Fundamentals of Research in Education course content

1. Lecturer: Yee Bee Choo
IPGKTHO

2. 1. Purpose of Review
2. Sources of Review
3. Steps of Writing a Review
4. Conceptual Framework
Review of
Literature

3. What is Literature Review
• A literature review is a written summary of
journal articles, books, and other documents
that describes the past and current state of
information on the topic of your research
study.
• It also organises the literature into subtopics,
and documents the need for a proposed
study.
(Creswell, 2012)

4. Purpose of Review
• To document how your study adds to the existing
literature.
• To provide evidence that educators need your
study.
• To build your research skills of using the library or
databases
• To learn how other educators compose their
research studies
• To help you find useful examples and models in
the literature for your own research.
(Creswell, 2012)

5. Purpose of Review
(Creswell, 2012, p.81)
Quantitative Vs Qualitative Research

6. Sources of Review
Sources of Literature Review
General References:
the sources a researcher refers to first.
Secondary Sources:
publications in which authors describe the work of others.
Primary Sources:
publications in which investigators report the results of their studies.

7. Steps of Writing a Review
1. • Identify key terms
2. • Locate literature
3. • Critically evaluate and select the literature
4. • Organise the literature
5. • Write a literature review
(Creswell, 2012, p.81)

8. Steps of Writing a Review
1. Identify key terms
• Write a preliminary “working title”.
• Pose a short, general research questions.
• Use words that author report in the literature.
• Look in a catalog of terms to find words that
match your topic, e.g. ERIC database.
• Go to academic library, scan the table of contents
of education journals from the last 7 to 10 years,
and look for key terms in titles to the articles.

9. Steps of Writing a Review
2. Locate literature
• Use academic library.
• Use both primary and secondary sources.
• Search different types of literature.

10. (Creswell, 2012, p.84)

11. Steps of Writing a Review
3. Critically evaluate and select the literature
• Is It a good, accurate source?
• Is it relevant?

12. Steps of Writing a Review
4. Organise the literature
• Reproducing, downloading, and filing
• Taking notes and abstracting studies
• Constructing a literature map

13. (Creswell, 2012, p.97)

14. Steps of Writing a Review
5. Write a literature review
• Using a style manual, e.g. APA 6.0 edition
• A style manual provides a structure for citing
references, labeling headings, and constructing
tables and figures for a scholarly research report.
• Writing strategies: Extent of the review, types of
literature review (thematic review or study by
study review)
• Concluding statement of the review

15. Steps of Writing a Review
Characteristics of the materials cited for
literature review
1. The materials must be as recent as possible.
2. Materials must be as objective and unbiased
as possible.
3. Materials must be relevant to the study.
4. Materials must not too few but not too many
(at least 15 sources).

16. Steps of Writing a Review
Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studies
1. By author or writer
• In this method the ideas, facts, or principles,
although they have the same meaning, are
explained or discussed separately and cited in the
footnote with their respective authors or writers.
• Examples:
– According to Enriquez, praise helps much in learning,
etc., (Enriquez, 1981)
– Maglaque found out that praise is an important
factor in learning, etc., (Maglaque, 1984)

17. Steps of Writing a Review
Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studies
2. By topic.
• In this case, if different authors or writers have the
same opinion about the same topic, the topic is
discussed and cited under the names of the authors or
writers. This is a summary of their opinions. This is to
avoid separate and long discussions of the same topic.
• Example:
– It has been found out that praise is an important aid in
learning of children. (Enriquez, 1981 & Maglaque, 1984)

18. Steps of Writing a Review
Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studies
3. Chronological.
• Related materials may also be cited chronologically,
that is, according to the year they were written.
• Materials which were written earlier should be cited
first before those which were written later.
• This can be done especially when citation is by author
or writer.
• If citation is by topic, chronological citation can be
done in the footnote.

19. Steps of Writing a Review
What to Cite
• It should be emphasised that only the major
findings, ideas, generalisations, principles, or
conclusions in related materials relevant to
the problem under investigation should be
discussed in this chapter.
• Generally, such findings, ideas,
generalisations, principles, or conclusions are
summarised, paraphrased, or synthesised.

20. Steps of Writing a Review
APA Citation Basics
• APA style requires authors to use the past
tense or present perfect tense when using
signal phrases to describe earlier research, for
example, Jones (1998) found or Jones
(1998) has found...
• All sources that are cited in the text must
appear in the reference list at the end of the
paper.
(Source: Purdue Online Writing Lab )

21. Steps of Writing a Review
APA Citation Basics
Short quotations
• If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need
to include the author, year of publication, and the page
number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce
the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the
author's last name followed by the date of publication
in parentheses.
• Example:
– According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty
using APA style, especially when it was their first time"
(p. 199).
(Source: Purdue Online Writing Lab )

22. Steps of Writing a Review
APA Citation Basics
Long quotations
• Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of
typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks.
• Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in
the same place you would begin a new paragraph.
• Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any
subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin.
• Maintain double-spacing throughout.
• The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
• Example:
Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was
their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to
the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to
ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
(Source: Purdue Online Writing Lab )

23. Steps of Writing a Review
APA Citation Basics
Summary or paraphrase
• If you are paraphrasing an idea from another
work, you only have to make reference to the
author and year of publication in your in-text
reference.
• Example:
– According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult
citation format for first-time learners.

24. Conceptual Framework
• From the review of related literature and studies, you may
formulate a theoretical scheme for your research problem.
• This scheme is a tentative explanation or theoretical
explanation of the phenomenon or problem and serves as
the basis for the formulation research hypotheses.
• Thus, the conceptual framework consists of the
investigator’s own position on a problem after his exposure
to various theories that have bearing on the problem.
• It is the researcher’s new model which has its roots on the
previous models which the researcher had studied.
(Sanchez, pp. 14-15)

25. Conceptual Framework
• Conceptual framework is needed for research
designs such as experimental, quasi-
experimental, survey and case study.
• It portrays a diagrammatic representation in a
more vivid way about the study.
• A conceptual framework may take different
diagrammatic forms.

27. Tutorial 3a
• Work in groups and come up with a
conceptual framework for teaching English.

28. Tutorial 3b
• Do a summary for the three articles found in Tutorial
1a.
• Identify and write the following elements (not more
than 2 sentences):
– Title
– Author
– Problem/Issue
– Suggestion(s) to overcome the problem/issue
– Research objectives/questions
– Research hypotheses
– Sample
– Research methodology
– Research instruments
– Findings/ Discussion of findings

29. Main References
• Creswell, J.W. (2012). Educational research:
planning, conducting and evaluating
quantitative and qualitative research. (4th Ed.).
Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc.
• https://owl.english.purdue.edu