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number 18 please explain thanks the membrane they enable mechanicol work such as bacterial bacteria flagel rotating this reaction? ATP Yield 16. What is a by-product of Events/ Products electrons and protons that They were used to donate oxidation of glucose ATP into water and created the turned oxygen molecules molecule molecules inder of the 32 ATP Production of 2 reduced process by which ATP is 17, Chemiasmosis is the produced es hydrogen ions Production of 2 reduced move down their concentration enzyme is involved in this coenzyme gradient. What protein process? ATP synthase Release of 2 molecules summary of ATP synthesis Phosphorylation of 2 ADP molecules 18 Complete the following summary of cellular respiration l I Release of 4 molecules of CO2 Production of 8 reduced Up to ATP maximum Solution Ques-18: Summary of ATP synthesis during cellular respiration: Cellular respiration is the utilization of oxygen by the cell for the synthesis of metabolic products such as sugars, fats, proteins etc. In humans, cellular respiration takes place in cytosol & in the mitochondria (power hoses of the cell), in which the most of the metabolic processes takes place. Blood carries the oxygen to each cell in the body and again collects the carbon dioxide. C6H12O6 (glucose as substrate) + 6 O2 (g) 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (liq) + heat In this reaction, glucose oxidized and oxygen reduced. Glucose ----> 686 kcal/mol of free energy One ATP ----> produce 7.3 kcal/mol Now 7.3 x 36 (ATP produced from one mole of glucose via glycolysis, Kreb\'s cycle, oxidative posphorylation) = 262.8 kcal/mol for all ATP\'s produced 262.8 / 686 = 38.3% energy efficiency & it is recovered from aerobic respiration of one mole of glucose The remaining 423.2 kcal/mole is the energy used for the other cellular miscellaneous activities such as some of the phosphorylation processes are mediated by ATP in both glycolysis, Krebs’s cycle as well as during electron transport. Therefore, remaining 61.6% energy utilized during enzymatic reaction mediated by substrate level phosphorylation reactions of cellular respiration. The first step in cellular respiration is glycolysis. Total per one glucose molecule ---> 4 CO2 generated Two citric acid cycles Two glycolysis cycles Glycolysis is an anaerobic process & takes place in cytosol, through which one glucose molecules is breakdown into two molecules of three-carbon pyruvate. The glycolysis of each glucose molecule generates 2 ATP molecules. ATP synthesis from anaerobic process is via glycolysis of glucose in the presence of various enzymes. Glucose + 2 NAD+ (oxidized) + 2 Pi + 2 ADP 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH (reduced) + 2 ATP + 2 H+ + 2 H2O + heat Citric acid cycle: The pyruvate generated by the glycolysis is converted into acetyl-CoA that enters into the citric acid cycle. Citric acid cycle involves a series of reactions that occur in the presence of oxygen. Citric acid cycle generates NADH, which enters into the oxidative phosphorylation process. This .
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Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the synthesis of ATP from ADP take place. Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes . 1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses potential energy to form ATP . 2) ATP/ADP transporter - the transport of ATP/ADP across inner membrane is done by an integral membrane protein . The translocase play important role of the ATP/ADP transport. The Adenine nucleotide translocator transports one molecule of ADP into mitochondria in exchange of one molecule of ATP transferred from mitochondria to cytosol because ATP carries more negative charge than ADP. 3) entry of protein - the energy given to the electrons of the reduced co enzyme NADH and succinate by TCA cycle is transferred in small steps in the inner membrane of the mitochondria through a chain of five complexes. Complex i (NADH- CO enzyme Q Oxidoreductase), complex ii (succinate - Q oxidoreductase), complex iii( Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase ), complex Iv ( cytochrome c oxidase) , ATP synthase. these protein transport the proton and uses the energy to complete the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. Solution Electron transport chain is a process in which the electron derive from NADH / FADH2 and combines with O2 and releases energy from oxydative phosphorylation. During oxydation the synthesis of ATP from ADP take place. Electron transport chain is the most important step of cellular respiration . Electron transport chain is present in several copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and the plasma membrane of prokaryotes . 1 ) synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate ions ( pi) is carried by the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 . ATP synthesized within mitochondria has to be exported to the cytosol where as ADP and phosphate ions (pi) are imported from cytosol for ATP synthesis . The energy is then transferred to the electron transport chain. In each movement the molecules move to lower energy level. The energy released is used to move protons across the membrane . The chemical bond energy has been converted into potential energy . The enzyme ATP synthase uses potential energy to form ATP . 2) ATP/ADP transporter - th.
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Conclusion: Phases of Oxidative Phosphorylation Focus your attention on the two phases of oxidative phosphorylation in Focus Figure 24.8. Sort the events into the appropriate phase of oxidative phosphorylation. Events may be sorted to only one bin. Solution Oxidative phosphorylation is the process where energy is harnessed through a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner membrane of mitochondria to create ATP. NADH donates e-During breakdown of glucose ,a large amount of NADH and FADH2 are produced in glycolysis and citric acid cycle NADH transfers transfers its high energy molecules to protein complex1 and causes loss of electrons NADH -> NAD++H++2e- Generation of protongradient The process of transferring of electrons drives the pumping of protons and it generates proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane Transfer of electrons Electrons transfers between specalized proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Generation of Water At the end of the electron transport chain ,electrons are transferred to molecular oxygen,which splits in half and takes up H+ to form water 1/2O2+2H++2e-->H2O Synthesis of ATP This proton pumping that is ultimately responsible for coupling the oxidation and reduction reaction to ATP synthesis from ADP and HPO42-.Phosphorylation of ADP and synthesis of ATP occurs Oxygen is the final electronacceptor Electrons move from one carrier to another and finally transferred to o2 Chemiosmosis The diffusion of hydrogen ions across the membrane via ATP synthase due to proton gradient that forms on the otherside of the membrane Flow of proton intomitochondrial martrix ATP synthetase allows H+ to diffuse back into matrix Phosphorylation of ADP ATP synthetase allows H+ ions to diffuse back into the matrix and uses the free energy released to synthesize ATP from ADP and HPO42- Oxidation of food fuels To make ATP,energy must be obsorbed it is supplied by the food we eat.One of the principal energy yielding nutrients in our diet is glucose.The complete breakdown of glucose into CO2 occurs in two process glycolysis and citric acid cyclePhase 1Phase2Neither NADH donates e-During breakdown of glucose ,a large amount of NADH and FADH2 are produced in glycolysis and citric acid cycle NADH transfers transfers its high energy molecules to protein complex1 and causes loss of electrons NADH -> NAD++H++2e- Generation of protongradient The process of transferring of electrons drives the pumping of protons and it generates proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane Transfer of electrons Electrons transfers between specalized proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Generation of Water At the end of the electron transport chain ,electrons are transferred to molecular oxygen,which splits in half and takes up H+ to form water 1/2O2+2H++2e-->H2O Synthesis of ATP This proton pumping that is ultimately responsible for coupling the oxidation and reduction reaction to ATP synthesis from ADP .
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