2. Common Long CasesCommon Long Cases
In-patient = psychoticIn-patient = psychotic
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Major depression w psychotic featMajor depression w psychotic feat
Mania w psychotic featuresMania w psychotic features
Out-patient = neuroticOut-patient = neurotic
DepressionDepression
Anxiety disordersAnxiety disorders
Panic with agoraphobiaPanic with agoraphobia
Social phobiaSocial phobia
3. Less Common CasesLess Common Cases
In-patientIn-patient
Organic disorderOrganic disorder
Mental disorder DTGMCMental disorder DTGMC
Psychotic disorder due to epilepsyPsychotic disorder due to epilepsy
Substance-related disorderSubstance-related disorder
Addiction or dependenceAddiction or dependence
Substance-induced psychosisSubstance-induced psychosis
Out-patientOut-patient
GADGAD
OCDOCD
4. Presenting Long Case - 1Presenting Long Case - 1
Diagnosis & managementDiagnosis & management
SymptomsSymptoms
Objective = observableObjective = observable
Subjective = phenomenologySubjective = phenomenology
SyndromesSyndromes
Number, duration, severityNumber, duration, severity
May be > 1May be > 1
Cross sectional and longitudinalCross sectional and longitudinal
6. Presenting Long Case - 3Presenting Long Case - 3
Chief complaintChief complaint
Be as accurate possibleBe as accurate possible
Punched father vs. aggressivePunched father vs. aggressive
Avoid technical termAvoid technical term
Heard voices vs. audit. hallucinationsHeard voices vs. audit. hallucinations
Consider patient poor insightConsider patient poor insight
Choose easy to elaborateChoose easy to elaborate
Typical of the illnessTypical of the illness
Example palpitations for panicExample palpitations for panic
7. Presenting Long Case - 4Presenting Long Case - 4
HOPIHOPI
Most crucialMost crucial
SymptomsSymptoms illnessillness
Inclusion = relevant +veInclusion = relevant +ve
Adequate to convinced examinerAdequate to convinced examiner
e.g. provide examples of pt behaviore.g. provide examples of pt behavior
Exclusion = relevant -veExclusion = relevant -ve
Need not be detail … to save timeNeed not be detail … to save time
e.g. no history to suggest organicity suche.g. no history to suggest organicity such
as recent head trauma etcas recent head trauma etc
8. Presenting Long Case - 5Presenting Long Case - 5
Past Psych.Past Psych.
Number of admissionNumber of admission
e.g. pt was 7 times between 95 to 99e.g. pt was 7 times between 95 to 99
In between functional levelIn between functional level
Personal & FamilyPersonal & Family
Predisposing vs. assetsPredisposing vs. assets
Disorder & prognosisDisorder & prognosis
9. Presenting Long Case - 6Presenting Long Case - 6
MSEMSE
Brief and accurateBrief and accurate
Use specific termUse specific term
Provide example when necessaryProvide example when necessary
Thorough and focusedThorough and focused
Don’t forget cognitive testDon’t forget cognitive test
e.g. attention / concentratione.g. attention / concentration
+ve findings merit > detail+ve findings merit > detail
assessmentassessment
e.g. in MR, > arithmetic, knowledgee.g. in MR, > arithmetic, knowledge
10. Presenting Long Case - 7Presenting Long Case - 7
Physical ExaminationPhysical Examination
Vital signsVital signs
Relevant systemRelevant system
History of alcoholismHistory of alcoholism
Liver, neurologicalLiver, neurological
Chief complaint palpitationsChief complaint palpitations
CVS, thyroidCVS, thyroid
Older patientOlder patient
Higher possibility of organicHigher possibility of organic
11. Characteristic Vs. TypicalCharacteristic Vs. Typical
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Operational definitionOperational definition necessary ornecessary or
minimum requiredminimum required
Sensitivity > specificitySensitivity > specificity
Need TRO other disordersNeed TRO other disorders
TypicalTypical
How much the case resembles theHow much the case resembles the
textbook casetextbook case
Useful in doubtful casesUseful in doubtful cases
e.g. Schneider FRSe.g. Schneider FRS
12. Atypical FeaturesAtypical Features
Make your diagnosis lessMake your diagnosis less
certaincertain differential dx.differential dx.
Schizophrenic who plan to getSchizophrenic who plan to get
married, talked in malay + englishmarried, talked in malay + english
Mania? e.g. schizoaffectiveMania? e.g. schizoaffective
First onset of mood symptoms atFirst onset of mood symptoms at
60 years of age60 years of age
Organic? e.g. dementiaOrganic? e.g. dementia
13. SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
ComplianceCompliance
Reasons for poor complianceReasons for poor compliance
Atypical vs. typical antipsychoticsAtypical vs. typical antipsychotics
Oral vs. depotOral vs. depot
PsychoeducationPsychoeducation
BehaviourBehaviour
Leading to admissionLeading to admission
Burden to familyBurden to family
Aggressive, apathy, asocial etcAggressive, apathy, asocial etc
14. ManiaMania
ComplianceCompliance
Need for maintenance?Need for maintenance?
Irritability, aggressiveIrritability, aggressive
Pleasurable activity wPleasurable activity withith badbad
consequenceconsequence
Spending spreeSpending spree
PromiscuityPromiscuity
15. Major DepressionMajor Depression
Major or not?Major or not?
Severity, psychotic, durationSeverity, psychotic, duration
Biological, suicidalBiological, suicidal
Risk of suicideRisk of suicide
Suicidal intent?Suicidal intent?
Psychosocial problemsPsychosocial problems
Interpersonal conflictsInterpersonal conflicts
16. Panic With AgoraphobiaPanic With Agoraphobia
RUPARUPA
RecurrentRecurrent UUnexpected PAnexpected PA
For stable out-patientFor stable out-patient
Agoraphobia > panicAgoraphobia > panic
ImpairmentsImpairments
May confuse with social phobiaMay confuse with social phobia
Behavior therapy > anxiolyticsBehavior therapy > anxiolytics
17. Reasoning A Diagnosis – 1Reasoning A Diagnosis – 1
Provisional diagnosis of pt is …Provisional diagnosis of pt is …
because he has characteristicbecause he has characteristic
features such as …(symptoms)features such as …(symptoms)
…(duration) … (severity)…(duration) … (severity)
There is no prominent …There is no prominent …
(organic, substance, other axis(organic, substance, other axis
I) to suggest otherwiseI) to suggest otherwise
18. Reasoning A Diagnosis – 2Reasoning A Diagnosis – 2
DDx is … because bothDDx is … because both
conditions have … (shareconditions have … (share
similar features, thus can besimilar features, thus can be
confused)confused)
However, … is unlikely becauseHowever, … is unlikely because
… (what make provisional >… (what make provisional >
characteristics or typical)characteristics or typical)
19. ManagementManagement
Bio and psychosocial approachBio and psychosocial approach
In two stagesIn two stages
AcuteAcute = in-patient= in-patient
Fastest symptoms reductionFastest symptoms reduction
Primary medication + othersPrimary medication + others
MaintenanceMaintenance = out-patient= out-patient
Prevent future recurrence or relapsePrevent future recurrence or relapse
Primary medication +/- othersPrimary medication +/- others
Adjunct, augmentationAdjunct, augmentation
20. MEQ - 1MEQ - 1
A man developed abnormalA man developed abnormal
behavior on the 4th day ofbehavior on the 4th day of
admission to a medical ward.admission to a medical ward.
He was restless, shouting away,He was restless, shouting away,
and hallucinating. Theand hallucinating. The
disturbance was worse at night.disturbance was worse at night.
He was disorientated when youHe was disorientated when you
saw him.saw him.
21. List two (2) differential diagnosesList two (2) differential diagnoses
State the phenomenon referred to asState the phenomenon referred to as
“the disturbance was worse at night”“the disturbance was worse at night”
List two (2) measures with regard toList two (2) measures with regard to
patient’s environment in order topatient’s environment in order to
reduce the severity of phenomenonreduce the severity of phenomenon
mentionedmentioned aboveabove
Name a suitable antipsychotic forName a suitable antipsychotic for
this patient and give two (2) reasonsthis patient and give two (2) reasons
for your selectionfor your selection
22. MEQ - 2MEQ - 2
A 25-year-old male schizophrenicA 25-year-old male schizophrenic
was admitted to medical ward duewas admitted to medical ward due
to an overdose of medication. Theto an overdose of medication. The
patient did not recognize you as apatient did not recognize you as a
doctor and was unaware he was indoctor and was unaware he was in
the hospital. According to his fatherthe hospital. According to his father
he was depressed after recoveringhe was depressed after recovering
from the last relapse of his illness.from the last relapse of his illness.
He took a handful of medicationHe took a handful of medication
that was prescribed to him before.that was prescribed to him before.
23. StateState the most likely conditionthe most likely condition
patient is havingpatient is having
Describe the mechanism involvedDescribe the mechanism involved
If the patient fulfilled the diagnosis ofIf the patient fulfilled the diagnosis of
major depression, state yourmajor depression, state your
provisional diagnosis at this stageprovisional diagnosis at this stage
List 4 other points in history toList 4 other points in history to
suggest a high suicidal intentsuggest a high suicidal intent