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Introduction to forestsIntroduction to forests
Vivek SrivastavaVivek Srivastava
Forest
• Forest is defined as a plant community
predominantly of trees and woody
vegetation, usually with closed canopy.
• Legally it is defined as an area proclaimed
to be forest under forest law.
• Also it is defined as area set aside for the
production of timber and other forest
produce, or maintained under woody
vegetation for certain indirect benefits.
• Principal species
• Accessory species
• Auxiliary species
Forest classification- On basis
of age
• Even aged
• Uneven aged
Forest classification- On basis
of growing stock
• Normal forest
• Abnormal forest
Forest classification- On basis
of regeneration
• High forest
• Coppice forest
Forest classification- On basis
of species composition
• Pure
• Mixed
Forest types of India- Champion
and Seth classification- 1935
• Five major groups
• 16 groups
• Further sub groups
1. TROPICAL WET EVERGREEN
2. TROPICAL SEMI EVERGREEN
3. TROPICAL MOIST DECIDUOUS
4. LITTORAL AND SWAMP
5. TROPICAL DRY DECIDUOUS
6. TROPICAL THORN
7. TROPICAL DRY EVERGREEN
8. SUB TROPICAL BROAD LEAVED
9. SUB TROPICAL PINE
10.SUB TROPICAL DRY EVERGREEN
11.MOUNTAIN WET TENMPERATE
12.HIMALAYAN MOIST TEMPERATE
13.HIMALYAN DRY TEMPERATE
14.SUB ALPINE
15.MOIST ALPINE
16.DRY ALPINE
Point of economy :
Forest lands can be utilized as grazing
grounds for livestock. Great demand for timber
which resulted into development of commercial
forestry. Many products like charcoal wood,
pulp and matchwood, canes, rose wood, sandal
wood, lac, resins, honey, herb, fruits, dyes, tans,
kendu are obtained from forest which highly
commercial value both conservation and
development of forest resource is as important
as agriculture and industry.
FOREST TYPES
AND THEIR
DISTRIBUTION IN
INDIA
Forest Types :
Terrain, climate, soil and water conditions
greatly influence the character and type of
vegetation. The Himalayan region, possesses a
variety of vegetation with a distinctive character of
alpine type at higher altitudes and this region is
clearly distinguished from the rest of the country.
Climatic factors mainly temperature and rainfall
determine which plant community can flourish in a
specific habitat. Soils and drainage considerably
introduce modifications, and thus we have edaphic
types such as the tidal forests.
Tropical moist deciduous
Tropical dry deciduous forests
Thorn forests.
Tidal forests.
The Himalayan Temperate and Alpine
forests
Tropical wet evergreen
• Maharashtra, TN, Kerala, Karnataka,
Andaman's, NE India, WB , Assam and
Orissa
• Dipterocarpus, Mesua, Hopea,
Artocarpus, Mangifera, Syzygium
Tropical semi evergreen forest
• Western Ghats, Karnataka, Kerala,
Andamans, WB, Assam, Coastal parts of
Orissa
• Kylia, Terminalia, Hopea, Dipterocarpus
Tropical Moist deciduous
• Andamans, Gujrat, Karnataka, TN,
Maharastra, M.P, Kerala
• Teak, Grewia, Lagestromia, Terminalia,
Adina, Sal
Littoral and Swamp forest
• Coastal regions, Estuaries of rivers
• Casuarina, Manikara, Calophyllum,
Pongamia, Rhizophora, Avicinnia,
Xylocarpus
Tropical dry deciduous
• MP, Gujrat, Maharastra, A.P, Karnatka,
T.N, HP, UP, Bihar, Orissa , Rajasthan
• Teak, Terminalia, Anogeissus latifolia,
Diospyros, Acacia catechu.
Tropical thorn forest
• Dry peninsular India, M.P. Semi and arid
areas of Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujrat, Up
and MP
• Acacia catechu, Acacia nilotica, Albizzia,
Prosopis
Tropical dry evergreen forest
• Coastal belt from Tirunelveli to nellore
• Azadiracta indica, Canthium, Syzygium
Subtropical Broadleaved hill
forest
• South India hills, Eastern Himalayas and
Khasi hills
• Wightiana, Canthium, Syzygium,
Mangifera
Sub tropical pine forest
• Central Himalayas, Manipur hills
• Chir, Deodar, Kail, Quercus,
Rhododendron
Sub tropical dry evergreen
forest
• Himalayas
• Acacia modesta, Olea cuspidata,
Montane wet temperate forest
• Hills of TN and Kerala
• Larger stroemia, Syzygium,
Rhododendron, Michelia
Himalayan moist temperate
• Himalayas
• Quercus incana, Q.dilatata, Chir pine
Himalayan dry temperate
• Kashmir, HP, Uttarakhand, Sikkim,
Arunachal Pradesh
• Pinus sp. Blue pine, Deodar
Sub alpine forest
• Himalayas
• Abies densa, Abies spectabilis, Junipers,
Spruce
Moist Alpine
• Above 3400m Altitude
• Rhododendron, Birch
Dry Alpine
• Xerophytic conditions
• Junipers, Wallichiana,
Importance of natural vegetation and forests :
Forest constitute one of the most important basic
natural resources of the country.
Ecological view :
Forests help in occurrence of rainfall, promote soil
conservation in catchment areas, regulate runoff, improve
moisture holding capacity of the soils and maintain
ecological balance.
Distribution of Forest Lands :
According to 2000-01 statistics, the
forest land occupied about 675538 Sq.K.m. which
accounts for 20.55% per cent of the total
geographical area of the country. The largest
area forest land 77265 Sq.K.m. is seen in Madhya
Pradesh while the lowest 1745 Sq.K.m is in
Haryana.
Highest concentration of forest land
is registered I Arunachal Pradesh state with 62.1
per cent of its geographical area while the lowest
concentration is in Haryana state with 3.8 per
cent. The Andaman and Nicobar islands are also
found with high concentration of forest cover.
Development of Forests :
Problems:
The continuous chaotic growth of population
and greed of the present man’s short sighted and
unplanned commercial and subsistence gathering
activities like indiscriminate lumbering, charcoal
burning, firewood collection, over grazing and
jhumming type of cultivation and annual forest fires
have been causing considerable damage to forest
wealth system in our country. Forests in India have
been degenerated and degraded into barren and
unproductive lands. To alleviate this serious concern,
the development of different kinds of forests on war-
foot lines is an important means at this end.
Forest classification

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Forest classification

  • 1. Introduction to forestsIntroduction to forests Vivek SrivastavaVivek Srivastava
  • 2. Forest • Forest is defined as a plant community predominantly of trees and woody vegetation, usually with closed canopy. • Legally it is defined as an area proclaimed to be forest under forest law. • Also it is defined as area set aside for the production of timber and other forest produce, or maintained under woody vegetation for certain indirect benefits.
  • 3. • Principal species • Accessory species • Auxiliary species
  • 4. Forest classification- On basis of age • Even aged • Uneven aged
  • 5. Forest classification- On basis of growing stock • Normal forest • Abnormal forest
  • 6. Forest classification- On basis of regeneration • High forest • Coppice forest
  • 7. Forest classification- On basis of species composition • Pure • Mixed
  • 8. Forest types of India- Champion and Seth classification- 1935 • Five major groups • 16 groups • Further sub groups
  • 9. 1. TROPICAL WET EVERGREEN 2. TROPICAL SEMI EVERGREEN 3. TROPICAL MOIST DECIDUOUS 4. LITTORAL AND SWAMP 5. TROPICAL DRY DECIDUOUS 6. TROPICAL THORN 7. TROPICAL DRY EVERGREEN 8. SUB TROPICAL BROAD LEAVED 9. SUB TROPICAL PINE 10.SUB TROPICAL DRY EVERGREEN 11.MOUNTAIN WET TENMPERATE 12.HIMALAYAN MOIST TEMPERATE 13.HIMALYAN DRY TEMPERATE 14.SUB ALPINE 15.MOIST ALPINE 16.DRY ALPINE
  • 10. Point of economy : Forest lands can be utilized as grazing grounds for livestock. Great demand for timber which resulted into development of commercial forestry. Many products like charcoal wood, pulp and matchwood, canes, rose wood, sandal wood, lac, resins, honey, herb, fruits, dyes, tans, kendu are obtained from forest which highly commercial value both conservation and development of forest resource is as important as agriculture and industry.
  • 12. Forest Types : Terrain, climate, soil and water conditions greatly influence the character and type of vegetation. The Himalayan region, possesses a variety of vegetation with a distinctive character of alpine type at higher altitudes and this region is clearly distinguished from the rest of the country. Climatic factors mainly temperature and rainfall determine which plant community can flourish in a specific habitat. Soils and drainage considerably introduce modifications, and thus we have edaphic types such as the tidal forests.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 16.
  • 18.
  • 20.
  • 22.
  • 23. The Himalayan Temperate and Alpine forests
  • 24.
  • 25. Tropical wet evergreen • Maharashtra, TN, Kerala, Karnataka, Andaman's, NE India, WB , Assam and Orissa • Dipterocarpus, Mesua, Hopea, Artocarpus, Mangifera, Syzygium
  • 26. Tropical semi evergreen forest • Western Ghats, Karnataka, Kerala, Andamans, WB, Assam, Coastal parts of Orissa • Kylia, Terminalia, Hopea, Dipterocarpus
  • 27. Tropical Moist deciduous • Andamans, Gujrat, Karnataka, TN, Maharastra, M.P, Kerala • Teak, Grewia, Lagestromia, Terminalia, Adina, Sal
  • 28. Littoral and Swamp forest • Coastal regions, Estuaries of rivers • Casuarina, Manikara, Calophyllum, Pongamia, Rhizophora, Avicinnia, Xylocarpus
  • 29. Tropical dry deciduous • MP, Gujrat, Maharastra, A.P, Karnatka, T.N, HP, UP, Bihar, Orissa , Rajasthan • Teak, Terminalia, Anogeissus latifolia, Diospyros, Acacia catechu.
  • 30. Tropical thorn forest • Dry peninsular India, M.P. Semi and arid areas of Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujrat, Up and MP • Acacia catechu, Acacia nilotica, Albizzia, Prosopis
  • 31. Tropical dry evergreen forest • Coastal belt from Tirunelveli to nellore • Azadiracta indica, Canthium, Syzygium
  • 32. Subtropical Broadleaved hill forest • South India hills, Eastern Himalayas and Khasi hills • Wightiana, Canthium, Syzygium, Mangifera
  • 33. Sub tropical pine forest • Central Himalayas, Manipur hills • Chir, Deodar, Kail, Quercus, Rhododendron
  • 34. Sub tropical dry evergreen forest • Himalayas • Acacia modesta, Olea cuspidata,
  • 35. Montane wet temperate forest • Hills of TN and Kerala • Larger stroemia, Syzygium, Rhododendron, Michelia
  • 36. Himalayan moist temperate • Himalayas • Quercus incana, Q.dilatata, Chir pine
  • 37. Himalayan dry temperate • Kashmir, HP, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh • Pinus sp. Blue pine, Deodar
  • 38. Sub alpine forest • Himalayas • Abies densa, Abies spectabilis, Junipers, Spruce
  • 39. Moist Alpine • Above 3400m Altitude • Rhododendron, Birch
  • 40. Dry Alpine • Xerophytic conditions • Junipers, Wallichiana,
  • 41. Importance of natural vegetation and forests : Forest constitute one of the most important basic natural resources of the country. Ecological view : Forests help in occurrence of rainfall, promote soil conservation in catchment areas, regulate runoff, improve moisture holding capacity of the soils and maintain ecological balance.
  • 42. Distribution of Forest Lands : According to 2000-01 statistics, the forest land occupied about 675538 Sq.K.m. which accounts for 20.55% per cent of the total geographical area of the country. The largest area forest land 77265 Sq.K.m. is seen in Madhya Pradesh while the lowest 1745 Sq.K.m is in Haryana. Highest concentration of forest land is registered I Arunachal Pradesh state with 62.1 per cent of its geographical area while the lowest concentration is in Haryana state with 3.8 per cent. The Andaman and Nicobar islands are also found with high concentration of forest cover.
  • 43. Development of Forests : Problems: The continuous chaotic growth of population and greed of the present man’s short sighted and unplanned commercial and subsistence gathering activities like indiscriminate lumbering, charcoal burning, firewood collection, over grazing and jhumming type of cultivation and annual forest fires have been causing considerable damage to forest wealth system in our country. Forests in India have been degenerated and degraded into barren and unproductive lands. To alleviate this serious concern, the development of different kinds of forests on war- foot lines is an important means at this end.