It discusses the different variables in the tourism and hospitality. It contains the characteristics of tourism, the factors affecting a destination, and its significant importance to the global industry.

1. Variables of Tourism
and Hospitality
By: Prof. Vyncent Maferd Fundales

2. Definition of Tourism
• Multidimensional phenomena
• Sum of the phenomena and relationship arising from the travel and
stay of non residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent
residence and are not connected to any earning activity. (Hunziker and
Krapf)
• Is the temporary short-term movement of people to destinations
outside the places where they normally live and work and their
activities during their stay at these destinations.
• It has particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside
the home environment. (Cardiff)

3. Characteristics of Tourism
Burkart and Medlik(1997) characterized tourism in five ways:
1. A combination of phenomena and relationship;
2. Two essential elements: the dynamic element or the travel, and
the static element or the stay.
3. The journey and stay are to-and-fro destinations.
4. The movement to destination is temporary.
5. Destinations are visited not for the purpose of paid work.
In summary: Tourism is a combination of travel and leisure.

4. Definition of Hospitality
• Derived from the word hospitare which means to receive as a guest.
• Hospitality involves meeting the requirement for food, beverages,
lodging or shelter.
• Hospitality is therefore defined as the act or process of receiving a
guest and providing the guest with; food, beverage, and lodging.

5. Definition of Tourist
• League of Nation (1937), A tourist is a person who visits a country
other than that in which he or she usually resides for a period of at
least 24 hours.
• United Nations (1963), A visitor is any person visiting a country other
than that of earning money,
• The visitor was divided into two classes
1. Tourist
2. Excursionist

6. Classes of Visitor
• Tourist – Temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours, whose purpose
could be:
1. Leisure;
2. Business;
3. Family;
4. Mission; and
5. Meeting.
• Excurtionist – Temporary visitors staying less than 24 hours in the
destination visited and not making an overnight stay, including cruise
travelersm but excluding travellers in transit.

7. Elements of Travel for defining
Travellers
A. Distance
o There are two types of distance: Domestic Distance (Span travelled within the
country), and International Distance (Span travelled outside the country.
o It is defined as each time a person goes to a place at least 100 miles away from
home and returns.
B. Length of Stay
o Tourist are temporary visitors that stays for at least one overnight, while
excursionist are temporary visitors who do not stay overnight in the destination
that they visit.

8. Elements of Travel for defining
Travellers
C. Residence of the Traveller
o It is the place of origin of the traveller.
D. Purpose of Travel
o The reason or motivation for travel. It can be divided into seven:
1. Visiting Friends and Relatives;
2. Conventions, seminars, and meeting;
3. Business;
4. Outdoor recreation – hunting, fishing, boating, and camping;
5. Entertainment – sightseeing, theatre, and sports;
6. Personal – family, medical, funeral, wedding; and
7. Others.

9. The Nature of Tour
Domestic Tourism – refers to travels taken exclusively within the
national boundaries of the traveller’s country.
International Tourism – refers to the movement of people across
international boundaries.
Independent Tour – an arrangement in which the tourist buys
transportation, accommodation, food and beverage and others each
separately.
Package Tour – an arrangement in which transport and accommodation
is bought by tourist at an all-inclusive price and the price of the individual
elements cannot be determined by the tourist.

10. Package Tour
There are two types of package tours:
1. Individual Inclusive Tour (IIT)
– The tourist travels to his or her destination individually, and experiences the offer
of the tour package.
2. Group Inclusive Tour (GIT)
– The traveller conveys in the company of other tourists. The traveller will have to
share the journey and experience it with either known joiners of the group or
strangers.

11. The Tourist Product
• The product that the tourist buys
• A combination of what the tourist does at the destination and the
services he or she uses during his or her stay.

12. Characteristics of a Tourist Product
1. It is a Service
– The tourist product is intangible.
– The tourist product is experienced rather than felt physically.
2. It is Psychological
– It is more than a collection of seats in the airline or sets of rooms in a hotel.
– It is the temporary use of a strange environment added with the culture and heritage of the region and
other intangible benefits such as atmosphere and hospitality.
3. Variation in the Standard and Quality over Time
– For example, a package tour cannot give a consistent experience to different travellers.
– The quality of service will vary from each traveller that experience it.
4. Supply of the product is Fixed
– The number of hotel rooms available cannot be change on the spot to meet the current demand .
– The unsold seat in an aircraft or unoccupied room cannot be stored for another sale.

13. The Tourist Destination
• The tourist destination is a geographical unit where the tourist visits
and stays.
• A destination can either be: a village, a city, a district, a region, an
island, a country, or a continent.
The success of a tourist destination depends on three basic factors:
1. Attractions;
2. Amenities;
3. Accessibility.

14. Three Basic Factors for Tourist
Destination
1. Attractions – an attraction can either be: natural or man-made. An
Attraction is the prime motivation for a tourist to visit a destination.
2. Amenities – This include; accommodation, food and beverage, local
transport communications, and entertainment at site. A tourist
destination with a good attraction but an unpleasant state of amenities
will not succeed. For Attractions and Amenities must always
compliment each other.
3. Accessibility – It is having the regular and convenience of
transportation with regards to time and distance towards the intended
destination. A quality transportation can result to a healthy state of
tourism.

15. Tourist Services
1. Transportation – includes people that works for the airline industry, cruise
industry and even operators of rail transport, and car rentals.
2. Accommodation – serves the tourist by providing lodging.
3. Food and Beverage – gives travellers refreshment for the duration of their
travel.
4. Entertainment – It also involves recreation where practitioners in the
tourism industry provides fun activities a tourist can enjoy.
5. Travel Trade – It involves Travel Agents and Tour Operators. They are the
conduits that connects all of the tourist service and tourist destination to the
traveller. The Tour Operator creates the package, while the Travel Agent
sells the package to the traveller.

16. Characteristics of Tourism and
Hospitality
1. The product is not brought to the consumer; rather, the consumer has to
travel and to the product to purchase and use it.
2. The products of tourism and hospitality cannot be used up; thus they
rarely exhaust the country’s natural resource.
3. It is a labor intensive industry.
4. It is people-oriented rather than focusing on a tangible product.
5. It is a multidimensional phenomenon.
6. The industry is seasonal.
7. The industry is dynamic.

17. Importance of Tourism and Hospitality
1. Contribution to the balance of payments.
2. Dispersion of development.
3. Effect on general economic development.
4. Employment opportunities.
5. Social benefits.
6. Cultural enrichment.
7. Educational significance.
8. Vital force for peace.

18. • Source:
– COOPER, C. H. (2018). CONTEMPORARY TOURISM: An international
approach. S.l.: GOODFELLOW LIM.
– Cruz, Z. L. (2018). Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality (First ed., HRM-
Tourism). Manila: Rex Bookstore.
– Page, S. J., & Connel, J. (2012). Tourism (3rd ed.). Pasig: Cenage Learning
Asia.
– Santos, B., & Manzano, R. (2014). Principles of Tourism II. Quezon City: Maxcor
Publishing House.