UAV Final report

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Team Advisor: Will Bezold
Program Coordinator: Prof. A. Sherif AlGizawi
Summer 2015
# Member Name
1 Youssuf Mohammed Eshmawi
2 Omar Ahmad marta
3 Mooadh Abdullah Balamash
4 Muhannad Mohammed Bafaraj
5 Ahamad Ali Harbi
6 Amer Musaad Alasiri
Unmanned Aerial
Vehicle Project
King AbdulAziz University
Faculty of Engineering
University of Missouri Internship
Program

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Acknowledgment:
The project team would like to acknowledge and thank Professor Al-Gizawi for
supervising the training program in which it resulted in the project the team worked on and also
for taking the role of being the beacon in knowledge and experience and sharing that with the
teams involved in the training. Also the team would like to thank the team advisor Will, for
being a huge part of the learning experience and process and also the team thanks him for his
patience and working so hardly to make the project as it is at the end of the training. As for all,
the team offers its thanks and gratitude to Bilal for being an understanding coordinator and for
tolerating the mistakes and turning them to a real life experience. Finally, the team would like to
thank their colleagues in the internship for their countless interesting and valuable suggestions
and for the huge support.

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About the Team:
Team advisor: Will Bezold.
Born in St. Louis, MO March 10, 1986 and grew up in Joplin, MO. Joined the Marines at
19 years old and served for 5 years (2005 to 2010). Learned aviation maintenance at the Center
for Naval Aviation Technical Training, Marine Unit in Camp Pendleton California. Served on
two combat deployments as a flightline mechanic on the AH-1W Cobra and UH-1N Huey
helicopters, received several awards including the Humanitarian aid Service Medal. Honorably
discharged from the Marines in 2010. Moved to Columbia, MO and started at Mizzou in spring
UAV Team Picture: Will Bezold, Amer Asiri, Ahmed Harbi, Omar Marta, Youssuf
Eshmawi, Mouath Balamesh and Muhannad Bafaraj.

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2011. Started working for El-Gizawy after joining the Mizzou Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
competition team for which Dr. El-Gizawy is the faculty advisor. Began advising Mizzou
capstone design groups and teaching summer classes with the KAU internship program summer
2014.
Team Leader: Youssuf M. Eshmawi
Born in Jeddah, Mecca October 10, 1991. Since he was young Youssuf took great intrest in
computers and started programming habits then he started his Hacking habit when he was 10
years old and he proceeded his dream of becoming an ethical hacker and he became one in 2006
and over that he became an Elite Ethical Hacker in 2010. He is a professional programmer who
likes programing logic and he is an expert Cryptography and Cryptanalysis specialist. He is
passionate about new technology especially automated systems, robotic and unmanned vehicles.
He has worked on many projects sponsored by well-known companies and also worked as a
freelancer and security consultant. He established an organization by 2009 and aimed to spread
awareness about cyber threats around the country and then the world. He attended to King
Abdulaziz University and got his Electrical and Computer Engineering degree in 2015.
Team Subleader: Omar Marta.
Born in Jeddah, Mecca April 17, 1989. He was raised between Riyadh and Jeddah in my
childhood due to his father’s work. His major is Industrial engineer He chose this major because
it is going to satisfy His passions and help Him to accomplish his goals. He had two projects that
covered and sponsored by WADI Jeddah and the KAU Creativity and Internship Center. The
first project is semi robot solar system cation for drivers in the road. This system has a
mechanical arm and flashing light all works 24/7 by using renewable power. The second project
is called WAEI the idea of this project is to educate people about morality, environment and
control volunteerism to reach it optimal goals. However, He has only two semesters left to
graduate. After his graduation he plans to work in several companies in different positions to get
experience as much as he can because his dream is to be minister of labor.

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Team CAD designer and analyst: Ahmed Ali Harbi.
Ahmed was born in Al Baha November 12, 1992. He is a mechanical engineering student
at King Abdulaziz University. Interested in the design and analysis of mechanical systems.
Joined the university in September 2010 with a desire to learn and practice mechanical
engineering discipline. Worked in the design and manufacturing a high mast lowering system for
Hidada Company Ltd as a senior project. Academic excellence awarded. Won with a multi-
disciplinary team the first place in engineering design course competition. Looking forward to be
a professional engineer working for the welfare of the world.
Teams Devils' Advocate and Electronics: Amer Alasiri
Amer was born in Jeddah, 14 Feb 1993.He has been living in Jeddah with his family since
he was born. He finished high school in 2011 and became a student at King Abdulaziz
University. Now, He is an electrical engineering student at king Abdulaziz University and he still
has his senior project year to graduate. Also, he likes his major and interested to read about
electrical devices and how it works.
Team Static Analyzer and System Designer: Mouath Balamesh
Born in Jeddah, Mecca Aug 29, 1993. . He was recorded at K.A.U. four years ago. In his
first year, Mooadh was a student in the preparatory year. After that, in the second year, he was a
new student in the faculty of engineering. He selected engineering faculty because he want to be
an engineer to get a god job in the biggest company in KSA. Faculty of Engineering in KAU
contains many disciplines. In the third year, he majored in industrial engineering. He chose this
major (industrial engineering) because he likes working in management and work study field. He
did a small project depends on some tools he studied it in work study course to improve
the layout of warehouse to improve the efficiency. He also have some experience on
arena software which is used to simulate any type of system.

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Team CAD designer and analyst assistant: Muhannad Bafaraj.
Born in Jeddah, Mecca Sep 8, 1992. He still mechanical engineering student at King Abdulaziz
University next semester it will be last semester for him to graduate. The most difficult semester
in the university the first semester he was drop the first semester for that reason will be the
graduating next semester. Muhannad like soccer and he is from Al ITTHAD Fans in Jeddah.
Roles and Responsibilities:
- Name: Youssuf M. Eshmawi.
- Role: Team Leader and Lead Programmer.
- Responsibilities and Roles:
 Develop a strategy the team will use to reach its goal and deliver tasks.
 Provide any necessary training that team members need and help them with their tasks.
 Monitor team members' participation to ensure the training provided is being put into use, and
also to see if any additional training is needed.
 Utilize team members as it fits their abilities and profession.
 Manage the flow of work and progress.
 Focus the team on the tasks at hand or the internal and external customer requirements.
 Coordinate team logistics.
- Name: Omar Marta.
- Role: Team Meeting Coordinator and Sub-leader.
 Coordinating the team activities during the meetings and measures the efficacy of each team
member.

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 Takes the lead at the absence of the main leader.
 Makes sure of monitoring any unwanted conflicts within the working team.
 Resolving any delaying situations.
 Reporting to the Leader.
- Name: Ahmad Ali Harbi.
- Role: CAD Designer and Design Analyst.
 Designing all the needed parts for the project.
 Analyzing the parts assembled and individually.
 Presenting and generating different models of a part to the costumer.
 Hands-On work in manufacturing the project parts.
- Name: Muhannad Bafaraj
- Role: Second CAD Designer and Design Analyst .
 Designing all the needed parts for the project.
 Analyzing the parts assembled and individually.
 Presenting and generating different models of a part to the costumer.
 Hands-On work in manufacturing the project parts.
- Name: Mouath Bal'Amesh
- Role: Static Analyzer and System Designer
 Analyzing any statistics data and problems.
 Process Design.

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 Risk Management.
- Name: Aamer Alasiri.
- Role: Devils' Advocate and Electronics
 Soldering.
 Electronic Assembly.
 Wiring and Measurements.
 Calibrations.

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Table of Content
Introduction……………………………………………………………………...11
Exclusive Summery…………………………………………………………….11
Background………………………………………………………………………12
Design and Analysis……………………………………………………………19
Objectives………………………………………………………………………..25
Problem Statement Flowchart..…………………………………………………25
The QFD………………………………………………………………………….26
Project timeline……….………………………………………………………….28
Learning process……….………………………………………………………..28
Setup and configurations………………………………………………………29
Investigation Approach………………………………………………………….29
Cost estimation…………………………………………………………………..31
Problem faced……………………………………………………………………34
Recommendations………………………………………………………………35
Results and discussions…………………………………………………………36
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….36
References……………………………………………………………………….37
Appendices………………………………………………………………………38

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Introduction:
This is a documentation of an internship project done by a team in an internship program
between the Saudi university, King Abdulaziz University and the American university,
University of Mizzouri "Mizzou". The assigned project was chosen upon the request of the team
and upon the abilities of each member and in which it was a designing of an Unmanned Aerial
Vehicle which will be used for Military and Civil surveillance of borders both land and sea and
the riot control unit in cities. The report has all the necessary explanations and illustrations
needed to mostly understand the concept of it and the report will also take the reader to the pin
point where all lines of understatement cross.
Exclusive summary:
Overview and Project Objectives
This project involved the design and construction of a Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) - it is an
aircraft with no human pilot aboard. Its flight is controlled either autonomously by on-board
computers or by a ground station controlled by a human technician or pilot. The primary
objective was to design and construct an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with a surveillance and live
feedback capabilities in which it can be used on variety of applications such as monitoring land
and sea borders, forest wildfires and unexpected riots or disturbances.
Process and planning stage
Initially, individual components of the vehicle were designed separately and some were pre-
made and the team ordered it online. Team members brainstormed and integrated ideas for the
air foil design and the wing design. Sketches were created and discussions were held regarding
the proposed function of the designs and the overall device. Then the team sketched the parts in
3D to observe how the designs would look like in real life.
Initial Design Stage and Prototype Testing
Following the development of the designs, some components were constructed and printed and
they have been tested both individually and in combination with other components.

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Evolution of the device and modifications
After testing of prototypes, the auto-pilot was replaced by a new version to improve efficiency
and overall functionality. Some components were removed and replaced by more efficient
processes, such as the GPS receiver, the radio receiver and the camera. In order to meet the time
criterion and to achieve all the objectives, additional components were added during early testing
of the prototype device, such as the Airflow sensor and the LiDar range finding sensor.
Construction and testing of final device
The construction of the plain consisted of two main parts, the Airfoils and the Fuselage. The
fuselage and the airfoils took about 36 hours to print in an FDM -3D printer- and it had some
sanding to do on it. Some of the airfoils and the tail including the elevator and the ailerons were
carved from wood using hand tools. After the construction of the airplane body the whole parts
were put together and were tested in the field and it took-off successfully and the camera
feedback was clear and without delay.
Statements about final state of device
After all the testing of the project the team achieved almost all of the objectives and the team was
satisfied with what was achieved and the project was ready.
Background:
The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft that doesn't have a pilot on it. The UAV
is controllable by a ground station or remote control. Actually, the term UAV was changed to be
UAS (Unmanned Aircraft System) to be covering the whole complex parts in this system but,
UAV term still the famous acronym for this system. The main works of UAVs in general is
transfer a message or package or collect data [1]
.
The UAV started to be usable nearly at the First World War (WW1), since 1914. The first
motive to develop this kind of airplanes is military issues [2]
. The first functioning unmanned
aerial vehicle was developed in 1918 and named as the Kettering [3]
.

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Figure (1): The Kettering
The UAVs had a lot of history that had a lot of failure tests, so military departments can't
be fully convinced of these unmanned airplanes [1]
. After a several years of WW1, in U.S., they
prohibit any works that will develop the UAVs to getting butter. [2]
There are two major types of UAVs, military & civil UAVs. At the first, only military
UAVs were used but now, the both types are usable [1]
. Anyone can acquire unmanned aircraft as
a hobby, but it must to follow some conditions that may cost anyone severe penalties [4]
. There
are some competitions and challenges for UAVs.
The UAVs became a very useful after it has been subjected in the civil applications. There are
many applications of use military UAVs
 Moving targets & distract the enemy
 Reconnaissance
 As a fighter [1]
.
Figure (2): Military application

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And also there are many applications of civil UAVs
 Security purpose
 Search and Rescue
 Monitoring a project or factory
 Disaster Management
 Crop Management
 Communications
 Surveys. [5]
Figure (3,4): Crop Management
Integrated UAVs contain important components to perform its work by the right way
 Airplane structure
 Engine system
 Control system
 Precise navigation system
 Sense and avoid obstacles system [5]
.
The UAVs had a lot of advantages than manned aircraft and here several advantages.
 pilotless
 Can reach areas not safe for human
 Hang in the air for a longer time, up to thirty hours
 Under control in fog or darkness
 Provide geological survey
 Provide thermal images and others
 Can be programmed to perform a specific task without need to follow-up[5]
.
The UAVs should have a several mechanical and electronic parts that are important to do their
works. UAVs have mechanical components such as motor, servos motor and body including

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wings and, the electrical components such as GPS, auto pilot, Camera and speed monitor. The
several important parts will be has a background for each below.
Servo motors are electric device that rotate parts of a machine. There are a lot of
applications that use servos motor. It is often to use the servos if you need to handle a machine or
an airplane to do their job. For example, The servos are usable for adjust the car speed and adjust
an airplane wings . Even the servos have a lot of applications in our life that may not observe it.
In 21st-century automobiles, the servos have useable to be adjust the gas pedal for the cars, by
sending an electrical signal to the car's computer to manage the quantity of the gas. So, the
computer of the car will send the data to the servos to handle the speed of the car.
Servos have many sizes and basically three types: positional rotation, continuous rotation, and
linear.
 Positional rotation servo: This type of servos is the common servos motor to use. The
output shaft rotates in about half of a circle (180 degrees). So, it is mechanism has a
design that have limited shaft. These servos are found in some radio control, toys, robots,
aircraft and lots of other applications.
Figure (5): Positional rotation servo
 Continuous rotation servo: This type of servos is almost same as positional rotation
servo, except it can rotate like a full circle (30 degrees). The control signal, rather than
setting the static position of the servo, is interpreted as the direction and speed of rotation.
This type has the ability to rotate to both sides and with the desired speed. This type is
useable if you need to rotate radar dish and so on.

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Figure (6): Continuous rotation servo
 Linear servo: This is also like the positional rotation servo motor, but with additional
gears to change the output from circular shape to forward and backward. These servos are
not common as previous types, but it can be usable sometimes at several things at hoppy
store [6]
.
Figure (7): Linear servo
Autopilots, or automatic pilots, are devices for controlling spacecraft, aircraft, watercraft,
missiles and vehicles without human intervention. Autopilot system is come to be professional
to do desire duties with high efficiency. Moreover, the autopilot has often has more efficiency
than human hands. They make the flight more smoothly and efficiently.
In the world of aircraft, the autopilot is more accurately. An autopilot is part of an aircraft's
electronic components. In addition to flight control systems, avionics include electronics for
navigation, communications, collision avoidance and weather. The original use of an autopilot
was to provide a someone to do hard job. Advance auto pilots can do much more, carrying out
even highly precise maneuvers, like landing with low visibility.
Although there are some differences between autopilot systems, most can be classified
according to the number of parts, or surfaces, they control. To understand this discussion, it helps

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to be familiar with the three basic control surfaces that affect an airplane's attitude. The first are
the elevators, which are devices on the tail of a plane that control pitch (the swaying of an
aircraft around a horizontal axis perpendicular to the direction of motion). Therudder is also
located on the tail of a plane. When the rudder is tilted to starboard (right), the aircraft yaws in
that direction. When the rudder is tilted to port (left), the craft yaws in the opposite direction.
Finally, ailerons on the rear edge of each wing roll the plane from side to side.
Figure (8): Pixhawk autopilot
Autopilots can control all of these surfaces. A single-axis autopilot manages just one set of
controls, usually the ailerons. This simple type of autopilot is known as a "wing leveler" because,
by controlling roll, it keeps the aircraft wings on an even keel. A two-axis autopilot manages
elevators and ailerons. Finally, a three-axis autopilot manages all three basic control systems:
ailerons, elevators and rudder.
The heart of a modern automatic flight control system is a computer with several high-speed
processors. To gather the intelligence required to control the plane, the processors communicate
with sensors located on the major control surfaces. They can also collect data from other airplane
systems and equipment, including gyroscopes, accelerometers, altimeters, compasses and
airspeed indicators.
Autopilots can and do fail. A common problem is some kind of servo failure, either because
of a bad motor or a bad connection. Also position sensor can also fail, resulting in a loss of input
data to the autopilot computer. Fortunately, autopilots for manned aircraft are designed as a
failsafe that is, no failure in the automatic pilot can prevent effective employment of manual
override. To override the autopilot, a crew member simply has to disengage the system, either by
flipping a power switch or, if that doesn't work, by pulling the autopilot circuit breaker.
Many modern autopilots can receive data from a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver
installed on the aircraft. A GPS receiver can determine aplane's position in space by calculating
its distance from three or more satellites in the GPS network. Armed with such positioning
information, an autopilot can do more than keep a plane straight and level it can execute a flight
plan [7]
.

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Airspeed Sensor is a sensor which measures the speed of a flying model through the air, to
provide the indicated airspeed (IAS). The reporting of airspeed can be very instructive with
regard to the control of a flying model, for example allowing the pilot to determine the models
stall speed and set an alarm to indicate when the model falls below this speed [8]
.
Figure (9): Pixhawk autopilot
Electronic Speed Controller (ESC) does several things. First, it converts your battery
voltage down to 5V which is what your receiver runs off. if Not all speed controllers have this
capability. The second thing the ESC does is it converts the DC power from your battery to an
AC current which is required by the motor. Brushless motors run off of AC current [9]
.
Figure (10): Electronic Speed Controller

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Design and Analysis:
Airfoil
Based on the application of the UAV where it is for surveillance. It flies in a flat position with no
need for aerobatic moves. The team has suggested three standards airfoils suite the application.
They are flat bottom airfoils. One of the airfoils alternatives is an old airfoil designed by a
previous team. The other alternatives are NACA 4412 and E387 airfoils [1]
. The airfoils can be
seen in the figure below.
Old airfoil
NACA 4412 airfoil
E387 airfoil
The first step is to model the airfoils in SolidWorks so we can make flow simulation to find which one
has the highest lift force using ANSYS fluent module.

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Airfoils 3D models.
After that, the team used ANSYS to find lift and drag forces for zero and ten inclination angles. The table
shown below summarizes the results.
Airfoil Old airfoil NACA 4412 E 387
Angle Lift (N) Drag (N) Lift (N) Drag (N) Lift (N) Drag (N)
0 7 3.5 5.7 2.5 3.6 1.5
10 12.8 12.7 9.4 13.5 6.5 13
We can notice that the old airfoil has the highest lift force. Here are the simulation results for the old
airfoil. The rest of results can be seen in Appendix B.
The velocity is almost zero on the surface of the airfoil where it is high above the airfoil. Where the
velocity streamlines shows the paths of the airflow. The pressure is higher under the airfoil.

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Figure (11) :Velocity output for the old airfoil
Figure (12):Velocity streamlines for the old airfoil

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Figure (13): Pressure output for the old airfoil
For further analysis the team has made prototypes for the airfoils using the Fused Deposition
Modeling (FDM) 3D printer to test them in the wind tunnel. There were a total of six runs. Three
airfoils each had two runs for zero and ten inclination angle.
Figure (14): Wing tunnel test

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The first step was calibrating the dynamometer that used to obtain the lift and drag forces. Lift
and drag calibration curves were obtained by plotting the different weights versus the voltage.

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The fitting line equations used to obtain the lift and drag forces as shown below.
Airfoil Old airfoil NACA 4412 E 387
Angle Lift (N) Drag (N) Lift (N) Drag (N) Lift (N) Drag (N)
0 3 0.01 3.7 .014 1.5 0.2
10 5.5 0.22 4.9 0.62 3.6 0.38
The old airfoil still has the highest lift force. We can notice that the theoretical ANSYS results
are different than the experimental results because of the different air speed used. It was 133 m/s
in ANSYS simulation.
Fuselage
The team had some constraints in the design of the fuselage. It has to have enough room for the
batteries and the autopilot setup. It has to be light and has a strong structure. It also need to have
a strong base to mount the landing gears on it. It is printed using Polycarbonate (PC) material.
Figure (15): The General diminutions of the fuselage

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Objectives:
We have selected several objectives in our UAV project to insure that we rash our goals to
build an excellent UAV using all the resource that had provided to us by applying the UAV
instructions. These objectives are:
1. Data links and data exchange among sensors, platforms, and their users through PC and phone
applications.
2. UAV detection system to avoid crash risk due to the differences in the land height.
3. Smaller, lighter, cheaper parts & material to increase UAV payload and performance.
4. UAV with system to fly itself without any interface with human control.
5. Accurate targeting locations using high standard GPS system.
6. Easy to manufacturing and assembling by using 3D printer.
7. Increase fly time for the UAV by studying the factors that effecting efficiency power.
8. Applying ANSYS, solid works and all the techniques we have learned due this course.
9. Provide live broadcast through high quality camera from the UAV.
10. Having the best project in this course.
Problem Statement Flowchart:
Problem statement flowchart is a good way to find the problem statement, it helps to get to the
heart of the problem, it has three steps: stating the problem, desire problem stating and rewriting
the problem by finding the combination between the two problems.

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The QFD
In the QFD, the customers' requirements all listed on the left column and then compared to
engineering attributes on the top row. Each requirement is weighted against engineering attribute
if there is any relation. Then, every solution option is weighted against the customer requirement.
Based on the comparison, an option will be recommended to the customer. The following table
shows the QFD for this project:
UAV fly perfectly
Who: team.
What: UAV.
When: Now.
Where: Mizzou.
How: Redesign it.
Who: Team.
What: Perfection.
When: project deadline.
Where: KAU.
How: By fully designed.
Team wants to finish the UAV
design to fly it perfectly in KAU.
The team wants to redesign and
design UAV during summer
program at Mizzou.
Design UAV model that fit equipment to do
special tasks which are auto pilot, avoid
crush, live broadcast and fly itself with light
and cheap material and parts.
Finding a good company to work for,
among the companies in the market.
Design UAV model that can fit
our equipment.

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Task and Schedule:
Learning process:
During the project, the team members started
learning all they can put their hands on, from electrical
parts to mechanical parts and from basic electronics to
advanced programming and configurations.
The team Advisor was always passionate for
teaching the team new things and show us tricks of how do
stuff really work and even sometime he showed the team
members how to overcome what's complicated and turn it
into something simple to deal with.
The team had the chance to get descent training on flying UAV manually and how they will react
fast on any contingency situation. The team leader also used his skilled as a programmer to make program
modification on the system to make third party sensors and devices work.
The team have also been working on getting familiarized with the ground station using the Mission
Planner software and the advisor was always helping with things when they get complicated. The team
was even able to apply basic knowledge like soldering and scalping wood while building the prototype.
Image (1): Team Leader is setting up the
ground station for the flight test.

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Setup and Configurations of the Project:
Plane is a 100% designed and built in-house hybrid of conventional manufacturing and
rapid prototyping using 3D printed structures to allow for real world testing of experimental
airfoil within 24 hours of original design. It uses uses a 3D Robotics Pixhawk PX4 autopilot
system with a 915 mhz telemetry link, as well
as a 3DR Bluetooth module for short range
telemetry via mobile devices. It has twin
UBLOX lea-6h standalone GPS modules with
integrated compass for navigation as well as a
LiDar altimeter to improve autonomous
takeoffs and landings and a pitot tube for real-
time airspeed readings. It uses a futaba 8FG
Super radio transmitter with an fr-sky tfr8-sb
dual link diversity receiver for manual radio
control. The motor is an electrifly rim fire .46
brushless outrunner powered by a 4s LiPo.
Investigation approach:
Several resources and tools are to be used in the process of designing and manufacturing of
the UAV. SolidWorks will be used to model the fuselage and airfoils. Then the team will make
flow analysis using ANSYS. For further analysis, airfoils will be 3D printed to make flow
analysis in the wind tunnel lab to find the lift and drag forces.
In order to understand the UAVs main parts, the team has disassembled and then
assembled a UAV. Team members had hands on experience in that process. Then the advisor has
trained the team members to fly and control it.
The team has designed two fuselage alternatives as shown in the figure below.
Unfortunately, the team had a problem in the simulation of the fuselage using ANSYS,
Image (2): The Team setting up the
configurations and getting familiarized with
mission planner.

30
especially in the meshing process because of the complexity of the geometry. Actually, most of
the drag force will be applied on the wings. The generated force will be used to make static
analysis on the fuselage later on.
The first alternative has a huge storage box that can carry two batteries and some other
equipment. It also has a well-supported cooling tube. The first alternative is initially selected by
the team advisor.
Figure (16): First fuselage alternative.
Figure (17): Second fuselage alternative.

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Cost Estimate:
Table 1 Material cost.
Item number Qty Description Price Amount
310-00100 1 Foundation Sheet, Package of 20 120.00 120.00
311-30200 1/3 Soluble Release Support Material 360.00 120.00
311-20500 1/3 ABS-M30 Build Material, Blue 350.00 116.67
311-20100 2/3 ABS-M30 Build Material, White 350.00 233.33
310-20100 1 PC Filament Build Material 395.00 395.00
Total 10 --------- $1575.00 $985.00

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Table 2 Part cost
Item number Qty Description Price Amount
3DTELKIT0004 1 3DR 915mhz Radio set 99.00 99.00
3DGPSKIT0003 1 3DR GPS with Compass 89.99 89.99
3DPX4KIT0011 1 3DR Pixhawk 32 bit
Autopilot System
199.99 199.99
RB-Pli-01 1 LIDAR-Lite Laser
Rangefinder
75.65 75.65
RB-Trs-70 1 Pixhawk Airspeed Sensor
Kit
54.99 54.99
PTMCFG310 1 Carbon Fiber Landing
Gear
30.00 30.00
TOPQ0220 1 Monokote film opaque
Cub Yellow
13.00 13.00
TOPQ0208 1 Monokote film opaque
Black
13.00 13.00
TOPQ0200 1 Monokote film
transparent, Clear
13.00 13.00
NA 1 Bluetooth Data Link 24.99 24.99
1701 1 Mobius Camera, Wide
angle lens
79.99 79.99
1624 1 Mobius Camera A/V
Cables set
5.99 5.99
1148 1 1.3 ghz video transmitter,
U.S. frequencies.
59.99 59.99
1292 1 1.3 ghz video reciever 40.99 40.99
1122 1 IBCrazy Bluebeam Ultra
Antenna
64.95 64.95
2112 1 TATTU 1300mAh 3s
LiPo Battery
18.53 18.53

33
Total cost for the project = Material cost + Part cost
Total = 985.00 + 884.05 = 1869.05 $
Total 16 --------- $884.05 $884.05

34
Problem Faced:
In this we going to talk about the problem we have
faced during this project. First of all the work shop has no any
internet connection due the insulator inside room’s wall. For
that we had a solution to provide to build cable connection and
it worked perfectly
. Secondly, we were out of using high process PC’s due
to the lake of it in the North Engineering Building for that
some of our works delay. We have to go to the main building
or to wait for other teams to finish their works.
Next, we found a difficulty in applying the ANSYS
Simulation in our UAV main body. After doing some research
we found the errors and the reasons for that but when we
solved the program does not work due to the complexity that
our UAV main body has. We simulate it by solid works and
the results were good. Next, the 3D printer was not available
for two weeks and it Daley our project.
Next, we print the UAV main body and it has support
material stick to the body we couldn’t not use any solvent to
remove it because it is going to have more time than what we have
due to the deadline. For that we used tools to remove it. Finally,
when we begin to assemble the parts we found rage finder must be
outside the body for that we design a clip to attach in the tail.
Image (3): Team Member Practicing Soldering.
Image (4): Team Members assembling the plane.
Image (5): Team Members cutting
wood to shape the tail.

35
Recommendations
The project worked as was expected and despite that as its well-known every project can
be improved and upgraded to a better one. So upon the observation of the team for the project,
here are some of the things that can be improved in the upcoming patch of this project:
 The wiring part of the plane should be improved due to that in this design it is very hard
to assemble and disassemble the plane with the current wiring status.
 The wing designs should be improved for future satiability and movability.
 The fuselage can be improved for more shock resistance.
 Redesign the wing mounting system.
Figure (18): Final design.

36
Result and Dissection:
Based on the ANSYS result which the team recorded it and the test of the prototypes for
the airfoils in the wind tunnel, the old airfoil is the best for our UAV. After that, the team printed
the airfoil and fuselage by 3D printing machine. The team also assembled the UAV and tested it.
Finally, at the end of this project, the team have learned the a lot of information about
UAV, such as the history of UAV, the basic of UAV, how we build UAV and fly it. This project
help the team to understand how we can do the real projects in the real life and how to deal with
problems and find appropriate solutions.
Conclusions
The internship was as fruitful as it can be by teaching the team members to work as a
single body by dividing the work and tasks among them and to deal with internal conflicts and to
utilize the members as they were fit for their tasks. The project was bit challenging due to that
none of the team members ever worked with aerial vehicles and they all had to read about it to
get the basic background needed to proceed with the project while also the project advisor was
very passionate and helpful in all situations and always illustrated what was not clear to any of
the members. The project will be a great gain to be part of the teams' life and carrier experiences
and it will be a great recommendation and recognition to the team members among major
companies. Finally as the project is done now each one of the team members can build an
unmanned aerial vehicle from scratch to a professional standard and hopefully at least one of the
team members continues his work on developing and upgrading the unmanned aerial vehicles.

37
References:
1. "The UAV - The Future Of The Sky." The UAV. Www.theuav.com. Web. 5 Aug. 2015.
<http://www.theuav.com/>.
2. "Time Line of UAVs." PBS. Web. 5 Aug. 2015.
<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/spiesfly/uavs.html>.
3. Stamp, Jimmy. "Unmanned Drones Have Been Around Since World War I." Smithsonian.
Web. 6 Aug. 2015. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/unmanned-drones-
have-been-around-since-world-war-i-16055939/?no-ist>.
4. "Unmanned Aircraft Systems." Unmanned Aircraft Systems. Federal Aviation
Administration. Web. 6 Aug. 2015. <https://www.faa.gov/uas/>.
5. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems Association. UAVS. Web. 3 Aug. 2015.
<http://www.uavs.org/>.
6. "What Is a Servo Motor?" Introduction to Servo Motors. Www.sciencebuddies.org. Web.
5 Aug. 2015. <http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-
projects/project_ideas/Robotics_ServoMotors.shtml>.
7. Harris, William. "How Autopilot Works." HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks.com. Web. 5
Aug. 2015. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/autopilot.htm>.
8. "Jeti Model MSpeed (Airspeed Monitor)." Singapore Hobby Supplies. Web. 7 Aug. 2015.
<http://www.singahobby.com/?q=node/26400>.
9. "ESC (Electronic Speed Controller)." Instructables.com. Web. 7 Aug. 2015.
<http://www.instructables.com/id/Beginners-Guide-to-Connecting-Your-RC-Plane-
Electr/step3/ESC-Electronic-Speed-Controller/>.

38
Appendices:
Appendix A: Airfoil simulation
Old airfoil (zero degree)

51
Appendix B: Team Meeting Agenda and Minutes
1st
Meeting
Location Youseef & Amer Room
Date 9/Jul/2015
Duration 50 minutes
Attendees All
2nd
Meeting
Date 11/Jul/2015
Duration 60 minutes
Attendees All
Meeting Agenda
No. Topics to be discussed Time (min)
1 Distribute the homework and assignments 20
2 Ansys Homework 15
3 Matlab Homework 15
Meeting Agenda
1 Thermo-Fluid reports 15
2 Ansys Homework 15
3 Matlab Homework 20

52
3rd
Meeting
Location Omar and Mouath room
Date 15/Jul/2015
Duration 30 minutes
Attendees All
Meeting Agenda
1 Finalize the assignments and homeworks 30
4th
Meeting
Date 22/Jul/2015
Duration 45 minutes
Attendees Youssuf , Amer, Mouath, Muhannad,Omar and Ahamad
Meeting Agenda
1 Project Design alternatives 30
2 Mid-term report 15
5th
Meeting
Date 26/Jul/2015
Duration One hour
Attendees Youssuf , Amer, Mouath, Muhannad and Ahamad

53
Meeting Agenda
1 Final report 60
2 Ansys Simulation 60
6th
Meeting
Date 31/Jul/2015
Duration Two hours
Attendees Youssuf , Amer, Mouath, and Ahamad
Meeting Agenda
1 Mid-term report 30
2 Ansys simolation 30
7th
Meeting
Date 5/Aug/2015
Duration 30 minutes
Attendees Youssuf , Omar, Mouath, Muhannad and Ahamad
Meeting Agenda
1 Finalize The final report 30

UAV Final report

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