PLANNING PRINCIPLES OF LE CORBUSIER – A CASE STUDY OF CHANDIGARH CITY”

SARVAJANIK EDUCATION SOCIETY
SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SURAT affiliated with
Gujarat Technological University
AHMEDABAD
P. G. CENTER IN
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Graduate Report on
“PLANNING PRINCIPLES OF LE CORBUSIER – A CASE STUDY
OF CHANDIGARH CITY”
In the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING (TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING) – I
SEMESTER – I
Under the subject of
PLANNING HISTORY AND THEORY
(Course code: 2714801)
Prepared by:
SHAH YASH SANJAYKUMAR
(Enrollment No: 190420748027)
M. E. (TCP) – I, Semester – I
Under the guidance of
Prof. Himanshu J. Padhya
Associate Professor, FCE, SCET
Prof. Sejal S. Bhagat
Ad – Hoc Assistant Professor, FCE, SCET
(DECEMBER, 2019)

i
SARVAJANIK COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY, SURAT
(2019-20)
Certificate
This is to certify that Graduate Report entitled “Planning Principles of Le
Corbusier: A Case study of Chandigarh City” is presented and report is submitted
by SHAH YASH S of First Semester for partial fulfillment of requirement for the
degree of MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN TOWN & COUNTRY PLANNING
of Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology, Surat during the academic
year 2019.
Prof. Himanshu J. Padhya
Associate professor
FEC, SCET
Prof. Sejal S. Bhagat
Ad-Hoc Assistant professor
FEC, SCET
Dr. Pratima A. Patel
Professor & Head FEC,
SCET
External Examiner
Date:
Place:

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1) INTRODUCTION OF LE CORBUSIER .......................................................................................1
2) INTRODUCTION OF CHANDIGARH CITY: .............................................................................3
2.1 SELECTION OF SITE: ..........................................................................................................3
2.2 SELECTION OF PLANNER: ................................................................................................4
3) LE-CORBUSIER’S PLANNING:..................................................................................................5
3.1 SECTOR- THE BASIS PLANNING UNIT:................................................................................7
3.2 CIRCULATION SYSTEM:....................................................................................................9
3.3 LIVING:................................................................................................................................10
3.4 ARCHITECTURAL CONTROLS: ......................................................................................11
3.5 WORKING: ..........................................................................................................................12
3.6 THE UNIVERSITY AND THE EDUCATIONAL ZONE: .................................................15
3.7 INDUSTRIAL AREA:- ........................................................................................................17
3.8 GEOGRAGHICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE:- ...................................................17
4) PRESENT SCENARIO OF CHANDIGARH:-............................................................................18
4.1 POPULATION GROWTH:..................................................................................................18
4.2 POPULATION PROJECTION: ...........................................................................................19
4.3 SEX RATIO:- .......................................................................................................................19
LITERACY RATE:-.............................................................................................................20
4.5 LAND USE:- ........................................................................................................................20
4.5.1 Existing Land Use:........................................................................................................20
4.5.2 Proposed Land Use: ......................................................................................................20
4.5.3 Proposed Development:................................................................................................21
4.6 PHASES:...............................................................................................................................21
5) CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN 2031:-....................................................................................22
6) CONCLUDING REMARK:-........................................................................................................23
REFERENCE........................................................................................................................................23

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List of Figures / Images:-
Figure 1 LE CORBUSIER ...........................................................................................................................1
Figure 2 Fan-shaped Master Plan proposed by Albert Mayer ................................................................5
Figure 3 Picture of LE CORBUSIER with the Master Plan of Chandigarh ...........................................6
Figure 4 Grid-Iron Master Plan proposed by Le Corbusier ....................................................................7
Figure 5 Layout of a typical residential sector........................................................................................8
Figure 6 Layout plan of Sector by Le Corbusier.....................................................................................8
Figure 7 chandigarh.gov.in › cmp_2031...............................................................................................22

PLANNING PRINCIPLES OF LE CORBUSIER – A CASE STUDY OF CHANDIGARH CITY
SHAH YASH S (190420748027) PLANNING HISTORY AND THEORY (2714801)
ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING 1
1) INTRODUCTION OF LE CORBUSIER
Charles-Edouard Jeanneret was born in La Chaux-de-
Fonds, Switzerland, 1887. Trained as an artisan, he traveled
extensively through Germany and the East. In Paris he
studied under Auguste Perret and absorbed cultural and
artistic life of the city. During this period he developed a
keen interest in the synthesis of the various arts. Charles Edouard Jeanneret adopted the name
Le Corbusier in early 1920s.One of the Giant in the field of architecture and town planning
was Charles-edourd jeanneret better known as Le Corbusier. According to him, “A city is a
living organism”. He says Towns are biological phenomena, such as heads, hearts, limbs,
lungs and arteries. Government building, like a high court legislative assembly, secretariat,
Raj Bhavan, constitute the head, city centre with commercial bldg. and shops represent
hearts, industries and educational institution represent limbs, parks- play field, green belts are
the lungs, roads, foot-path are arteries.
In 1951 the government of the Punjab named him architectural advisor for the
construction of its new capital, Chandigarh. For the first time in his life, Le Corbusier was
able to apply his principles of city planning on a metropolitan scale. Totally without reference
to local tradition he designed the Palace of Justice, the Secretariat, and the Palace of the
Assembly. Unfinished concrete, with windows sheltered by enormous concrete sunshades,
the sculptural facades, swooping rooflines, and monumental ramps are principal elements of
his architecture, which immediately influenced architects al1 over the world. He built the
National Museum of Western Art in Tokyo (1960), the Carpenter Visual Art Centre at
Harvard University (1964), and designed an Exposition Pavilion in Zürich that was
constructed posthumously.
 Le Corbusier gives the following principal of town planning:
1. Core of the city should be decongested by removing the excess of population and
should be inhabited at the outer country side in satellite town which are links to the
main city.
2. Provision of speedy transportation.
3. Provision of plenty of open space in the form of garden, parks, etc.
4. Population control. The high density should be spread over the entire area of the town.
Figure 1 LE CORBUSIER

5. He Suggested a plan for Paris city with buildings 24 No.sky-scrapers, 215 m high,
400 m apart with about 1500-2000 persons in each. These high rise buildings are
linked underground with about one another by central area such as a shopping centres,
civic centres, etc. Plenty of open areas with parks, playgrounds and recreational
centres is to be provided all round these high rise buildings.
6. Family should not be enclose in compound wall instead it is to be lifted up on pillars
in a high bldg. so that the landscape goes below and the occupants can enjoy the
beauty of surrounding country.
As per his dictum, a residential building may be 9-10 storied about 33 m high. He opined
that one lakh or more should be minimum size of the town but he also suggested that 20-30
lakh is a good size. He was the progenitor of high-rise, high density development of cities.
His “Sky Scrapers” the ‘United habitation’ at Marseilles, emphasizes the importance of
community living. He considered the family home in garden cities, a waste. He was the main
brain behind the planning of Chandigarh, once the capital of Punjab now under Union
Government.
The planning of Chandigarh is the great contribution of Corbusier to India. Some
observers blame and criticise it on cost and functions. But the good it has done to the
profession and thinking processes of people will not be equalled by any known physical
value.
 Major Contribution of Le Corbusier:-
Following works are major contribution of Le Corbusier in Urban Planning;-
A. CIAM
B. CONCENTRIC CITY
C. LINEAR INDUSTRIAL CITY
D. RADIANT CITY
E. CHANDIGARH

2) INTRODUCTION OF CHANDIGARH CITY:
The city has a pre-historic past. The gently sloping plains on which modern Chandigarh
exists, was in the ancient past, a wide lake ringed by a marsh. The fossil remains found at the
site indicate a large variety of aquatic and amphibian life, which was supported by that
environment. About 8000 years ago the area was also known to be a home to the Harappans.
Since the medieval through modern era, the area was part of the large and prosperous Punjab
Province which was divided into East & West Punjab during partition of the country in 1947.
The city was conceived not only to serve as the capital of East Punjab, but also to resettle
thousands of refugees who had been uprooted from West Punjab. In March, 1948, the
Government of Punjab, in consultation with the Government of India, approved the area of
the foothills of the Shivaliks as the site for the new capital. The location of the city site was a
part of the erstwhile Ambala district as per the 1892-93 gazetteer of District Ambala. The
foundation stone of the city was laid in 1952. Subsequently, at the time of reorganization of
the state on 01.11.1966 into Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pardesh, the city assumed the
unique distinction of being the capital city of both, Punjab and Haryana while it itself was
declared as a Union Territory and under the direct control of the Central Government.
The Union Territory of Chandigarh is located in the foothills of the Shivalik hill ranges in
the north, which form a part of the fragile Himalayan ecosystem. It is occupied by Kandi
(Bhabhar) in the north east and Sirowal (Tarai) and alluvial plains in the remaining part. The
subsurface formation comprises of beds of boulders, pebbles, gravel, sand, silt, clays and
some kankar. The area is drained by two seasonal rivulets viz. Sukhna Choe in the east and
Patiala-Ki-Rao Choe in the west. The central part forms a surface water divide and has two
minor streams.
2.1 SELECTION OF SITE:
To select a suitable site, the Govt. of Punjab appointed a Committee in 1948 under the
Chairmanship of P.L Verma, Chief Engineer to assess and evaluate the existing towns in the
State for setting up the proposed capital of Punjab. However, none was found suitable on the
basis of several reasons, such as military vulnerability, shortage of drinking water,
inaccessibility, inability to cope influx of large number of refugees etc.

The present site was selected in 1948 taking into account various attributes such as its
Central location in the state, proximity to the national capital & availability of sufficient
water supply, fertile of soil, gradient of land for natural drainage, beautiful site with the
panorama of blue hills as backdrop & moderate climate.
2.2 SELECTION OF PLANNER:
An American Firm, M/s. Mayer, Whittlessay and Glass was commissioned in 1950 to
prepare the Master Plan for the new City. Albert Mayer and Mathew Novicki evolved a fan
shaped Master Plan and worked out conceptual sketches of the super block. The super block
was designed as a self-sufficient neighbourhood units placed along the curvilinear roads and
comprised of cluster type housing, markets and centrally located open spaces. Novicki was
tragically killed in an air accident and Mayer decided to discontinue. Thereafter, the work
was assigned to a team of architects led by Charles Eduard Jeanneret better known as Le
Corbusier in 1951.He was assisted by three senior architects, Maxwell Fry, his wife Jane B
Drew and Corbusier’s cousin, Pierre Jeanneret. These senior architects were supported by a
team of young Indian architect and planner consisting of M.N. Sharma, A. R. Prabhawalkar,
U.E. Chowdhary, J.S. Dethe, B.P. Mathur, Aditya Prakash, N.S. Lanbha and others.The
Master Plan was developed by Le Corbusier who also designed the Capital Complex and
established the architectural control & design of the main building of the city. The design of
housing for Govt. employees, schools, shopping centers, hospitals were disturbed among the
three senior architects.
Le Corbusier Pierre Jeanneret Maxwell Fry Jane B. Drew

Figure 2 Fan-shaped Master Plan proposed by Albert Mayer
3) LE-CORBUSIER’S PLANNING:
The Master plan prepared by Le Corbusier was broadly similar to the one prepared by the
team of planners led by Albert Mayer and Mathew Novicki except that the shape of the city
plan was modified from one with a curving road network to rectangular shape with a grid iron
pattern for the fast traffic roads, besides reducing its area for reason of economy. The city
plan was conceived as post war ‘Garden City’ wherein vertical and high rise buildings were
ruled out, keeping in view the socio economic-conditions and living habits of the people.
Due to economic constraints, the master plan was to be realized in two phases, catering to
a total population of half a million. Phase-I consisting of 30 low density sector spread over an
area of 9000 acres (Sector 1 to 30) for 1,50,000 people whereas Phase-II consisting of 17
considerably high density Sectors ( Sectors 31 to 47) spread over an area of 6000 acres for a
population of 3,50,000.

Figure 3 Picture of LE CORBUSIER with the Master Plan of Chandigarh
Le Corbusier conceived the master plan of Chandigarh as analogous to human body, with a
clearly defined
 Head (the Capital Complex, Sector 1),
 Heart (the City Centre Sector-17),
 Lungs ( the leisure valley, innumerable open spaces and sector greens),
 The intellect (the cultural and educational institutions),
 The circulatory system (the network of roads, the 7Vs) and
 The viscera (the Industrial Area).
The Capital complex comprises three architectural masterpieces: the "Secretariat", the
"High Court" and the "Legislati11111ve Assembly", separated by large piazzas. In the heart
of the Capital Complex stands the giant metallic sculpture of The Open Hand, the official
emblem of Chandigarh, signifying the city's credo of "open to given, open to receive". The
city centre (Sector 17) is the heart of Chandigarh's activities. It comprises the Inter-State Bus
Terminus, Parade Ground, District Courts, etc. on one hand, and vast business and shopping
centre on the other.

The 4-storey concrete buildings house banks and offices above and showrooms/shops at
the ground level with wide pedestrian concourses. The Neelam piazza in the centre has
fountains with light and water features. Proposal to set up an eleven storey building in Sector
17 is in the offing. Sector 34 is another newly developed commercial sector.
Figure 4 Grid-Iron Master Plan proposed by Le Corbusier
3.1 SECTOR- THE BASIS PLANNING UNIT:
The primary module of city design is a Sector, a neighbourhood unit of size 800 meters
x 1200 meters. It is a self-sufficient unit having shops, school, health centres and places of
recreations and worship. The population of a sector varies between 3000 and 20000
depending upon the sizes of plots and the topography of the area. The shops are located along
the V4 street (shopping street), which runs North-West to South-East across the sector. Every
sector is introvert in character and permits only 4 vehicular entries into its interior. The
shopping street 0.

Figure 5 Layout of a typical residential sector
32of each sector is linked to the shopping street of the adjoining sectors thus forming
one long, continuous ribbon like shopping street. The central green of each Sector also
stretches to the green of the next sector.
Figure 6 Layout plan of Sector by Le Corbusier

3.2CIRCULATION SYSTEM:
Le Corbusier's traffic system
followed Mayer's lines but was more
elaborate; he called it Les Sept-Vice
Circulation, or Seven Vs. The rationale
of his planning was the motor car.
"From his early studies in urbanism, Le
Corbusier had identified the motor car
as the central factor of modern town
planning. His initial, primarily aesthetic, quasi-Futurist response to the motor car and to rapid
movement in the cities had, by 1950, metamorphosed into a theoretical solution to the
problems of modern traffic - a graded system of circulation, from crossing continents to
walking to the front door. [As Le Corbusier put it] 'The 7 Vs act in the town plan as the
bloodstream, the lymph system and the respiratory system act in biology. These systems are
quite rational, they are different from each other, there is no confusion between them, yet
they are in harmony. It is for us to learn from them when we are organising the ground that
lies beneath our feet. The 7Vs are no longer the sinister instruments of death, but become an
organised hierarchy of roads which can bring modern traffic circulation under control'.
The entrance of cars into the sectors, which are exclusively reserved to family life, can
take place on four points only; in the middle of the 1,200 meters; in the middle of the 800
meters. All stoppage of circulation shall be prohibited at the four circuses, at the angles of the
sectors. The bus stops are provided each time at 200 meters from the circus so as to served
the four pedestrian entrances into a sector. Thus the transit traffic takes place out of the
sectors; the sectors being surrounded by four wall-bound car roads without openings (the
V3s).
The road system was so designed that "never a door will open on the surrounding V3s:
precisely the four surrounding V3s must be separated from the sector by a blind wall all
along." Buses can play on the V4s, the horizontal connection between contiguous sectors, but
not within the sector interiors.

Type or Roads Functions/Names
V-1 Roads connecting Chandigarh with other cities like Ambala, Kharar and
Shimla. They have dual carriageway, good tree plantation and distinctive
central verge lighting. The Madhya Marg and Dakshin Marg are two
roads, which merge into V-1s leading the Kalka and Ambala, respectively.
V-2 They are the major avenues of Chandigarh, with important institutional
and commercial functions running alongside. In Chandigarh they are
identifiable as ‘Marg’, Madhya Marg,Dakshin Marg, Jan Marg, Himalaya
Marg, Uttar Marg and Purv Marg are important examples.
V-3 They are the corridor- streets for fast moving vehicular traffic. A sector is
surrounded either by V-2 of V-3 roads.
V-4 Roads bisecting the Sector with shopping complex located along their
southern edge.
V –5 Roads meandering through the sector giving access to its inner lands.
V –6 Roads coming off of the V-5s and leading to the residential houses.
V-7 They are intended for pedestrian movement and run through the middle of
the sector in the green areas. A few examples are along the Jan Marg, in
the Punjab University & Sector-15.
V-8 They are intended to run parallel with V-7s for the bi-cycles. Not properly
developed, as yet.
3.3LIVING:
The functions of living occupies primary place. Keeping in view the habits of the peoples,
Le Corbusier planned that every dwelling should have three elements of Sun, Space and
Greenery. The housing in the city can be sub-divided into two parts- Government housing
and Private Housing.
Government Housing: -
The Govt. housing in the city was divided into 13
categories, ranging from the house for the Chief
Minister to the two-room house completer with

sanitary facilities, a kitchen, a verandah and a courtyard for the lowest paid employee.The
socio economic conditions of the city restricted the height of most of the residential buildings
to two to three storied structures.
Private House-Controlled Development:-
In view of the needs of various economic
classes, plots of areas ranging from 114sq.m to
4500sq.m were planned. The living habits of the
people are of outdoor type because of hot
summers and hot and humid rainy seasons
comprising most part of the year.
Keeping this factor in view, Corbusier conceived a series of Architectural Controls /
frame controls/ zoning regulations for each and every category of houses in which it was
mandatory to provide open to sky courtyard both at the front and rear side of every house.
These courts provided light and ventilation to houses besides serving as private open-to-sky
spaces. A series of such houses were planned around community level open space which
served the purpose of holding social and religious functions and outdoor activities and games
by children.
City Green:-
The hierarchy of open space is prominently visible in the city. At the city level, the open
space consist of the Leisure Valley and special gardens. At sector level, the open space
constitute the central green in each sectorwhereas open space at community level consist of
parks around which clusters of houses re arranged. The smallest category of open space is the
courtyards provided in each dwelling on the front and rear side.
3.4 ARCHITECTURAL CONTROLS:
In important civic areas, aesthetical harmony between all buildings is a must because
architectural is a visual art and the visual impact forms should be as beautiful and organized
as can be. Accordingly, to curb undue individualism in the built environment, Le Corbusier
conceived a number of mechanisms to regulate the development of private buildings in the
city. These included architectural controls, frame controls and zoning controls in the city.

The basic aim was to maintain uniformity in skyline, heights and the architectural
character. Architectural controls is applicable specially to buildings to be built by private
enterprise in special areas of architectural interest such s V-2 roads, V-4 roads, City Centre
etc.
Further controls on private construction in the city have been imposed through building
byelaws, which govern and lay down the minimum standards of light ventilation, living area
and sanitation. Each plot of land in the city is governed by the specific use and building
volume that can be developed on it through ‘zoning restriction’. In small residential houses
frames control was devised which is an architectural element limiting projection lines and
unifying heights. Opening of desired size and shape may be arranged within this frame as per
individual requirements.
Similarly in shopping street, architectural order is ensured by development of shops as
architectural controls. This ensures harmonious development in accordance to the plan.
3.5 WORKING:
Chandigarh has four main work centres:-
 The Capital Complex in the north-east
 The Educational institutes in the north-west
 The City Centre in the heart
 The industrial area in the south-east
Capital Complex:-
The Capital Complex is the focal point if the city,
both visually and symbolically whose architectural
whose architecture is considering to be the most
representative of Le Corbusier’s work. This complex of
Govt. buildings representing all three essential
components of a complete democracy the Legislature,
the executive and the judiciary stands against the blue
silhouette of lower Shivalik ranges, on the foothills of Himalayas.

The Capitol Complex is the embodiment of the spirit of exaltation, power &
permanence experienced by Indians on acquiring self government after long, bitter struggle
for freedom. The Capitol area was designed as a great pedestrian plaza with motorized traffic
confined to sunken trenches. The complex is planned on a cross axis wherein rigid symmetry
has been avoided in placement of various buildings.
The three major components of the Capitol are the Assembly (Legislation), the
Secretariat (Administration) and the High Court (Judiciary). While the linear façade of the
Secretariat marks the edges of the Complex on the left side, the Assembly and the High Court
are placed on the opposite ends of the Cross axis, facing each other across a 450 mtrs.
Esplanade where a number of monuments symbolizing Le Corbusier’s theories of City
planning have been placed. These include the Open Hand monument, often called the
‘Monument of Chandigarh’ conveying ‘open to give, open to receive’. These symbolic forms
were designed by Corbusier as a means to punctuate the axis of the Complex. Other
monuments included the Martyrs Memorial- a tribute to the martyrs of the Punjab partition
and the Tower of Shadows – a demonstration of Corbusier’s theories of sun control. Another
important component of the Capitol, which is yet to be built, is the Museum of Knowledge.
The High Court:-
The High Court building is L-shaped
in plan with the long façade facing the capitol
plaza. The building has a rectilinear frame
with eight nos. courtrooms located on the
main façade, separated from the larger ‘Chief
Justice’ Court by a monumental, pillared
entrance, extending to the full height of the entrance. This massive entrance bears a close
resemblance to the Buland Darwaza of Fatehpur Sikri.The small Courts are 8x8x12 meters.
The dimensions of the overall design were governed by the Modular combined with
triangular regulating lines.
The design of the High Court is an embodiment of the climate responsive architecture
as conceived by Corbusier for the new city. It was planned that the design should permit the

government to function throughout the year, furnishing protection from the sun and monsoon
rains. Accordingly, double roof was provided, the upper roof placed over the lower roof was
provided in the manner of a parasol, shading the lower roof. The space between the two roofs
is left open to enable air currents to move. The parasol roof slopes towards the centre in the
form of a row of arches.
The High Court building, when completed in 1956 proved to be insufficient in space.
Therefore, an extension (annex) was proposed and completed in 1962 in which additional
courtroom spaces were provided, this is a brick structure consisting of a group of blocks
receding to the rear of the High Court block, neither asserting visually, nor disrupting the
existing Layout plan.
The Secretariat:-
The Secretariat
building is a long, horizontal
concrete slab form, 254 meters
long and 42 meters high,
which marks the edge of the
Capitol Complex on the left
side. The building is composed
of six eight storied blocks separated by expansion joints and bears close resemblance to the
Marseilles apartment block, one of Corbusier's earlier projects.
The facade of the building gives a sculptural appearance with exposed concrete
ramps, perforated with small square windows dominating the front and rear views. The
building façade is provided with projects for sun control.
The Secretariat building helps in defining space of the Capitol Complex. It emphasize
a sense of hierarchy of facades and by its sheer cliff like size and volume, completes the vista
through distant mountains, where eye is led onwards to the smalle3r, more significant
buildings and space beyond.

The Assembly:-
The Assembly building,
completed in 1962, was conceived as
a horizontal rectilinear structure
square in plan with a monumental
portico facing the main plaza. The
two legislative chambers were
conceived as free standing, curvilinear forms enclosed within a rectilinear shell, carrying on
one side the entrance portico and on the opposite side of band of offices. Sun protection
louvers 'brise soleil' have been provid4ed on lateral walls for protecting glazing against sun.
The two legislative chambers are surrounded by a space 'forum' which serves for circulation
as well as informal meetings.
The most impressive part of the Assembly is the Assembly Chamber (Punjab
Assembly), which is crowned by a massive hyperbolic tower, extending above the roofline
and providing a sculptural & dramatic look against the backdrop of distant hills 128 ft. in
diameter at the base the Assembly chamber raises to 124ft. at its highest point. This building
expresses the versatility and plasticity of concrete as a building material. Similarly, the
smaller Council Chamber (Haryana Assembly) conceived in a rectilinear frame is crowned by
a pyramidal roof, provided with a North light.
Overall, the Assembly building with nit’s dramatic skyline is one of the most visually
appealing aspects of the Capitol Complex and is an attempt to give an architectural setting of
monumental dignity to the functions of the Government.
3.6 THE UNIVERSITY AND THE EDUCATIONAL ZONE:
The Panjab University with its various departments
and the adjoining various government technical and
non-technical colleges, together form the educational
zone of the city. Initially, the plan of the University and
temporary Administrative Block was designed by
J.K.Chowdhury.

The Master Plan was later reorganized by Pierre Jeanneret along with designing of all
major buildings including Gandhi Bhawan and the Administrative Block, Arts and science
teaching blocks. In this task he was assisted by B.P.Mathur. The most distinctive and well-
known landmark of the Panjab University is the 'Gandhi Bhawan' building which is lotus
shaped, appearing as if floating in a pool of water. Gandhi Bhawan forms the focal point on
the main North-East to South-West axis and is of major architectural importance. Adjacent to
the university in sector-11 are the two undergraduate colleges; one for men and the other for
women, which were planned by Maxwell Fry.
To the north of the university is located at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical
Education and Research. It is a multi-facility, super speciality referral institute with a 1300
bedded hospital attached to it. This institute put Chandigarh on the medical map of India and
patients come here from all over the country. The first phase of the including the Hospital and
Research Blocks were designed by Pierre Jeanneret, in which he was assisted be Jeet
Malhotra and H.S.Chopra. After Jeanneret left, the remaining works were done by
M.N.Sharma who was the Chief Architect and was assisted by O.P.Mehta.
The City Centre:
The City Centre representing the heart of the
city lies at the intersection of two main axial Roads,
Madhya Marg and Jan Marg. Designed on a
monumental scale of uniform four-storied concrete
buildings; it is laid out along four pedestrian
promenades intersecting at a nodal point, where all
civic buildings are located. There is a central chowk or a piazza marking the crossing of two-
wide pedestrian ways running north-east to south-west and north-west to south-east. Around
this chowk are created the most important civic and commercial buildings, the town hall, the
central library and the General Post and Telegraph office, large cinemas, commercial houses
and banks.

3.7 INDUSTRIAL AREA:-
Located in, the south-east side of the city close to the railway station and wholesale
markets of the city, the Industrial Area provides easy access to the goods, transport centre and
wholesale market. Its location while planning was decided after taking into account factors
such as the proximity on the access road for the entry of raw materials and exit of finished
goods without having to go through the populated streets disturbing the peace of the town,
thus keeping the pollution zone away from the city. Further, a buffer zone has been provided
between the industrial area and the residential and administrative spaces.
3.8GEOGRAGHICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE:-
Table 1 Geographical profile
Area 114SqKm+25.42SqKm additional hilly catchment area declared as Wild
life Sanctuary).
Longitude 760 47’14E
Latitude 300 44’14N
Attitude 304 to 365 meters above MSL with 1% drainage gradient
Annual Rainfall 111.4cm/year average
Monsoon July-September
Temperature Winter Min.(Nov-Jan)40C-140C
Summer Max.(April-July)370C-440C
Prevalent Winds From the North West to South East in Winter and reverse in Summer
Table 2 Demographic profile
Description 2011
Approximate Population 10.55 Lakhs
Actual Population 1,055,450
Male 580,663
Female 474,787
Population Growth 17.19%

Percentage of total Population 0.09%
Sex Ratio 818
Child Sex Ratio 880
Density/km2 9,258
Density/mi2 23,988
Area km2 114
Area mi2 44
Total Child Population (0-6 Age) 119,434
Male Population (0-6 Age) 63,536
Female Population (0-6 Age) 55,898
Literacy 86.05 %
Male Literacy 89.99 %
Female Literacy 64.81 %
Source: - cencus2011
4) PRESENT SCENARIO OF CHANDIGARH:-
4.1POPULATION GROWTH:
The UT of Chandigarh is a unit-district territory which came into existence on 1st of
November, 1966 with an area of 114sq. km. During the last 6 decades (1951-2011),
Chandigarh has witnessed a population increase of more than forty-four times with the
absolute population increasing from 24,261in 1951to10, 54,686 in 2011. As per Census 2011,
the population of Chandigarh. Thus crossed the one million mark with its population placed
very close to that of the state of Mizoram (10,91,014). The Union Territory recorded a
population of 10,54,686 in 2011with much lower decadal rate of increase in population with
only154051 people being added to the Chandigarh UT during the last decade. The growth
rate of merely 17.10% between 2001-2011 is the slow essence its inception.
Table 3 Growth of Population
Year
Total
Population
Decadal Absolute variation of Population
Decadal Growth
Rate(in %age)
1951 24261 - -
1961 119881 95620 394.13
1971 257251 137370 114.59
1981 451610 194359 75.55
1991 642015 190405 42.16
2001 900635 258620 40.28
2011 1054686 154051 17.10

4.2 POPULATION PROJECTION:
Table 4 POPULATION PROJECTION OF CHANDIGARH UT BY VARIOUS METHODS:
Sr. No. Method 2011 2021 2031
1 Arithmetic Progression 1054686 1241647 1428608
2 Geometric Progression 1054686 1474694 2061962
3 Incremental Increase 1054686 1272457 1521039
4 Exponential 1054686 1882540 3360200
Average 1054686 1467834 2092952
Source: Census of India,Population Projection for india and states -2026
Taking various population projections as above into account, it will be realistic to
assume that Chandigarh U.T will have a population of 13.5-14.5 lakhs by the year 2021 &
15-16 lakhs by the year 2031. Population for the Chandigarh U.T has also been projected
based on the holding capacity of the area.
The total holding capacity of the U.T of Chandigarh has been worked out as 15.52
lakhs. While it may not be possible to make an accurate forecast, the expectation is that the
UT’s population will range between 15-16 lakhs, by 2031 for which the provision of
necessary infrastructure should be planned.
Chandigarh Master Plan 2031 entails that additional population will have to be
diverted to the adjoining settlements by viewing the entire context of planning in the regional
framework.
4.3SEX RATIO:-
As per the provisional population figure of 2011, ChandigarhU.T. Recorded a population
of 10,54,686 out of which 5,80,282 are male whereas remaining 4,74,404are female. As per
Census2011, compared to the all India figure of940, Chandigarh has recorded a sex ratio of
818.Chandigarhrecorded a sex ratio of 777 in the year 2001 as compared to the national
average of 933.

4.4LITERACY RATE:-
Chandigarh has always recorded a high literacy rate since its inception due to the high
quality of educational infrastructure available in the city. As per Census
2011,8,09,653persons were literate in the U.T, indicating a literacy rate of 86.43%.
4.5LAND USE:-
4.5.1 Existing Land Use:
Land use for the city of Chandigarh was defined by the Plan prepared by Le Corbusier, based
on the CIAM (Congress International de Architecture Modern) principles of the Functional City.
These principles focused on segregation of four major functions:
1. Living (the residential sectors)
2. Working (the Capitol Complex, commercial /institutional buildings along Madhya Marg,
Jan Marg, City Centre )
3. Care of Body and Spirit (the Leisure Valley, open spaces and sector greens) and
4. Circulation (the network of roads, the 7Vs).
4.5.2 Proposed Land Use:
Based on detailed studies, in depth analysis and looking at the future growth and
development of Chandigarh, proposed Land use Plan for the Chandigarh Union Territory has
been evolved. While evolving this land use plan, care has been taken to preserve the sectors
which have already been planned and the land uses which have already been defined in the
planning of the sectors.
Accordingly, no change is proposed in the land use already defined in the sectors falling
in Phase I, Phase II and Phase III. However, while retaining the broad land uses, the Chandigarh
Master Plan 2031 proposes that in order to meet the requirements of basic
infrastructure/amenities due to increase in population or any other contingency, the mechanism of
densification may be adopted.

4.5.3 Proposed Development:
Out of the total land of 11,742 acres in the periphery, 3082 acres is vacant land which is
considered for development. The proposed development in the periphery has been defined in 17
distinct pockets having a total area of 3082 acres.
Table 5 Proposed Development
S.No. Use Area (acres) 6 Recreational 389.88
1 Residential 194.695 7 Agriculture 673.858
2 Commercial 141.46 8 Public Utilities 39.08
3 Transportation 51.57 9 Forest 430.88
4 Industrial / IT Parks 283.56 10 Reserved 308.835
5 Public/ Semi-Public 454.982 11 Vacant 113.98
Total 3082.78
4.6PHASES:
The total area proposed to be covered is the entire area of 28169.61 acres comprising of
Chandigarh Union Territory. The area includes the area falling under the Phase I, Phase II and
Phase III sectors besides the area under the periphery.
Considering the pattern of development followed in Chandigarh, the Existing Land Use
Plan is being detailed out in two parts. Part I comprises of planned development included in the
original plan (Phase I & II) and the subsequent developments made as part of the extended
sectoral grid (Phase III). The remaining land use of the area falling in the periphery is being
detailed out separately keeping in view the nature and context of development.
The details of areas falling under different phases and periphery are as under:
Table 6 Phases of Development
CATEGORY SECTORS
AREA in
(acres)
PERCENTAGE
Phase I 1TO30* 9398.83 33.37
Phase II 31TO47** 5158.76 18.31
Phase III 48TO56 (PART) 1870.54 6.64

TOTAL 16427.73 58.32
Remaining area of periphery 11741.88 41.68
Grand total 28170.00
*Includes the area of industrial Area Phase I.
**Includes the area under industrial phase II.
5) CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN 2031:-
The reorganization of states and further developments around it impose constraints on the
growth of Chandigarh city. The proposed Chandigarh Master Plan 2031 respects its historical
legacy and optimises on its constraints of land.
The plan is an attempt to redeem an efficient circulation network and extensive lung space as
well as the scenic backdrop of the Shivalik Hills against which lies the dramatic Capitol Complex
given its due place of pride.
Chandigarh Master Plan 2031 provides a useful base for regulating development and building
activity in the entire UT of Chandigarh. Thus the reference area for planning constitutes 144 sq
km which includes the 60 sectors in the sectoral grid as well as the periphery areas outside it.
Figure 7 chandigarh.gov.in › cmp_2031

6) CONCLUDING REMARK:-
Chandigarh was planned before it is executed. It was planned to have basic amenities to
each building block of each sector. There is provided 100% efficient water supply system in
city. Initial growth in 1st
decade is quite higher after that continuously it degraded but
compare to other metro-city is higher. It is observe that there is ample space for engineering
project with least no of problem.Chandigarh now deserves a legally supported and legally
framed Comprehensive Development Plan and Regional Plan to rationalize it future growth
and development A Comprehensive Planning, Development and Management Legal
framework in the form of a State of Art law needs to be immediately put in place for
Chandigarh to replace the existing laws. Comprehensive law must provide for integrated
planning and development of city and periphery.
REFERENCE
 Official Website of Chandigarh Administration -chandigarh.gov.in
 chandigarh.gov.in › cmp_2031
 City Development Plan- Chandigarh
 Contribution of Le Corbusier working paper
 Preparing Chandigarh Master Plan- 2031
 G.K. HIRASKAR & K.G. HIRASKAR, DHANPAT RAI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD.
- THE GREAT TOWN PLANNERS OF MODERN AGE. PAGE NO. 5
 S.C. RANGWALA, K.S. RANGWALA, P.S. RANGWALA. CHAROTAR
PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD, OBJECTIVE OF TOWN PLANNING
 CHANDIGARH Urban Planning Concepts
 Le Corbusier, (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret,) "The City of Tomorrow and its
Planning", John Rodher Press, London. 1929.
 Le Corbusier, "Looking at City Planning" Grossman Publishers, new York 1971.
 Le Corbusier, "Chandigah: City and Musee" Garland Publishing Inc. 1983.
 Census of India.

PLANNING PRINCIPLES OF LE CORBUSIER – A CASE STUDY OF CHANDIGARH CITY”

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PLANNING PRINCIPLES OF LE CORBUSIER – A CASE STUDY OF CHANDIGARH CITY”