The Most Attractive Hyderabad Call Girls Kothapet đ 6297143586 đ Will You Mis...
Â
FIGHT CANCER
1. WE CAN FIGHT
CANCER
World Cancer Day
04.02.22
PROF (DR) VIYATPRAJNA ACHARYA
MD,
PHD
KIMS & PBMH, BHUBANESWAR
2. Close the care gap
(Theme for world cancer day-2022)
ï” The theme aims to raise awareness about the vast difference in cancer care and
prevention that people from different sections of society can avail.
05-04-2022
6. What is cancer?
ï”A group of diseases in which cells grow
abnormally
ï”Malignant neoplasm
ï”Simply âMalignancyâ
05-04-2022
7. Tumour and cancer are not synonymous
Tumourâ Abnormal, excessive, uncoordinated, autonomous and
purposeless proliferation of cells
Benignâ Doesnât spread to distant sites and destroy the tissue of
origin
Malignantâ Destroys the tissue of origin and spreads to distant sites
via blood stream and lymphatic system
05-04-2022
9. World burden
ïź 18.1 M new cases and 9.6M deaths in 2018
ïź 1 in 5 men and 1 in 6 women develop CA in their lifetime
ïź 1in 8 men and 1 in 11 women die of the disease
ïź The total number of people who are alive within 5 years of a
cancer diagnosis, called the 5-year prevalence, is
estimated to be 43.8 million.
05-04-2022
10. Cancer burden of World Vs India
ï” Good news: India not in top most 50 countries in the world!
ï” The National Cancer Registry Programme Report 2020, released by the Indian
Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Tuesday, estimates there will be 13.9 lakh
cases of cancer in India in 2020, and that this number is likely to rise to 15.7 lakh by
2025.
ï” The projected incidence of patients with cancer in India among males was 679,421
(94.1 per 100,000) and among females 712,758 (103.6 per 100,000) for the year
2020. One in 68 males (lung cancer), 1 in 29 females (breast cancer), and 1 in 9
Indians will develop cancer during their lifetime
05-04-2022
11. Cancer burden in Odishaâ
no population based cancer registry!!!
2 studies on AHRCC data only
⹠mean age of 47.5 ± 15.5 years,
âą 44% males.
âą The most common cancers among males were oral (14%), gastric
(13%) and lung (10%) cancers.
âą For females, among the most common cancers were breast (26%),
cervix (21%), ovary (11%) gastric (5%) and gall bladder (3.7%).
⹠7% cancer patients were aged †20 years. Acute lymphoblastic
leukemia, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma and
brain tumors were most common in this age group.
âą Cancer index is better than other states
05-04-2022
12. The many colors of cancer
âą Lung cancer: white
âą Brain cancer: grey
âą Breast cancer: pink
âą Liver cancer: emerald green
âą Lymphoma: lime green
âą Prostate cancer: light blue
âą Stomach cancer: periwinkle blue
âą Bone cancer: yellow
âą Leukemia: orange
âą Colon cancer: dark blue
05-04-2022
13. What happens at cellular /molecular level,
how we diagnose??
05-04-2022
15. CARCINOMA VS SARCOMA
âą Carcinoma â CA of skin or
epithelium
âą Sarcoma - cancer of connective
tissues such as bones, muscles,
cartilage, and blood vessels.
âą Leukemia -cancer of bone
marrow, which creates blood
cells.
âą Lymphoma and myeloma -cancers
of the immune system.
05-04-2022
16. What are the causes??
ï” Multifactorial
ï” Familial/ Genetic factorsâ5% of all CA
ï” Racial or geographical factors
ï” Environmental factors
ï” Age âOlder age
ï” GenderâM>F
05-04-2022
17. Carcinogenesis & Carcinogens
Carcinogenesisâ Induction of cancer
Carcinogensâ Agents that cause cancer
1.Chemical carcinogens
2. Physical carcinogens
3. Biological carcinogens
4. Hormonal carcinogens
05-04-2022
18. 1. Chemical carcinogens
ï” Initiatorsâ initiate the process
ï” Promotersâ Lack carcinogenic potential but
help in proliferation of initiated cells
Initiating carcinogens
Direct acting Indirect acting (Procarcinogens)
Metabolic activation
Ultimate carcinogens
Reactive electrophiles
No metabolic activation
Interact with neutrophiles (DNA)
Mutation in DNA
05-04-2022
19. ï” Direct acting carcinogensâ Alkylating agents e.g.
anti- cancer drugs
Aceylating agents e.g. acetyl imidazole
ï” Indirect acting carcinogens (Procarcinogens)â
Aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines
ï” Promoters of carcinogenesisâ Phenols, hormones,
Phenobarbital, artificial sweeteners
05-04-2022
20. Xenoestrogens
ï” 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) (sunscreen lotions)
ï” Butylated hydroxyanisole / BHA (food preservative)
ï” Atrazine (weedkiller)
ï” Bisphenol A (monomer for polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resin)
ï” BPS- insecticides and pesticides
ï” Antioxidant in plasticizers
ï” Dieldrin (insecticide)
ï” DDT (insecticide)
ï” Endosulfan (insecticide)
ï” Erythrosine / FD&C Red No. 3
ï” Heptachlor (insecticide)
05-04-2022
âą Phenosulfothiazine (a red dye)
âą Phthalates (plasticizers)
âą DEHP (plasticizer for PVC)
emulsion polymerization; laboratory
detergents; pesticides)
âą Polychlorinated biphenyls / PCBs (in
electrical oils, lubricants,
adhesives, paints)
âą Parabens (lotions)
âą Lindane / hexachlorocyclohexane
(insecticide)
âą Methoxychlor (insecticide)
âą Nonylphenol and derivatives
(industrial surfactants; emulsifiers for
24. Plastic alternatives- Milk protein, chicken feathers,
Liquid wood, PLA polyesters (lactic acid)
The contemporary milk-based plastic doesnât crack easily, and it is less toxic
25. 2. Physical carcinogens
ï” UV rays, ionizing radiations
ï” Non-radiation physical agentsâ various injuries
ï” UV radiationsâ pyrimidine dimers in DNA, elimination of bases or
breaking or cross-linking of single or double strands of DNA
ï” Ionizing radiationsâ directly alter cellular DNA or generate free radicals
26. 3.Biologic carcinogens
ï” Viruses, bacteria & parasites
ï” Viruses are more important
ï” DNA and RNA viruses
ï” DNA virusesâ HPV, EBV, HBV
ï” RNA virusesâ Rous sarcoma virus, HTLV-I & II
29. Stress and immunity
ï” â stress- ârisk for cancer
ï” Stress is related to risky behaviours
like Gutkha chewing, smoking,
boozing
ï” â stress- âimmunity
ï” Immune system -protects us against infectious non-
self (pathogens) but also against malignant self
(cancer).
ï” Many cell types belonging to both the innate (NK cells
and macrophages) and the adaptive (T and B cells)
immune systems seem to be involved in cancer control
05-04-2022
32. What is 5 year cancer survival rate?
ï” After detection of cancer how many years a patient will
survive is counted in 5 years
ï” Lowest survival rate- mesothelioma (7.2%), pancreatic
cancer (7.3%) and brain cancer (12.8%)
ï” highest five-year survival estimates are seen in patients
with testicular cancer (97%), melanoma of skin (92.3%)
and prostate cancer (88%).
05-04-2022
33. What is cancer staging? What is TNM??
ï” Clinical
ï” Pathological
ï” Post-cancer staging
05-04-2022