1. ORIENTAL PERSPECTIVE
Christianity
Hinduism
Buddhism
Confucianism
Taoism
Islam

2. CHRISTIANITY
Christian theology holds that Adam
and Eve lost physical immortality for
themselves and all their descendants in
the Fall of Man, though this initial
“imperishability of the body frame of
man” was “a preternatural condition.”
According to the Book of Enoch, the
righteous and wicked await the
resurrection in separate divisions of
sheol, a teaching which may have
influenced Jesus’ parable of Lazarus
and Daves.

3. Christians believe that every person
that believes in Christ will be
resurrected;
Bible passages are interpreted as
teaching, that the resurrected body
will, like the present body, be both
physical (but a renewed and non-
decaying physical body) and
spiritual.
CHRISTIANITY

4. HINDUISM
 Hinduism is the predominant religion of
the Indian subcontinent. It is often
referred to as Sanatana Dharma, a
Sanskrit phrase meaning “eternal law” by
its adherents. Among its roots is the
historical Vedic religion of Iron Age India,
and as such Hinduism is often stated to be
the “oldest living religion”.
 Hinduism starts with the assumption that
at the bottom of all transformation
occurring in the world is one enduring
reality comparable to the essence of man.

5.  One of the key concepts of Hinduism is the
belief in an ultimate reality called
Brahman which is the source of all living
things in this universe.
Brahman is the ground of all reality and
existence. Brahman is uncreated,
external, infinite and all-embracing. It is
the ultimate cause and goal of all that
exists. It is One and it is All. All beings
emanate from Brahman; all beings will
return back to the same source. Brahman
is in all things and it is the true Self
(atman) of all beings.
HINDUISM

6. Upanishads, the ancient scripture of
Hinduism, teaches that the ultimate
ground of the universe is one with
the ground of the thinker himself.
Brahman is the absolute
unmanifested changeless source of
all things and the universe.
Brahman is the fullness toward
which all beings are directed.
Brahman is identified with Atman,
which is the exalted expression of
the soul.
HINDUISM

7.  Man consists of five coverings:
a) Annamayatman – the material or
physical covering of man. It is dependent
on food.
b) Pranamayatman – the biological layer,
the self as a vital part breathes.
c) Manomayatman – the psychological
aspect and which consists of the will.
d) Vijnamamayatman – the intellectual
layer; within it is the seal of
consciousness.
e) Anandamayatnan – the part that
encounters and experiences heaven.
HINDUISM

8.  Man must dispose the five coverings to attain the
level of a perfect man. The physical, biological,
psychological, intellectual and bliss compose
Atman that is not the true self but a mere
accidental revelation of Brahman.
 Salient Features of Hinduism
Reincarnation – (samsara) believed that the
soul migrates from one body upon death and re-
enters another human or animal body. All
spiritual efforts are being directed toward the
release or moksa from the cycle of rebirth.
Karma – the sum and the consequences of a
person’s actions during the successive phases of
his existence. It determine man’s destiny and
the nature of individual’s rebirth.
HINDUISM

9. BUDDHISM
 Founded by an Indian, Gautama Siddharta (563-
483 B.C.). Buddha was his official title which
means “The Enlightened One”.
 “All that we are is the result of what we have
thought. The mind is everything. What we think,
we become.”
 The Four Noble Truths:
1. Pain and suffering exist.
2. The need to satisfy man’s sensual desires is
the cause of man’s suffering.
3. Suffering ends only when man stops his
sensual longings.
4. The path that leads to the ending of suffering
is called the “Eightfold Path”

10.  The Eightfold Path:
1. Right Viewpoint, which is the proper
understanding of the four noble truths.
2. Right Aspiration, which must go beyond
the self.
3. Right Speech, which requires the use of
the right words to show courtesy and
respect for others.
4. Right Action, which is consistent with
the basic law not to kill, steal, lie, have
illicit sexual relations, and to take
intoxicating drinks.
BUDDHISM

11.  The Eightfold Path…
5. Right Livelihood, which is known by not
doing harm or pain on others.
6. Right Effort, which is maintaining a life
properly moving toward enlightenment.
7. Right Concentration, by controlling
emotion, imagination, illusion and self-
deception.
8. Right Contemplation, by not giving
unnecessary attention to anything that
hinders the attainment of enlightenment
or true knowledge.
BUDDHISM

12.  All things material or immaterial are
permanent and unsatisfying. Likewise,
man must realize that his existence is also
temporary.
 Beings consists of five aggregates or
skandhas: matter, sensation, perception,
mind and consciousness. When the five
aggregates merged, they assume a
definite form and is given a name.
 Once the aggregates disintegrate, nama-
rupa ceases to exist.
BUDDHISM

13.  Man is but a name bestowed upon the
blending of the five aggregates that
constitute an individual. Each aggregate
when taken singly or separately is to
equivalent to man.
 Greed, hatred and delusion separate the
individual from the true perception of the
nature of things. Man strives to be
liberated from this ignorance and delusion
to attain nirvana.
BUDDHISM

14.  Nirvana is the supreme state free from
suffering and individual existence. It is a
state Buddhists refer to as
"Enlightenment". It is the ultimate goal of
all Buddhists. The attainment of nirvana
breaks the otherwise endless rebirth cycle
of reincarnation. Buddhists also consider
nirvana as freedom from all worldly
concerns such as greed, hate, and
ignorance. No one can describe in words
what nirvana is. It can only be
experienced directly.
BUDDHISM

15. CONFUCIANISM
 Developed from the teachings of Confucius
which focuses on human morality and
wrong action.
 The 5 Relationships:
1. Ruler – Subject
2. Father – Son
3. Husband – Wife
4. Older Brother – Younger Brother
5. Older Friend – Younger Friend

16.  Attitudes Governing These Relationships:
1. Rulers : Kind-heartedness
2. Subject :Loyalty
3. Father : Love
4. Son : Filial Piety
5. Husband : Righteous Behavior
6. Wife : Obedience
7. Older Brother : Politeness
8. Younger Brother : Humility and Respect
9. Older Friend : Humane Consideration
10. Younger Friend : Obedience
CONFUCIANISM

17. CONFUCIANISM