An organization can smoothly function only if it has men,materials and machine in the right combination. Timelines, accuracy, consistency,completeness,reliability and objectivity, confidentiality, integrity and availability are the core characteristics of Information Reporting systems in an organization. For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/ZEcPAc

1. I.T. for Management
Section2
Chapter 5
Information Reporting in
an organization

2. Information Reporting in an
organization
Reporting Needs
A organization consists of Men, Money,Materials
The presence of these three in ideal combination is
necessary for the smooth functioning
Reporting is primarily a Bottoms-up approach in
the organization
Operational reporting is required to run and
manage the operations of an organization

3. Information Reporting in an
organization
End user Ad Hoc Reporting
The desktop reporting that is for functional users is
created on a need basis
It tends to be nonrecurring and of a limited scope
Focus of this type of reporting ranges from
transactional data to aggregated data
The users need a full understanding of the data
used for reporting

4. Information Reporting in an
organization
Compliance/Externally Mandated Reporting
The compliance Mandated reporting is required
reporting for state and federal departments
The compliance based reporting program is
Structural and hence can be preprogrammed
Due to several scams in recent times the emphasis
on public disclosures as well as adequacy of
internal controls is becoming very important.
Information system should therefore have
sufficient functional as well as security controls
built into them

5. Information Reporting in an
organization
Analytical Reporting
This category of management reporting requires
the slicing and dicing of the data
Online analytical processing or OLAP is new
generation of tools which allows this kind of
analysis.
Social reporting
The responsibilities of business go far beyond a
financial accounting concern to bottom line line of
short profit and loss

6. Information Reporting in an
organization
Structured Vs Un Structured Reports
Reporting requirements can be classified based on
relative Structuredness of the information & its
usage.
Reports supporting these types of decision tend to
be
1) Well formed & structured(predefined
format)
2) Semi structured (partly rule based) for
instance a query builder where the user is allowed to
pick columns & conditions for filtering
Cont…….

7. Information Reporting in an
organization
Structured Vs Un Structured Reports
Entirely unstructured
Where perhaps a user types his own query which
can be different every time he uses the system
depending on what he is looking for
These kind of query may be used for gaining insight
or knowledge discovery as done in data mining
It could also be used for simulation & what if
analysis to study potential impact of a decision
before actually implementing them

8. Information Reporting in an
organization
Characteristics of MIS report
Management uses MIS to recognize,monitor,
Measure,limit,& manage risk in an institution
MIS reports must contain five element
1)Timeliness:
This requires the MIS to provide and distribute the
current information promptly to the appropriate
users For example the board directors may require
daily,monthly reports
Cont……

9. Information Reporting in an
organization
Characteristics of MIS report
2) Accuracy:
This requires a system of internal controls
throughout all information processing activities
3) Consistency
This requires the data to be collected and reported
uniformly
4)Completeness
Management needs reports that contain all pertinent
information in a summarized format
Cont……

10. Information Reporting in an
organization
Characteristics of MIS report
5)Relevance:
Report having exact information needed for top
management to take
6) Reliability & objectivity:
This indicates the level of trust which can be placed
on MIS.This stems from the reliability of the source
of data used for the MIS
7) Confidentiality:
This refers to the fact that only authorized users are
allowed to access the information Cont…..

11. Information Reporting in an
organization
Characteristics of MIS report
8)Integrity:
Indicates that the information is authentic and along
the processing cycle the validity of information has
not been compromised.
9)Availability:
Availability indicates that the needed information is
available to the user when & where it is required
Availability is a matter of policy

12. Information Reporting in an
organization
Presentation
The manner in which report is presented also has
significance
One can improve the presentation of printed reports
By standardizing some of following aspects
•Stationary - Size(A4)quality of paper(Bond)
•Consistency of printing –Landscape Vs Portrait
•Headers & footers
Cont…..

13. Information Reporting in an
organization
Presentation
•Contents of MIS have following type of column
•One or more Business critical areas about
which data is being reported
•Quantifiable measures of performance for each
of CSFs known as key performance indicator
(KPI)
•Standard of performance for each of CSF-KPI
in appropriate units
•Data on Actuals against each CSF-KPI
Cont….

14. Information Reporting in an
organization
Presentation Bias
Presentation Bias is the term which describes how
the reader of a report can be influenced towards
specific direction of thinking based on the manner
in which data is presented
For instance if a report says there were 10 cases of
delayed delivery.It may carry limited impact on the
reader. If same report to state that 50%of the cases
were delayed,impact on the reader is more
It is also equally important to note that this
influence or bias can be used in a positive manner

15. Information Reporting in an
organization
End of Chapter 5