Endocrine Glands, Pituitary Glands, Thyroid Glands, Thymus Gland, Adrenal Glands, Pineal Glands, Pancreas, Gonads

1. PRESENTED BY – Yashraj Mohanta
B VOC 1st Year
yrj presents

2.  They are commonly referred as the
ductless glands, because the hormones
secreted directly into bloodstream.
 Consists of glands and group of capillaries
which facilitates diffusion of hormones
to bloodstream.
Endocrine System

3. Pituitary Gland
Pituitary Gland consist of -
1. Adenohypophysis – Anterior lobe
Hormone which are secreted by hypothalamus
Reach the pituitary gland and regulate the
function of anterior pituitary
2. Neurohypophysis – Posterior lobe.
Posterior pituitary is under the direct neural regulation
Of the hypothalamus.
In between anterior and
posterior lobe – intermediate/middle lobe is present

5. Hormones of Pituitary Gland
Anterior Lobes
 GH - Growth Hormone
 Prolactin
 TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
 ACTH - Adreno Cortico Trophic Hormone
 FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
 LH - Luteinizing Hormone
Intermediate Lobe
 MSH – Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
Posterior Lobe
 ADH/ Vasopressin
 Oxytocin

6. Growth Hormone (GH)
Effect of GH
 On growth – Promotes elongation of bones,
cartilage and muscles.
Also increase no. of cell
 On protein, mineral and fat metabolism –
increase synthesis of amino acid, minerals and lipid.
 On Carbohydrate - Decrease glucose level from the cell
 Hypo secretion
Child – Dwarfism
 Hypersecretion
Child – Gigantism
Adult - Acromegaly

7. Prolactin
• Prolactin is responsible for
lactation ( milk formation)
• Plays important role in the
development of mammary gland
 Stimulating Factor – Prolactin Releasing Factor
-Stimulate during pregnancy breast feeding
emotional stress ,etc
 Inhibitory Factor – chemical release
from hypothalamus
e.g. Dopamine

8. It stimulate the Thyroid glands
Hypothalamus
Thyrotropin Releasing Factor
TSH
Thyroid gland
Thyroxine
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

9. Adreno Cortico Trophic Hormone(ACTH)
It is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
It is often produced in response to biological stress
It principal effect are to increase production and
release of cortico steroids

10. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
It is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
Regulate the development, growth ,
pubertal maturation and reproductive
process of the body
Luteinizing Hormone
It is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
In female it trigger ovulation also stimulate progesterone
In male it stimulate the production of testosterone

11. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
It is secreted by the middle pituitary lobe
It stimulate the melanocytes cell in
skin and hair to synthesis melanin(dark pigment)

12. ADH / Vasopressin
Synthesis directly in hypothalamus
Stored in posterior pituitary
ADH responsible for reabsorption of water
from nephron thereby reduce
water loss from urine.
Diabetes Insipidus – Due to hypo secretion of ADH
- Excessive thirst
- Excretion of large amount of water from urine
Polyuria - Excessive or abnormally large production of urine

13. Oxytocin
Synthesis directly in hypothalamus
Stored in posterior pituitary
Stimulate contraction of mammary gland to produce milk
Stimulate contraction of uterine muscle during baby birth.

14. Thyroid Gland
Situated in the neck in front of the larynx and trachea.
It is regulate under the control of TSH
Hormones
 T3 – Tri-iodothyronine
 T4 – Thyroxin
Growth and development
Metabolism
Body Temperature
Heart Rate
Regulates Menstrual Cycle
 Calcitonin
Increase bone calcium
Hypo secretion – Goiter , Cretinism, Myxodema
Hypersecretion – Grave’s Disease

15. Parathyroid Gland
Situated at the dorsal surface of thyroid gland.
These gland secrete only one hormone - - Parathormone
Major function is to increase the blood calcium level
 Hypo secretion
1. Hypocalcemia – as the amount of Ca++ decrease in the
blood, muscles and nerves.
 Hypersecretion
1. Osteoporosis – absorption maximum amount of Ca++
from bones which makes them brittle and weak.

16. Adrenal Gland
There are 2 adrenal glands found on the head(anterior) part of the kidneys.
It has 2 parts
1. outer part – cortex
2. Inner part - medulla
Cortex – Cortex hormone are secreted by ACTH
1. Corticoids hormones
A. Mineralocorticoids – Aldosterone – Maintenance of electrolytes, body fluid volume, blood pressure
B. Gluco corticoids – Cortisol – metabolism, RBC production, maintained cardio –vascular system
Medulla –Medulla Hormones are secreted by nervous system
a. Adrenaline or Epinephrine
b. Noradrenaline or Norepinephrine
Hypo secretion – Addison Disease
Hypersecretion – Cushing Syndrome

17. Hormones –
Thymosin
Required for the development of T-lymphocytes
Thymus Gland
Located behind the sternum on the ventral side of aorta.
Play major role in development of immune system.
Thymus gland are quite large at the time
of birth and gradually it reduces to a
very small size as we grow up.
And as the age increases our
immune response gradually become weak

18. Pineal Gland
Situated at the dorsal side of forebrain.
Hormone
Melatonin – Plays important role in regulation of normal
rhythm of sleep wake cycle, body temperature
Also influence metabolism, pigmentation, menstrual cycle.

19. Pancreas
Mixed gland situated in the backside of the stomach
in abdominal cavity.
Hormone
Insulin
Glucagon
Insulin and Glucagon are antagonistic to
each other.
Hyposcretion of Insulin – Hyperglycemia ( Blood sugar level increases)
Hypersecretion of Insulin – Hypoglycemia (Blood sugar level decreases)

20. THANK YOU
THE END