VITAMIN LIKE COMPOUNDS

1. VITAMIN LIKE COMPOUNDS
Gandham. Rajeev
Department of Biochemistry,
Akash Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre,
Devanahalli, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
E-Mail: gandhamrajeev33@gmail.com

3.  Choline is a trimethyl derivative of hydroxylethanal
amine (betain)
 Synthesis:
 Choline is synthesized from serine or betain
 Sources:
 Animal sources:- liver, milk and eggs
 Plant sources:- cereals and vegetables

4. CH3
I
H3C – N+ - CH2 – CH2OH
I
CH3
Choline

5.  Choline as a lipotrophic factor
 Choline is called as lipotrophic factor, it prevents the
formation of fatty liver
 It is required for the formation of phospholipids
 Phospholipids are required for the formation of
VLDL
 VLDLs are responsible for the transport of TGL from
liver to the peripheral tissues

6.  Choline is required for the synthesis of phosphatidyl
choline from phosphatidyl ethanolamine
 Phosphatidyl choline is present in membrane
structure
 Choline is required for synthesis of acetylcholine
 Acetyl choline is a neurotransmitter

7.  Due to the presence of three methyl groups, choline
is involved in one carbon metabolism
 Choline is indirectly required for the formation of
methionine and SAM (S-adenosylmethionine)
 SAM is a major methyl group donor for several
methylation reactions
 Deficiency of choline affects one carbon metabolism
and transmethylation reactions

8.  Lipoic acid is a sulfur containing fatty acid (6,8 –
dithio-octanoic acid)
 It exists in an oxidized (lipoic acid) and reduced
form (dihydrolipoic acid)
 Lipoic acid is fat as well as water soluble
 It act as a cofactor for enzyme oxidation-reduction
reactions

9. S – CH2
I
CH2
I
S –CH
I
(CH2)4
I
COOH
HS – CH2
I
CH2
I
HS –CH
I
(CH2)4
I
COOH
Oxidized lipoic acid Reduced lipoic acid

10.  Enzymes requiring lipoic acid are
 PDH complex
 α- Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
 Branched chain α- ketoacid dehydrogenase
 Therapeutic uses of lipoic acid
 Administration of high doses (100-600) of lipoic acid
suppress oxidative stress through decreased production
of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased
formation of glutathione

11.  Lipoic acid acts as an antioxidant
 It reduces the free radicals in the brain
 It stimulates the production of glutathione
 Reduces insulin resistance, and decreases plasma
LDL levels
 And also useful in the prevention of stroke and
myocardial infarction

12. Chemistry:
 Inositol is hexa hydroxy-cyclohexane
 Also called as myoinositol or meso-inositol
 It is a sugar alcohol
 Sources:
 Plant sources:- fruits, vegetables, whole grains
and yeast
 Animal sources:- muscle, brain, erythrocytes &
also present in retina

13. OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
Inositol (Hexa-hydroxy-cyclohexane)

14.  Required for the synthesis of phosphatidyl inositol,
it is a constituent of cell membranes
 It acts as a lipotropic factor along with choline &
prevents accumulation of fat in liver
 It act as a second messenger at membrane level for
the release of Ca2+ ions
 Phytic acid is a hexa phosphate derivative of
inositol
 Phytic acid is present in plants

15.  Phytic acid present in diet, is not absorbed by humans
because of very low activity of phytase enzyme
 The absorption of calcium, iron and magnesium is
interfered by the presence of high amounts of phytic
acid in the diet
 Poor absorption of calcium, iron and magnesium is
due to the formation of insoluble calcium, iron and
magnesium salts of phytic acid

16.  PABA is a structural constituent of folic acid
 PABA is synthesized by the bacteria & is esstial for
their growth
 Sulfa drug sulfonilamide (p-amino benzene
sulfanilamide) is a structural analogue of PABA
 Sulfanilamide competes with PABA and act as a
bacteriostatic agent
 Ingestion of large doses of PABA will compete with
action of sulfadrugs

17.  Harper’s Biochemistry
 Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry by Tietz
 A R Aroor
 DM Vasudevan
 MN Chatterjea
 Dr.U.Satyanarana

18. THANK YOU