Presented by Hal Glenn with 2G Engineering at the 10th Annual Green Vehicles Workshop on April 24, 2013.

1. Electricity as a Vehicle Fuel
An overview of vehicle energy sources
Wisconsin Clean City's
10th Annual Green Vehicles Workshop
Hal Glenn
Owner, 2G Engineering, Sun Prairie WI

2. Fuel Generation and Distribution
Hydrocarbon (Gas, CNG, LP, ETC) rely on
existing pipe lines and over the road
delivery
• Existing infrastructure
• Nearly half of all oil used is
imported
• Majority of gasoline produced in
the U.S is from gulf cost region
(40%)
EV’s rely on existing power grid for
their fuel
• EV’s still use fuel: Electricity is
not a fuel, just a pipeline
• Generation source can be
“Green” or not
• EV’s, the most flexible fuel cars
there are
• Lowest cost per unit energy

3. Where does the Midwest get is power? Yes, your EV does runs on coal!
Source: World Resource Institute

4. The path electricity takes to get to your door

5. www.eia.gov

6. The Battery
• EV’s store their energy in chemical form in batteries
• Battery density is not likely to change appreciably in the near future
• EV’s are approximately 80% efficient in conversion of stored energy to
miles driven
• Gas vehicles are approximately 25% efficient converting their energy
to miles driven
• Net real world energy usage, EV’s use 1/3rd the stored energy for the
same distance traveled
• Neglects the efficiency of the generation source (Gas or Electricity)

7. Batteries as a ‘Fuel’ tank:
Perception of Safety is Important
to Future Adoption
High profile battery failures such as the recent ‘Dreamliner’
incident lead to public concern over the technology
People lose perspective on what gasoline is.
• Gasoline is approximately 50 times
more energy dense
• We have a history with Gasoline
• Just as batteries, when proper care is
not taken, bad things happen

8. Anatomy of a PHEV Battery Pack
Mid-pack Service Disconnect
Battery Management Module
Battery Voltage/Temp sensors
Output Contactors
Battery Cooling passages
End Run Bus Bar
HV Output Leads (orange)
HVIL Connector Interlock
Chevy Volt example: 288 cells, 16kWhr; 3.3kW onboard charger
3kW On-board
Charger
Ted Bohn, Argonne National Laboratory

9. Different Types of Electric Vehicles
– Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)
• Very limited electric range – small battery 5-10
kWhr
• Charge power 1-3 kW
– Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV)
• Increased electric range – medium battery
10-20 kWhr
• Charge power up to 6 kW
– Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)
• All electric range – large battery >20kWhr
• Charge power > 6 kW

10. Electric Vehicle Charging
• EV’s can be refueled in the home
• Onboard AC charges limit rate of charge
• Most PHEV’s have 3KW chargers
• This is the net energy equivalent of 1 gallon of gas every
3 hours
• Off board DC “fast” chargers is an emerging technology
• Brings back the service station model of vehicle fueling
• Most BEV’s support this
• > 80% of a charge achievable in less then 15 minutes
• Fast chargers not practical for home installation

11. The Differences
Between EV
Charging Levels

12. Given all this… Why use Electric Vehicles?
• Energy independence
• EV’s reduce our dependence on foreign energy
• Reduced green house gas emissions by reduced fossil fuel consumption
• Yes electric cars are green(er)
• The net system efficiency of an EV is 3 times greater then an IC vehicle
• When factoring in the current mix of electricity generation, the electric vehicle produces approximately
½ the amount of greenhouse gases per mile
• They are cheaper to operate and their cost per mile/per unit of energy is less then traditional cars
• Most EV’s boast EPA ratings over 100MPGe
• Less moving parts, more reliable

13. Questions?