%
Re-Strike Possibility Yes, Instantaneous No, 2-15 minute waiting
period
Surface Temperature Hot to the touch Extremely hot, will cause
injuries
Warranty Period 5 years warranty on lamp, 1 year on lamp and electrical
apparatus2 years on electrical apparatus
Lumen depreciation rate
(%)
5% @ 2000 hrs 30% @ 2000 hrs
Flicker None Much
Glare None Much
Environment friendly No, mercury, No any waste
lamps in 10 years
Much concern of lots of
waste lamps
Power Output Stability Permanent power, steady
output, flicker free
High fluctuation, flicker
visible
Comparative
Parameters
Mag-Coupled Electrodeless
lamps
High Pressure Sodium
Vapour Lamps (HPS)

Demonstration
• A Pilot project has been
implemented in one of the oil
terminal India. The project
has been carried out for
reducing over all power
consumption in tower lights.
For demonstration purpose
one tower was selected and
existing HPSV Lamps has
been replaced with
electrode-less lamps. The
cost benefit of the project is
given below.

Cost-Benefit
Power
consumption
in watts
Lux at
30 mtr.
Distance
Energy Saving
Potential
Energy consumption with
HPSV lamps (16 x 400 Watts
+ 40 Watts per Choke) –
Tower No. 2 Old System
7040 8 -10
Energy consumption with 200
Watts electrode less lamps
(12 x 200 Watts) – Tower No.
2 New System
2310 12

Cost-Benefit
Annual savings w.r.t 200 Watts
electrode-less lamps (12 x 200 Watts)
4.73 kW
Operating hours per day 12 12
Annual working days 365
Annual operating hours 4380
Annual Energy Savings 20717 kWh
Average Energy Cost ($/kWh) 0.15 $
Annual Monetary Savings 3107 $
Cost of one Electrode-less lamp-200
Watts
520 $
No. of 200 watts electrode-less lamps
installed
12
Total cost for one tower (12x200 Watts) 6240 $
Simple pay back period with energy
savings
2.0 Years

Cost-Benefit
HPSV Replacement cost:
No of 400 W HPSV lamps in 3 Towers 48
No of lamps replaced in 17 months 39
No of Ballast replaced 25
No of capacitors / Ignitors replaces 20
Expenditure for Replacement ($) 1100
Average Replacement cost / Year for 3
Towers ($)
700
Replacement cost for 1 Tower ($) 230
Simple pay back period including
energy savings and reduction in
Replacement expenditure
1.8 Years

Comparison of HPSV & Electrode-less Lamps
HPSV Lamps Electrode Less Lamps
ILLUMINATION

For further inquiries Contact
asthanaak@yahoo.co.in

Energy Efficient Lighting Systems Guide

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