Titanium as a building material

1. Titanium
Advance Building Materials
Yash Kotgirwar|114AR0032

2. Introduction
 Transition Metal (Ti)
 Titanium was found in 1970. It is named after the Titans,
earth giants in ancient Greek Mythology.
 Titanium is the fourth abundant metal on earth crust (~
0.86%) after aluminium, iron and magnesium.
 It is not found in its free, pure metal form in nature but
as oxides, i.e., llmenite (FeTiO3) and Rutile (TiO2).
 It has a similar strength as steel but with a weight nearly
half of steel.

3. Ores
 The ore is mined in Brazil, India, Canada, Norway, South Africa and
Australia.
 The two types of ore are Rutile and Ilmenite.
 These ores of found near beach areas in form of sand deposits.
 Other ores include anatase and brookite, a metamorphosed ore from
ilmenite

4. Physical Properties
 Lustrous, metallic white in colour
 High strength-to-weight ratio
 Low density and ductile (especially in an
oxygen free environment)
 Relatively high melting point of 1725°C
 Low electrical and thermal conductivity
 Specific gravity of 0.451
 Slightly paramagnetic
 60% denser than aluminium but more
than twice as strong
 Not as hard as some grades of heat-
treated steel
 Ultimate tensile strength of 434 MPa

5. Production
Extraction Process Melting Process Casting Process Forming Process Heat Treatment
Kroll Extraction
Process
Electro Slag
Refining
Vacuum Arc
Re-heating
Electron Beam
Melting
Induction Skull
Melting
Plasma Arc
Melting
Investment
Casting
Laser Fabrication
Rolling
Extrusion
Forging

6. Extraction of Titanium
 Ore is treated with gaseous chlorine and
coke to yield TiCl4.
 Magnesium is used to reduce TiCl4 into
titanium sponge form.
 This is known as the Kroll Process
 Titanium sponge is then melted in
vacuum furnaces to form ingots or slabs.
Kroll Process

7. Extraction of Titanium
Titanium ingots
Titanium slabs

8. Melting Processes
VacuumArcRemeltingProcess
 Sponge and alloying elements are blended together
and then hydraulically pressed to produce blocks
(briquette).
 The briquettes are welded together to produce first
melt electrode or ‘stick’.
 The electrode is double or triple melted in the VAR
furnace to produce sound ingot.
VAR Process

9. Titanium Alloys
 Alloys are majorly made with Aluminium, Molybdenum,
Cobalt, Zirconium, Tin etc.
 Alloys are mainly of 4 types
 Alpha phase alloys- lowest strength,formable,weldable
 Alpha plus Beta alloys-high strength
 Near alpha alloys- medium strength , good creep
resistance
 Beta phase alloys-high strength, lacks ductility

10. Titanium Alloys
 Commercially pure (CP) titanium alpha and near alpha titanium
alloys
-heat treatable and weldable
-Medium strength, good creep strength, good corrosion
resistance
-Used in airframes, chemical desalination and
marine parts, heat exchangers, aircraft engines, etc.
Heat exchanger Forged aircraft parts
 Alpha-beta Titanium alloys
-Heat treatable, good forming properties
-Medium to high strength, good creep strength
-Used in rocket motor cases, blades and disks of aircraft
turbines and compressors, structural forgings,
components of advanced jet engines, high pressure cryogenic
vessels
 Beta Titanium alloys
-Heat treatable and readily formable
-Very high strength, low ductility
Blades of aircraft
turbines High pressure
cryogenic vessel

11. Characteristics-Building Material
 Unparalleled corrosion resistance
-forms stable oxide films
-suited to application in coastal areas
-corrosion resistant to corrosive gases
-resists acid rain
 Great strength
-as strong as steel
-highly workable
 Light weight
-less burden on structure
-ease of fabrication
 Aesthetics
-anodic oxidation
 Environmentally sound
-human friendly metal
 Workability
-formability
-weldability
-bonding and adhesion

12. ArchitecturalApplications

13. NationalGrandTheatre,
China
Surface: Roll dull was used in
the titanium composite
material

14. TaipeiArena,Taiwan
First building in Taiwan where titanium was being used .

15. HotelMarquesdeRiscal,Spain
Lustrous colourful titanium cladding on the exterior.

16. KyushuOilDome,China

17. HangzhouGrantTheatre,China

18. KyushuNationalStadium,China

19. UNMCTower,Nebraska
Gold tinted titanium-exterior cladding

20. FujiTelevisionHeadquarter

21. GuggenheimMuseum.Bilbao

22. Other Applications
Aircraft and jet
engines Chemical plants Tanker trucks
Vehicles Daily use productsMedical prosthetics

23. References
▪ A. Anjali, A. Vasudha. Titanium: A New Generation Material for Architectural Applications. Accessed 11th October,
2018.
Retrieved from https://www.toho-titanium.co.jp/en/products/solution.html
▪ Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal. Features of Titanium Building Material. Retrieved from http://www.nssmc.com/
▪ Chen, J.; Poon, C.S. Photocatalytic
construction and building materials: From fundamentals to applications. Build. Environ. 2009, 44, 1899-1906.

24. Thank you!