Intro Getting Your Feet Wet: Intro to Different Types of Monitoring
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This presentation was given by Erin Stretz of the Stony Brook Millstone Watershed Association during the 2015 NJ Confluence Conference on 11/13/15.
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Intro Getting Your Feet Wet: Intro to Different Types of Monitoring
- 2. How do you start a water monitoring program?
- 3. WHO WHAT WHEN WHER E WHY will monitor? will you test? will you sample? are your monitoring sites? do you want to monitor? will you conduct your tests?
- 4. Common Reasons to Start Water Monitoring Track the baseline conditions Compare different waterways Identify a problem Educate youth and the public Determine the efficacy of restoration site Affect changes in local/regional/state/national policy Check for regulatory compliance Determine if waters are safe for swimming/boating Respond to emergencies
- 5. Establish your GOALS early and often to stay focused. This will help guide WHAT you want to monitor. Why do YOU want to start monitoring?
- 6. Intended Use of Data Can indicate the required quality of the data to be collected NJDEP-Approved Quality Assurance Project Plans Long-term baseline study Project-specific monitoring Restoration monitoring
- 7. Why not just collect as much data as possible?
- 8. Visual Composition and quality of aquatic and riparian habitats Physical Measurement s related to the composition and quality of aquatic and riparian habitats Chemical Composition of and constituents in water Macro Biologica l Abundance and/or type of insects, crustaceans, fish, reptiles, amphibians, aquatic plants, riparian plants Micro Biologica l Abundance and/or type of bacteria, zooplankton, phytoplankton
- 9. VISUAL Monitoring Parameters and Methods
- 10. Visual Monitoring In-stream habitat characteristics: tell us how well organisms can survive in the aquatic ecosystems Benthic substrate Depth-flow regimes Aquatic vegetation Water characteristics: can indicate the presence of a pollutant Color
- 11. Visual Monitoring Practice Benthic Substrate Characterization % Bedrock % Boulders % Sand % Gravel % Cobble % Clay % Silt
- 12. Visual Monitoring Riparian Habitat has a huge impact on stream habitat and water quality Land use Riparian buffer width and vegetation type Wildlife Erosion Outfall pipes
- 13. Visual Monitoring Practice Riparian Buffer Vegetation Types % Hardwood trees % Softwood trees % Herbaceous % Shrubs % Grasses % Bare
- 14. Visual Data Collection Methods Aerial mapping Photography Drive-bys Walk stream segments Kayak/Canoe Drones
- 15. PHYSICAL Monitoring Parameters and Methods
- 16. Physical Monitoring Water volume: flood or drought? Width Bankfull? Depth Stream flow (cfs) Cross-sectional Profile
- 17. Physical Monitoring Temperature: organisms have very specific temperature requirements Water clarity: measurements include sedimentation, plankton, or anything floating in the water Turbidity
- 18. Visual and Physical Monitoring Least expensive form of monitoring, but still delivers valuable information Can lead to more intensive monitoring Help to interpret chemical and biological data Educate the public Select monitoring sites (or areas for future studies) Identify potential sources of pollution Locate restoration sites Great for Newer Monitoring Groups! Uses of Visual and Physical Data
- 19. Measure turbidity of a water sample PHYSICAL Monitoring Practice
- 20. TURBIDITY Lamotte Test Instructions
- 21. MACROBIOLOGICAL Monitoring Parameters and Methods
- 22. Macrobiological Monitoring Community/population vs. Indicators Benthic macroinvertebrates Long(er) term residents of a stream or lake Stationary Easy to collect Have assigned Pollution Tolerance Values
- 25. Macroinvertebrate Sampling Macroinvertebrates are generally the next step up from visual/physical monitoring Easy to start sampling Less expensive for volunteer-identified organisms, but lower-quality data More expensive to send samples to a lab, but you can obtain genus/species level data Another great option for newer groups Data quality is variable
- 27. Other Bioindicators Algae Can grow in many different conditions Respond rapidly to environmental changes Fish Different species have very different habitat requirements
- 28. MICROBIOLOGICAL Monitoring Parameters and Methods
- 29. Microbiological Monitoring Total coliforms Fecal coliforms Escherichia coli • E. coli is the most specific of the fecal coliform bacteria for freshwater Enterococci Streptococcus • Enterococci is used as an indicator for estuarine and marine
- 30. Microbiological Monitoring Public health Evaluate ecosystem health Sample collection with lab analysis Coliscan Easygel Colisure/IDEXX Best Uses Sample Methods
- 31. IDEXX & Quanti-tray/Colisure MICROBIOLOGICAL Monitoring Demonstration
- 32. CHEMICAL Monitoring Parameters and Methods
- 33. Chemical Monitoring Dissolved Oxygen Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) pH Alkalinity
- 34. Chemical Monitoring Salinity Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Conductivity/Specific Conductance Arsenic
- 35. Chemical Monitoring Nitrogen Total Nitrogen Nitrate Nitrite Ammonia Phosphorus Total Phosphorus Orthophosphate
- 36. Chemical Monitoring: Requires Lab Analysis Pesticides Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Heavy metals Dry cleaning PCE Solvents Benzene, TCE PCBs Pharmaceuticals Wastewater systems cannot remove these before discharge to streams PAHs Asphalt, motor oil Industrial/Commercial Discharges Emerging Contaminants
- 37. Chemical Monitoring 6 $$ 6 Precision/accuracy Easy to use in the field 5 Precision/accuracy 5 $$ More analyte options Volunteer Kits Laboratory Analysis
- 38. Try out a Lamotte pH Test CHEMICAL Monitoring Practice
- 39. Once you establish your WHYs, WHATs, and HOWs... Nail down your study design/QAPP with as much detail as possible Who will monitor? When to sample? Where are your monitoring sites? Check in with your goals to make sure you are still monitoring what you need to for your intended data use(s). Manage your data well… and share it!
- 40. Questions?
- 41. Contact Erin Stretz at estretz@thewatershed.org or 609-737-3735 ext.17. Online Resources StreamWatch Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring Program: thewatershed.org/science/stream-watch Watershed Institute Water Monitoring Information Clearinghouse: thewatershedinstitute.org/resources/wqmresources National Water Quality Monitoring Council (including National Environmental Methods Index and Water Quality Portal) acwi.gov/monitoring For more information…
Hinweis der Redaktion
- GO AROUND THE ROOM TO DO INTRODUCTIONS. Please say your name, what organization you are representing, maybe your position there – if you’re on staff or a volunteer, and why you have or want to start a water monitoring program.
- LOOKING AT THE STREAM BANK, WHAT PERCENT OF THE BUFFER IS GRASS, HERBACEOUS, HARDWOODS, SOFTWOODS, BARE? Look at the picture for a minute, then come up with your percentages. Then ask the group what their answers were. Sometimes people will agree on some of these subjective questions, other times people won’t. It’s important to have repeatability with parameters like this, with the same monitor(s) each time, to see if their perspective changes. You may also want to take an average of more than one person’s perspective.
- LOOKING AT THE STREAM BANK, WHAT PERCENT OF THE BUFFER IS GRASS, HERBACEOUS, HARDWOODS, SOFTWOODS, BARE? Look at the picture for a minute, then come up with your percentages. Then ask the group what their answers were. Sometimes people will agree on some of these subjective questions, other times people won’t. It’s important to have repeatability with parameters like this, with the same monitor(s) each time, to see if their perspective changes. You may also want to take an average of more than one person’s perspective.
- The flow of a stream is directly related to the amount of water moving off the watershed into the stream channel. It is affected by weather, increasing during rainstorms and decreasing during dry periods. It also changes during different seasons of the year, decreasing during the summer months when evaporation rates are high and shoreline vegetation is actively growing and removing water from the ground. August and September are usually the months of lowest flow for most streams and rivers in most of the country. Stream velocity, which increases as the volume of the water in the stream increases, determines the kinds of organisms that can live in the stream (some need fast-flowing areas; others need quiet pools). It also affects the amount of silt and sediment carried by the stream. Sediment introduced to quiet, slow-flowing streams will settle quickly to the stream bottom. Fast moving streams will keep sediment suspended longer in the water column. Lastly, fast-moving streams generally have higher levels of dissolved oxygen than slow streams because they are better aerated.
- Turbidity is a measure of water clarity how much the material suspended in water decreases the passage of light through the water. Suspended materials include soil particles (clay, silt, and sand), algae, plankton, microbes, and other substances. These materials are typically in the size range of 0.004 mm (clay) to 1.0 mm (sand). Suspended solids affect life in other ways. They can clog fish gills, reduce growth rates, decrease resistance to disease, and prevent egg and larval development. Particles that settle out can smother fish eggs and those of aquatic insects, as well as suffocate newly-hatched larvae. The material that settles also fills the spaces between rocks and makes these microhabitats unsuitable for various aquatic insects, such as mayfly nymphs, stonefly nymphs and caddisfly larva.
- In stream water, dissolved solids consist of calcium, chlorides, nitrate, phosphorus, iron, sulfur, and other ions particles that will pass through a filter with pores of around 2 microns (0.002 cm) in size. he concentration of total dissolved solids affects the water balance in the cells of aquatic organisms. An organism placed in water with a very low level of solids, such as distilled water, will swell up because water will tend to move into its cells, which have a higher concentration of solids. An organism placed in water with a high concentration of solids will shrink somewhat because the water in its cells will tend to move out. This will in turn affect the organism's ability to maintain the proper cell density, making it difficult to keep its position in the water column. It might float up or sink down to a depth to which it is not adapted, and it might not survive. Distilled water has a conductivity in the range of 0.5 to 3 µmhos/cm. The conductivity of rivers in the United States generally ranges from 50 to 1500 µmhos/cm. Studies of inland fresh waters indicate that streams supporting good mixed fisheries have a range between 150 and 500 µhos/cm. Conductivity outside this range could indicate that the water is not suitable for certain species of fish or macroinvertebrates. Conductivity is useful as a general measure of stream water quality. Each stream tends to have a relatively constant range of conductivity that, once established, can be used as a baseline for comparison with regular conductivity measurements. Significant changes in conductivity could then be an indicator that a discharge or some other source of pollution has entered a stream.
- Nitrates are a form of nitrogen, which is found in several different forms in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These forms of nitrogen include ammonia (NH3), nitrates (NO3), and nitrites (NO2). Nitrates are essential plant nutrients, but in excess amounts they can cause significant water quality problems. Together with phosphorus, nitrates in excess amounts can accelerate eutrophication, causing dramatic increases in aquatic plant growth and changes in the types of plants and animals that live in the stream. This, in turn, affects dissolved oxygen, temperature, and other indicators. Excess nitrates can cause hypoxia (low levels of dissolved oxygen) and can become toxic to warm-blooded animals at higher concentrations (10 mg/L) or higher) under certain conditions. Sources of nitrates include wastewater treatment plants, runoff from fertilized lawns and cropland, failing on-site septic systems, runoff from animal manure storage areas, and industrial discharges that contain corrosion inhibitors. Phosphorus has a complicated story. Pure, "elemental" phosphorus (P) is rare. In nature, phosphorus usually exists as part of a phosphate molecule (PO4). Phosphorus in aquatic systems occurs as organic phosphate and inorganic phosphate. Organic phosphate consists of a phosphate molecule associated with a carbon-based molecule, as in plant or animal tissue. Phosphate that is not associated with organic material is inorganic. Inorganic phosphorus is the form required by plants. Animals can use either organic or inorganic phosphate. Both organic and inorganic phosphorus can either be dissolved in the water or suspended (attached to particles in the water column). Both phosphorus and nitrogen are essential nutrients for the plants and animals that make up the aquatic food web. Since phosphorus is the nutrient in short supply in most fresh waters, even a modest increase in phosphorus can, under the right conditions, set off a whole chain of undesirable events in a stream including accelerated plant growth, algae blooms, low dissolved oxygen, and the death of certain fish, invertebrates, and other aquatic animals. There are many sources of phosphorus, both natural and human. These include soil and rocks, wastewater treatment plants, runoff from fertilized lawns and cropland, failing septic systems, runoff from animal manure storage areas, disturbed land areas, drained wetlands, water treatment, and commercial cleaning preparations.
- Heavy metals come from industrial discharges, mining waste, atmospheric deposition, and natural causes. The greatest use of tetrachloroethylene is in the textile industry, and as a component of aerosol dry-cleaning products. Trichloroethylene is primarily used to remove grease from fabricated metal parts and in the production of some textiles. Polychlorinated biphenyls were formerly used in the United States as hydraulic fluids, plasticizers, adhesives, fire retardants, way extenders, de-dusting agents, pesticide extenders, inks, lubricants, cutting oils, in heat transfer systems, carbonless reproducing paper.
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