- Ruth Bader Ginsburg is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, appointed by President Bill Clinton in 1993. She is the second female justice and first Jewish female justice. - She spent much of her early career as a lawyer advocating for gender equality and women's rights, arguing several landmark cases before the Supreme Court. - Prior to her Supreme Court appointment, she served as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, appointed by President Jimmy Carter.

1. Ruth Bader Ginsburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg (born March 15, 1933) is an Associate Justice of the
Supreme Court of the United States. Ginsburg was appointed by President Bill Clinton and Ruth Bader Ginsburg
took the oath of office on August 10, 1993. She is the second female justice (after Sandra
Day O'Connor) and the first Jewish female justice.
She is generally viewed as belonging to the liberal wing of the Court. Ginsburg spent a
considerable portion of her career as an advocate for the equal citizenship status of women
and men as a constitutional principle. She advocated as a volunteer lawyer for the
American Civil Liberties Union and was a member of its board of directors and one of its
general counsel in the 1970s. She was a professor at Rutgers School of Law–Newark and
Columbia Law School. In 1980, President Jimmy Carter appointed her to the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
Contents
1 Early life and education
2 Career
2.1 Early career
2.2 Judicial career Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the
2.2.1 U.S. Court of Appeals United States
2.2.2 Supreme Court Incumbent
2.2.2.1 Nomination and confirmation
2.2.2.2 Supreme Court jurisprudence Assumed office
2.3 Notable cases August 10, 1993
2.4 Ginsburg Precedent Nominated by Bill Clinton
2.5 1997 vice-presidential inauguration
Preceded by Byron White
3 Personal life
3.1 Illness Judge of the Court of Appeals for the District of
4 Future plans Columbia Circuit
4.1 Recognition In office
5 See also June 30, 1980 – August 10, 1993
6 References
7 Bibliography Nominated by Jimmy Carter
8 External links Preceded by Harold Leventhal
Succeeded by David Tatel
Personal details
Early life and education Born March 15, 1933
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Born in Brooklyn, New York, Ruth Joan Bader was the second daughter of Nathan and
Political party Democratic Party[1]
Celia (née Amster) Bader. The family nicknamed her "Kiki".[3] They belonged to the East
Midwood Jewish Center, where she took her religious confirmation seriously. At age Spouse(s) Martin Ginsburg (1954–2010)
thirteen, Ruth acted as the "camp rabbi" at a Jewish summer program at Camp Children Jane Ginsburg
Che-Na-Wah in Minerva, New York.[4] James Steven Ginsburg
Alma mater Cornell University
Her mother took an active role in her education, taking her to the library often. Bader
attended James Madison High School, whose law program later dedicated a courtroom in Harvard Law School
her honor. Her older sister died when she was very young. Her mother struggled with Columbia Law School
cancer throughout Ruth's high school years and died the day before her graduation.[3] Religion Judaism[2]
She graduated from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in government[5] on June 23, 1954, and that fall
enrolled at Harvard Law School, where she was one of only nine women in a class of more than five hundred. When her husband took a job
in New York City, she transferred to Columbia Law School and became the first woman to be on two major law reviews, the Harvard Law
Review and the Columbia Law Review. In 1959, she earned her law degree at Columbia and tied for first in her class.[3][6] In 2009 she was
awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Willamette University, in 2010 she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from
Princeton University,[7] and in 2011 she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Harvard University.[8]
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2. Ruth Bader Ginsburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg
Career
Early career
In 1960, despite a strong recommendation from the dean of Harvard Law School, Justice Felix Frankfurter turned down Ginsburg for a
clerkship position because she was a woman.[9][10] Later that year, Ginsburg began a clerkship for Judge Edmund L. Palmieri of the U.S.
District Court for the Southern District of New York.
From 1961 to 1963 she was a research associate and then associate director of the Columbia Law School Project on International Procedure,
learning Swedish to co-author a book on judicial procedure in Sweden. Ginsburg conducted extensive research for her book at the University
of Lund in Sweden.[11]
She was a professor of law at Rutgers from 1963 to 1972. In 1970, she co-founded the Women's Rights Law Reporter, the first law journal in
the U.S. to focus exclusively on women's rights.[12] From 1972 until 1980, she taught at Columbia, where she became the first tenured
woman and co-authored the first law school casebook on sex discrimination. She also taught in Tulane University Law School's summer-
abroad program.[13] In 1977, she became a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University.
In 1972, Ginsburg co-founded the Women's Rights Project at the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and, in 1973, she became the
ACLU's General Counsel. As the chief litigator for the Women's Rights Project, she briefed and argued several landmark cases in front of the
Supreme Court, such as Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971), wherein the Court extended the protections of the Equal Protection Clause to
women for the first time. She also argued Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973) and Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, 420 U.S. 636 (1975),
which supported the ultimate development and application of the intermediate scrutiny Equal Protection standard of review for legal
classifications based on sex. She attained a reputation as a skilled oral advocate, and her work directly led to the end of gender discrimination
in many areas of the law.[14]
Her last case as a lawyer before the Court was 1978's Duren v. Missouri, which challenged laws and practices making jury duty voluntary for
women in that state. Ginsburg viewed optional jury duty as a message that women's service was unnecessary to important government
functions. At the end of Ginsburg's oral presentation, then-Associate Justice William Rehnquist asked Ginsburg, "You won't settle for putting
Susan B. Anthony on the new dollar, then?"[15] Ginsburg, being cautious, did not respond to his question.
Judicial career
U.S. Court of Appeals
President Jimmy Carter appointed Ginsburg to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
Circuit on April 14, 1980, to the seat of recently deceased judge Harold Leventhal. She served there for
thirteen years, until joining the Supreme Court. During her 13-year tenure on the D.C. Circuit, Ginsburg
made 57 hires for law clerk, intern, and secretary positions. At her Supreme Court confirmation hearing,
it was revealed that none of those hired had been African-Americans, a fact for which Ginsburg (an
"aggressive support[er] [of] disparate-impact statistics as evidence of intentional discrimination") was Ginsburg officially accepts the
sharply criticized.[16] nomination from President Bill
Clinton on June 14, 1993.
Supreme Court
Nomination and confirmation
President Bill Clinton nominated her as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court on June 14, 1993, to fill the seat vacated by retiring Justice
Byron White. Ginsburg was recommended to Clinton by then-U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno.[6]
During her subsequent testimony before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee as part of the confirmation hearings, she refused to answer
questions regarding her personal views on most issues or how she would adjudicate certain hypothetical situations as a Supreme Court
Justice. A number of Senators on the committee came away frustrated, with unanswered questions about how Ginsburg planned to make the
transition from an advocate for causes she personally held dear, to a justice on the Supreme Court. Despite this, Ginsburg refused to discuss
her beliefs about the limits and proper role of jurisprudence, saying, "Were I to rehearse here what I would say and how I would reason on
such questions, I would act injudiciously".
At the same time, Ginsburg did answer questions relating to some potentially controversial issues. For instance, she affirmed her belief in a
constitutional right to privacy, and explicated at some length on her personal judicial philosophy and thoughts regarding gender equality.[17]
The U.S. Senate confirmed her by a 96-to-3 vote[19] and she took her judicial oath on August 10, 1993.[20]
Supreme Court jurisprudence
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Ginsburg characterizes her performance on the Court as a cautious approach to adjudication, and
argued in a speech shortly before her nomination to the Court that "[m]easured motions seem to me
right, in the main, for constitutional as well as common law adjudication. Doctrinal limbs too swiftly
shaped, experience teaches, may prove unstable."[21] Ginsburg has urged that the Court allow for
dialogue with elected branches, while others argue that would inevitably lead to politicizing the Court.
Although Ginsburg has consistently supported abortion rights and joined in the Court's opinion striking
down Nebraska's partial-birth abortion law in Stenberg v. Carhart 530 U.S. 914
(http://supreme.justia.com/us/530/914/case.html) (2000) she has criticized the Court's ruling in Roe v. (left to right) Sandra Day O'Connor,
Wade 410 U.S. 113 (http://supreme.justia.com/us/410/113/case.html) (1973) as terminating a nascent,
Sonia Sotomayor, Ginsburg, and Elena
democratic movement to liberalize abortion laws which might have built a more durable consensus in
Kagan on October 1, 2010
support of abortion rights.[citation needed] She discussed her views on abortion rights and sexual
equality in a 2009 New York Times interview, in which she said regarding abortion that "[t]he basic
thing is that the government has no business making that choice for a woman."[22] One statement she made during the interview ("Frankly, I
had thought at the time Roe was decided, there was concern about population growth and particularly growth in populations that we don't
want to have too many of.")[22] was criticized by conservative commentator Michael Gerson as reflecting an "attitude . . . that abortion is
economically important to a 'woman of means' and useful in reducing the number of social undesirables."[23]
Ginsburg has also been an advocate for using foreign law and norms to shape U.S. law in judicial opinions,[citation needed] in contrast to the
textualist views of her colleagues Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Justice Antonin Scalia, Justice Clarence Thomas and Justice Samuel Alito.
Despite their fundamental differences, Ginsburg considers Scalia her closest colleague on the Court, and they often dine and attend the opera
together.[24]
Notable cases
United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515 (http://supreme.justia.com/us/518/515/case.html) (1996) Court Opinion. Virginia Military
Institute's male-only admission policy violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
United States v. O'Hagan, 521 U.S. 642 (http://supreme.justia.com/us/521/642/case.html) (1997) Court Opinion
Olmstead v. L.C., 527 U.S. 581 (http://supreme.justia.com/us/527/581/case.html) (1999) Court Opinion
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc., 528 U.S. 167 (http://supreme.justia.com/us/528/167/case.html)
(2000) Court Opinion
Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (http://supreme.justia.com/us/531/98/case.html) (2000) Dissenting
Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (http://supreme.justia.com/us/537/186/case.html) (2003) Court Opinion
Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp., 544 U.S. 280 (http://supreme.justia.com/us/544/280/case.html) (2005) Court
Opinion
Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 550 U.S. 618 (http://supreme.justia.com/us/550/618/case.html) (2007) Dissenting
Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124 (http://supreme.justia.com/us/550/124/case.html) (2007) Dissenting
Ricci v. DeStefano, 129 S. Ct. 2658 (2009) Dissenting
Ginsburg Precedent
More than a decade passed between the two successive terms in which Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer were appointed and the date another
justice left the Court. By that time, both the Congress and the White House had switched to Republican control. When O'Connor announced
her retirement in the summer of 2005, with Chief Justice Rehnquist's death a few months later, both sides began to squabble about just what
kinds of questions President George W. Bush's nominees would be expected to answer. The debate heated up when hearings for Roberts
began in September 2005. Republicans used an argument they called the "Ginsburg Precedent", which centered on Ginsburg's confirmation
hearings.[25] In those hearings, she did not answer questions involving matters such as abortion, gay rights, separation of church and state,
and disability rights. Only one witness testified against Ginsburg at her confirmation hearings, and the hearings lasted only four days.[25]
In a September 28, 2005, speech at Wake Forest University, Ginsburg said that Roberts' refusal to answer questions during his Senate
confirmation hearings on some cases was "unquestionably right".[26] Democrats had taken issue with Roberts' refusal to answer certain
questions, saying Ginsburg had made her views very clear, even if she did not comment on some specific matters, and that because of her
lengthy tenure as a judge, many of her legal opinions were already available for review.
During Roberts' confirmation hearings, Senators Joe Biden (Delaware), Orrin Hatch (Utah), and Roberts himself brought up Ginsburg's
hearings several times as they argued over what questions she answered and what Roberts was expected to answer. The precedent was again
cited several times during the confirmation hearings for Justice Samuel Alito.
1997 vice-presidential inauguration
Ginsburg administered, at his request, Vice President Al Gore's oath of office to a second term during the second presidential inauguration of
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4. Ruth Bader Ginsburg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg
Clinton on January 20, 1997.
Personal life
A few days after graduating from Cornell, Ruth Bader married Martin D. Ginsburg, later an internationally prominent tax lawyer, and then
(after they moved from New York to Washington DC, upon her accession to the D.C. Circuit) professor of law at Georgetown University
Law Center. Their daughter Jane (born 1955) is a professor at Columbia Law School, and their son James Steven Ginsburg (born 1965) is
founder and president of Cedille Records, a classical-music recording company based in Chicago, Illinois. After the birth of their daughter,
her husband was diagnosed with testicular cancer. During this period, Ginsburg attended class and took notes for both of them; typed her
husband's papers to his dictation; and cared for their daughter and her sick husband – all while making the Harvard Law Review. They
celebrated their 56th wedding anniversary on June 23, 2010. Martin Ginsburg died of complications from metastatic cancer on June 27,
2010.[27]
Some Supreme Court justices and other prominent figures attend the Red Mass held every fall in Washington, D.C. at the Cathedral of St.
Matthew the Apostle. Ginsburg explained her reason for no longer attending: "I went one year, and I will never go again, because this sermon
was outrageously anti-abortion," Ginsburg said in the book Stars of David: Prominent Jews Talk About Being Jewish by Abigail Pogrebin.
"Even the Scalias – although they're much of that persuasion – were embarrassed for me."[28]
Illness
Ginsburg was diagnosed with colon cancer in 1999 and underwent surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. During the
process, she did not miss a day on the bench.[29] On February 5, 2009, she again underwent surgery related to pancreatic cancer.[30]
Ginsburg's tumor was discovered at an early stage.[30] Ginsburg was released from a New York hospital, eight days after the surgery and
heard oral arguments again four days later. On September 24, 2009, Ginsburg was hospitalized for lightheadedness following an outpatient
treatment for iron deficiency and was released the following day.[31]
Future plans
With the retirement of John Paul Stevens in 2010, Ginsburg became, at 77 years of age, the eldest justice on the Court.[32] Despite rumors
she would retire as a result of old age, poor health, and the death of her husband,[33][34] she denied she was planning to step down. In an
August 2010 interview, Ginsburg stated that the Court's work was helping her cope with the death of her husband and suggested she would
serve until at least 2012 when a painting that used to hang in her office is due to be returned to her.[32] She also expressed a wish to emulate
Justice Louis Brandeis, who retired at 82,[32] an age that Ginsburg would attain in 2015.
Recognition
In 2009, Forbes named her among the 100 Most Powerful Women.[35]
See also
Bill Clinton U.S. Supreme Court candidates List of U.S. Supreme Court cases during the Rehnquist
Demographics of the U.S. Supreme Court Court
List of Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court List of U.S. Supreme Court cases during the Roberts Court
List of law clerks of the U.S. Supreme Court List of U.S. Supreme Court Justices by time in office
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/2009/11/power-women-09_The-100-Most-Powerful- 100-Most-Powerful-Women_Rank_2.html.
Women_Rank_2.html) . Forbes. August 19, 2009.
Bibliography
Clinton, Bill (2005). My Life. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 140003003X.
Garner, Bryan A.; Ginsburg, Ruth Bader (foreword) (2009). "Foreword". Garner on Language and Writing. Chicago: American
Bar Association. ISBN 9781590315880.
External links
Supreme Court (http://www.supremecourt.gov/) official site with biographies (http://www.supremecourt.gov/about
/biographies.aspx)
Profile (http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=865) at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication
of the Federal Judicial Center
Legal resources (http://www.loc.gov/law/find/court-confirmed.php#ginsburg) at the Law Library of Congress
Biography and writings (http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/justices/ginsburg.bio.html) at the Legal Information Institute
Profile (http://www.oyez.org/justices/ruth_bader_ginsburg) at the Oyez Project
Appearances (http://www.c-spanvideo.org/ruthginsburg) on C-SPAN
Profile (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0046029) at the Internet Movie Database
Financial information (http://www.opensecrets.org/pfds/candlook.php?CID=N99999924) at OpenSecrets.org
Collected news and commentary (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/g/ruth_bader_ginsburg) at The New
York Times
Works by or about Ruth Bader Ginsburg (http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50-29918) in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Profile (http://www.nndb.com/people/679/000023610) at Notable Names Database
Voices on Antisemitism Interview with Ruth Bader Ginsburg (http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/antisemitism/voices
/transcript/?content=20061109) from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
Legal offices
Judge of the Court of Appeals for the District of
Preceded by Succeeded by
Columbia Circuit
Harold Leventhal David Tatel
1980–1993
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United
Preceded by
States Incumbent
Byron White
1993–present
United States order of precedence
Preceded by Succeeded by
Order of Precedence of the United States
Clarence Thomas as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Stephen Breyer
as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg&oldid=465701771"
Categories: 1933 births American female lawyers American Jews American legal scholars American women judges
People with cancer Colorectal cancer survivors Columbia Law School alumni Columbia University faculty
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Living people Members of the American Civil Liberties Union New York lawyers Pancreatic cancer survivors
People from Brooklyn Rutgers School of Law–Newark faculty Tulane University Law School faculty
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Jimmy Carter United States federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton
United States Supreme Court justices
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