PROJECT MANAGEMENT ON 4TH SEMESTER

1. PERT AND CPM
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
ARCHITECTURE
SITI YAUMILIA SALSA

2. Project
Combination of interrelated activities
Executed in logical sequence
Accomplishment of a desired objective

3. Project Management
• Management is generally perceived as concerned with planning, organizing, and
control of an ongoing process or activity.
• Project Management is concerned with control of an activity for a relatively short
period of time after which management effort ends.
• Primary elements of Project Management to be discussed:
Project Team
Project Planning
Project Control

4. Network analysis is the general name given to certain specific techniques which can
be used for the planning, management and control of projects.
 Methods used for network planning are:
CPM
PERT
 Managing a project with network planning methods involves four steps:
1. Describing the Project.
2. Diagramming the Network.
3. Estimating time of completion.
4. Monitoring Project Progress.
Network Planning

5. HISTORY OF PERT/CPM
Developed by
the US Navy
for the
planning and
control of the
Polaris missile
program
The emphasis
was on
completing
the program in
the shortest
possible time.
PERT
Developed by
Du Pont to
solve project
scheduling
problems
The emphasis
was on the
trade-off
between the
cost of the
project and its
overall
completion
time
CPM

6. CPM - Critical Path Method
Drafting the design of
Programme or Project
Evaluation of drafted
Programme or Project
Review of evaluated
Programme or Project

7. PERT -
Project Evaluation & Review Techniques
To analyze and represent the tasks
involved in completing a given project
Accommodates the variation in event
completion time
Event-oriented technique rather than
start- and completion-oriented
Commonly used in conjunction with
the critical path method

8. Basic Terms In Network Analysis
Activity
Event
Constraints
Network Diagram
Critical Path

9. Steps in PERT/CPM
4. CONTROLLING
3. ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES
2. SCHEDULING
1. PLANNING

10. PERT/CPM
Project managers reply on PERT/CPM to help them answer questions such as:
• What is the total time to complete the project?
• What are the scheduled start and finish dates for each specific activity?
• Which activities are critical and must be completed exactly as scheduled to keep the
project on schedule?
• How long can noncritical activities be delayed before they cause an increase in the
project completion time?

11. Both PERT and CPM
• Graphically display the precedence relationships & sequence of
activities
• Estimate the project’s duration
• Identify critical activities that cannot be delayed without delaying the
project
• Estimate the amount of slack associated with non-critical activities

12. Framework for PERT and CPM
• Define the Project. The Project should have only a single start activity
and a single finish activity.
• Develop the relationships among the activities.
• Draw the "Network" connecting all the activities.
• Assign time and/or cost estimates to each activity
• Compute the critical path.
• Use the Network to help plan, schedule, monitor and control the
project.

13. PERT Diagrams
• Activity-on-node diagrams:
• Maybe more than one single start and end node
• Nodes represent activities
• Arrows indicate precedence
• Activity-on-arrow diagrams:
• One single start and one single end node
• An arrow represents a task, while a node is the
completion of a task
• Arrows represent activities
• Nodes indicate beginning/end of activities
13

14. Dummy Activities
• Sometimes it is necessary to insert dummy activities (duration
zero) in order to maintain the clarity of the diagram and the
precedence relationships between activities.
• In activity-on-arrow PERT diagrams, each activity must be uniquely
identifiable by its start and end nodes.
• However, sometimes multiple tasks have the same predecessors
and successors.
14

15. DUMMY ACTIVITY
Dummy Activity is used in two situations:
1) When two or more activities start and end at the same
nodes
1 3
2
2) When two or more activities share the same
precedence activity but not all the precedence are
shared.
1 53
6
7
2 4

16. Determining the Critical Path
• Step 1: Make a forward pass through the network as follows: For each
activity i beginning at the Start node, compute:
• Earliest Start Time (ES) = the maximum of the earliest finish times of all activities
immediately preceding activity i. (This is 0 for an activity with no predecessors.). This is
the earliest time an activity can begin without violation of immediate predecessor
requirements.
• Earliest Finish Time (EF) = (Earliest Start Time) + (Time to complete activity i. This
represent the earliest time at which an activity can end.
The project completion time is the maximum of the Earliest Finish Times at
the Finish node.

17. Determining the Critical Path
• Step 2: Make a backwards pass through the network as follows: Move
sequentially backwards from the Finish node to the Start node. At a given node, j,
consider all activities ending at node j. For each of these activities, (i,j), compute:
• Latest Finish Time (LF) = the minimum of the latest start times beginning at
node j. (For node N, this is the project completion time.). This is the latest time
an activity can end without delaying the entire project.
• Latest Start Time (LS) = (Latest Finish Time) - (Time to complete activity (i,j)).
This is the latest time an activity can begin without delaying the entire project.

18. Determining the Critical Path
• Step 3: Calculate the slack time for each activity by:
Slack = (Latest Start) - (Earliest Start), or
= (Latest Finish) - (Earliest Finish).
A critical path is a path of activities, from the Start node to the Finish
node, with 0 slack times.

19. A Simple Project
Activity Immediate
Predecessor
Expected
Time
A - 5
B - 6
C A 4
D A, B 2

20. Precedence Diagram

21. ES Earliest Starting (time)
EF Earliest Finishing
LS Latest Starting
LF Latest Finishing
Slack Difference Time

23. • Activity time estimates usually can not be made with certainty.
• PERT used for probabilistic activity times.
• In PERT, three time estimates are used: most likely time (m), the optimistic
time (a) , and the pessimistic time (b).
• These provide an estimate of the mean and variance of a beta distribution:
• mean (expected time):
• variance:
6
b4mat 
2
6
a-b










v
Probabilistic Activity Times

25. Difference Between PERT & CPM
Probabilistic Model
Non-repetitive Jobs like planning
& scheduling of programmes
Results calculated on basis of
Events
Related with activities of
uncertain time
Deterministic Model
Repetitive Jobs like residential
construction
Results calculated on basis of
activities
Related with activities of Well
Known time
PERT CPM

26. Advantages of PERT/CPM
Reduction in cost
• Elimination of Risk in Complex activity
Flexibility
• Optimisation of Resources
Reduction of Uncertainties

27. Disadvantages of PERT/CPM
Network charts tend to be large
Lack of a timeframe on most PERT/CPM charts makes it
harder to show status
When PERT/CPM charts become unwieldy, they are no
longer used to manage the project
Planning & Implementation required skillful personnel

28. PERT TABLE
NO. ACTIVITY
KOEFISIEN Days Labors
Toptimis
(a)
Tmostlikely
(m)
Tpesimis
(b)
Texpected
(Te)
Variance
(v)
A PREPARATION, MINING AND LAND 32 6,10,16 8,5/6,4 6 10 16 10,33333333 2,777777778
B FOUNDATION AND CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION 240 40,60,80 8,6,4 40 60 80 60 44,44444444
C COUPLE AND PLASTERING CONSTRUCTION 12 2,4,6 6,4,3 2 4 6 4 0,444444444
D FLOOR AND WALL INSTALLATION 12 1,1,4 4,4,1 4 10 12 9,333333333 1,777777778
E ROOF CONSTRUCTION 42 6,7,11 7,6,4 11 14 21 14,66666667 2,777777778
F CEILING INSTALLATION 4 1,1,4 4,4,1 1 1 4 1,5 0,25
G INSTALLATION KUSEN, DOOR AND WINDOW 15 2,3,5 8,5,3 2 3 5 3,166666667 0,25
H EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION DOOR AND WINDOW 6 1,2,3 6,3,2 1 2 3 2 0,111111111
I INSTALLATION OF SANITARY 24 3,4,6 8,6,4 3 4 6 4,166666667 0,25
J1 SEPTIC TANK 10 4,5,10 3,2,1 4 5 10 5,666666667 1
J2 PLUMBING 7 3,4,7 3,2,1 3 4 7 4,333333333 0,444444444
K1 PLN INSTALLATION 1 1,1,2 2,1,1 1 1 2 1,166666667 0,027777778
K2 CABLE 3 1,2,3 3,2,1 1 2 3 2 0,111111111
K3 FINISHING 1 1.2.3 2,1,1 1 1 2 1,166666667 0,027777778
L PAINTING 7 1,1,3 1,1,3 3 4 7 4,333333333 0,444444444
M FINISHING 8 3,4,8 3,2,1 3 4 8 4,5 0,694444444

29. PERT DIAGRAM
A B C
K1
E F
J2J1
G
I
D
L H
K2
I K3 M
NO. ACTIVITY Texpected (Te)
A PREPARATION, MINING AND LAND 10,33
B FOUNDATION AND CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION 60
C COUPLE AND PLASTERING CONSTRUCTION 4
D FLOOR AND WALL INSTALLATION 9,33
E ROOF CONSTRUCTION 14,67
F CEILING INSTALLATION 1,5
G INSTALLATION KUSEN, DOOR AND WINDOW 3,17
H EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION DOOR AND WINDOW 2
I INSTALLATION OF SANITARY 4,17
J1 SEPTIC TANK 5,67
J2 PLUMBING 4,34
K1 PLN INSTALLATION 1,17
K2 CABLE 2
K3 FINISHING 1,17
L PAINTING 4,34
M FINISHING 4,5

30. 0M
4,5
0
117,4
112,9
112,9
117,4

31. S ^ = 54,25
S=7,365459931328117
Z=(120-115,5)/ 7,365
Z= 0,61
Z= 74,8 %
NO. ACTIVITY
Variance (v)
CRITICAL
PATH
A PREPARATION, MINING AND LAND 2,777777778 YA
B FOUNDATION AND CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION 44,44444444 YA
C COUPLE AND PLASTERING CONSTRUCTION 0,444444444 YA
D FLOOR AND WALL INSTALLATION 1,777777778 YA
E ROOF CONSTRUCTION 2,777777778 YA
F CEILING INSTALLATION 0,25 YA
G INSTALLATION KUSEN, DOOR AND WINDOW 0,25 YA
H EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION DOOR AND WINDOW 0,111111111 YA
I INSTALLATION OF SANITARY 0,25 YA
J1 SEPTIC TANK NO
J2 PLUMBING NO
K1 PLN INSTALLATION NO
K2 CABLE NO
K3 FINISHING 0,027777778 YA
L PAINTING 0,444444444 YA
M FINISHING 0,694444444 YA
S^2 54,25

34. THANK YOU