Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
コンピュータの歴史 - 基本コンセプト
1. Brief history of digital computer - Basic Concepts
コンピュータの歴史 - 基本コンセプト
2. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 2 / 49
ANTIKYTHERA
MECHANISM
アンティキティラ島の機械
The world’s oldest “computing machine”
世界の最古「演算機会」です。
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ANALOG 5分
An “analog or analogue” signal is any time continuous
signal where some time varying feature of the signal is
a representation of some other time varying quantity.
5. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 5 / 49
DIGITAL
Describes any system based on discontinuous data or events.
10. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 10 / 49
謎
Enigma Machine
German almost won over Great Britain! thanks to the U-boots,
specially the ENIGMA MACHINE
ドイツ語はほぼグレートブリテンに勝っ!
潜水艦のおかげで、特別エニグマ機
14. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 14 / 49
An algorithm is any set of detailed instructions which
results in a predictable end-state from a known beginning.
ALGORITHM
アルゴリズム(演算手順)
アルゴリズムとは最初から最後まで知られている予期結果の状態
状態の詳細な手順のセットです。
1.An algorithm will consist of a finite set of precise instructions
to be executed
アルゴリズムは、実行される正確な手順の有限集合で構成され
ます
2.Be computable in a finite number of steps (the inability of a
program to determine whether or not it can be executed in a
finite number of steps is called "the halting problem")
有限回のステップで計算できる
3.Be computable in principle with only a pen, paper, and infinite
time;
唯一のペン、紙、無限の時間と、原理的に計算可能である。
4.Require no background information to execute, that is, be
self-contained.
実行するために背景情報が必要がありません
15. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 15 / 49
‣Leave Home
‣Check time, it’s 9:10 Leave Home
‣Return Home
‣Wait
‣Leave Home
‣Check time, it’s 9:20
‣Return Home
‣Wait Wait Check Time
‣Leave Home
‣Check time, it’s 9:30
‣Return Home
‣Wait
‣Leave Home
‣Check time, it’s 9:40
M 10
‣Return Home Return YES
A. re
.?
fo
‣Wait Home
Be
‣Leave Home
‣Check time, it’s 9:50
‣Return Home NO
‣Wait
‣Leave Home
Go to Bus Stop
‣Check time, it’s 10:00
‣Go to the Bus Stop
17. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 17 / 49
A Turing Machine is
TURING MACHINE
a simple mathematical
construct that can be imagined as
a recordable tape of infinite length
coupled to a mechanical unit with read/
write capability. The unit can perform
only three actions; read a bit of the
tape and return the result; write a
bit on the tape; or erase a
preexisting bit.
A Turing machine can theoretically compute
any algorithm given enough time and storage
space. It also states that any practical
computing model must be a type of Turing
machine.
1.Read a bit of the tape and return the result テープから一つビットを読んで結果がでる。
2.Write a bit on the tape テープに一つビットを書く
3.or Erase a preexisting bit または、あるビットを消す
18. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 18 / 49
TURING MACHINE
1.Read a bit of the tape and return the result テープから一つビットを読んで結果がでる。
2.Write a bit on the tape テープに一つビットを書く
3.or Erase a preexisting bit または、あるビットを消す
21. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 21 / 49
An algorithm is any set of detailed instructions which
results in a predictable end-state from a known beginning.
ALGORITHM
アルゴリズム(演算手順)
アルゴリズムとは最初から最後まで知られている予期結果の状態
状態の詳細な手順のセットです。
1.An algorithm will consist of a finite set of precise instructions
to be executed
アルゴリズムは、実行される正確な手順の有限集合で構成され
ます
2.Be computable in a finite number of steps (the inability of a
program to determine whether or not it can be executed in a
finite number of steps is called "the halting problem")
有限回のステップで計算できる
3.Be computable in principle with only a pen, paper, and infinite
time;
唯一のペン、紙、無限の時間と、原理的に計算可能である。
4.Require no background information to execute, that is, be
self-contained.
実行するために背景情報が必要がありません
22. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 22 / 49
ive
rs
cu
re
to COMPUTER = to Make a mathematical calculation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27......1000000000000000000000
}
start
n = 0
while (n < 1000000000000000000000)
n = n+1 ALGORITHM
else
stop
23. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 23 / 49
a COMPUTER makes recursive mathematical calculations
1+1=2
25. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 25 / 49
0123456789 ABCDEFG... !”#$%&’...
0 1
C H R I S
01000011 01001000 01010010 01001001 01010011
27. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 27 / 49
0123456789
DECIMAL SYSTEM
01
BINARY SYSTEM
28. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 28 / 49
DECIMAL to BINARY conversion
Example 44 to Binary
32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 0 0
44
32
12
8
4
4
0
29. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 29 / 49
Turing Machine Computer
BINARY SYSTEM Machine Language
30. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 30 / 49
Computer = Turing Machine
MACHINE
language
110100001001
001000100010
100100010001
010100001111
111110000101
010101010100
USER
Compiler
Programming language
NATURAL
language
31. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 31 / 49
USER
NATURAL language
Show a Window with
the phrase “Hello
world”
class myfirstjavaprog
{
public static void main(String args[]) Programming language
{
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}
Compiler
私の名前は太郎です。
私の名前です太郎。
110100001001
001000100010
100100010001
010100001111
111110000101
010101010100
MACHINE language
32. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 32 / 49
ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
1946
34. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 34 / 49
GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
None
Not really being Moving cables Reading blinking None
~1945 Mechanical, The investors (computers had
“used” except for around, Punching lights and punch (direct hands-on to
Prehistory Electromechanical themselves not left the labs
calculations Cards cards the hardware)
yet)
35. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 35 / 49
GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
None
Not really being Moving cables Reading blinking None
~1945 Mechanical, The investors (computers had
“used” except for around, Punching lights and punch (direct hands-on to
Prehistory Electromechanical themselves not left the labs
calculations Cards cards the hardware)
yet)
36. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 36 / 49
GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
None
Not really being Moving cables Reading blinking None
~1945 Mechanical, The investors (computers had
“used” except for around, Punching lights and punch (direct hands-on to
Prehistory Electromechanical themselves not left the labs
calculations Cards cards the hardware)
yet)
38. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 38 / 49
GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Vacuum tubes, huge
One user at a time
1945~1955 machines, short Machine language Computer as Programming
“owns” machine TTY, typewriter. Experts
Pioneer mean time between 0011001111101 calculator batch
(limited time)
failures
39. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 39 / 49
GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Vacuum tubes, huge
One user at a time
1945~1955 machines, short Machine language Computer as Programming
“owns” machine TTY, typewriter. Experts
Pioneer mean time between 0011001111101 calculator batch
(limited time)
failures
10000010 10000000 01111111
11111100
40. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 40 / 49
GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Batch
Line-oriented Technocrats, Computer as
1955~1965 Transistors (centralized Assembler ADD A, Command
terminals (“glass- professional information
Historical (more reliable) “computer as B languages
TTY”) computerists processor
temple”)
41. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 41 / 49
GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Batch
Line-oriented Technocrats, Computer as
1955~1965 Transistors (centralized Assembler ADD A, Command
terminals (“glass- professional information
Historical (more reliable) “computer as B languages
TTY”) computerists processor
temple”)
addcc %r1,-4,%r1
printn(n,b) {
extrn putchar;
auto a;
if(a=n/b) /* assignment,
トランジスタ not test for equality */
printn(a, b); /*
recursive */
putchar(n%b + '0');
}
42. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 42 / 49
GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Full-screen
Time-sharing High Level Specialized groups Mechanization of Full-screen strictly
1965~1980 terminals,
Integrated circuits (online processing languages, without computer “white collar” hierarchical menus
Traditional alphanumeric
systems) Fortran, Pascal, C knowledge labor and fill-in forms
characters only
43. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 43 / 49
GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Full-screen
Time-sharing High Level Specialized groups Mechanization of Full-screen strictly
1965~1980 terminals,
Integrated circuits (online processing languages, without computer “white collar” hierarchical menus
Traditional alphanumeric
systems) Fortran, Pascal, C knowledge labor and fill-in forms
characters only
Program HelloWorld(output);
begin
Writeln('Hello, world!')
end.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("hello, worldn");
return 0;
}
45. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 45 / 49
GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Graphical display. Personal WIMP
Single-user Problem oriented Business
1980~1995 VLSI Desktop productivity, (Windows, Icons,
personal languages professionals,
Modern DIYS workstations, computers as a Menus, Pointing
computers (Imperatives) hobbyists
heavy portables tool Device)
46. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 46 / 49
GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Graphical display. Personal WIMP
Single-user Problem oriented Business
1980~1995 VLSI Desktop productivity, (Windows, Icons,
personal languages professionals,
Modern DIYS workstations, computers as a Menus, Pointing
computers (Imperatives) hobbyists
heavy portables tool Device)
// Outputs "Hello, world!"
and then exits
public class HelloWorld {
public static void
main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("Hello,
world!");
}
}
47. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 47 / 49
GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
Networked single Nonimperative “Dynabook”
1995~? Wafer-scale Computer as Non command
user and (declarative), multimedia I/O, Everybody
Future integration. appliance based interfaces
embedded systems possibly graphical easily portable
48. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 48 / 49
GENERATION 0 GENERATION 1 GENERATION 2 GENERATION 3 GENERATION 4 GENERATION 5
User
Hardware Operating Programming Terminal User
Generation Image Interface
Technology Mode Language Technology Types
Paradigm
WSI, Photonic Networked single Nonimperative “Dynabook”
1995~? Computer as Noncommand
computing, Quantum user and (declarative), multimedia I/O, Everybody
Future appliance based interfaces
computing embedded systems possibly graphical easily portable
write'Hello world!'
49. INFORMATION DESIGN: History & Basics Concepts of Digital Computing 49 / 49
USER
NATURAL language
Show a Window with
the phrase “Hello
world”
class myfirstjavaprog
{
public static void main(String args[]) Programming language
{
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}
Compiler
私の名前は太郎です。
私の名前です太郎。
110100001001
001000100010
100100010001
010100001111
111110000101
010101010100
MACHINE language