Computer Science Final Year

1. VALUE EDUCATION
Unit I:
Education is a social process; Education is growth;
Education is not preparation for life; Education is life itself. --- John Dewey
Values:
Values are the good habits that are contagious. They are passed down through
generations. Values bind us together and set us apart. Today, our society is seeing a
terrible amount of lack of value. People are discriminating and being discriminated
against. Value is a conception, explicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a
group of the desirable which influences the selection from available, means and ends of
action.
Values are the desirable ends, goals or modes of action which makes human behaviour
selective. Value not only orients but also determines human behaviour.
Classification of values:
1.Gail M. Inlaw Classification
* Traditional and cultural values
* Economic values
* Political values
* Values in science and technology
* Philosophical values
* Values of the new left
* Values of the back community
2. Spranger's Classification:
* Theoretical values
* Economic values
* Aesthetic values
* Social values
* Political values
* Religious values
3. Parker's Classification of Values:
* Biological values
* Economic values
* Affective values

2. * Social values
* Intellectual values
* Aesthetic values
* Moral values
* Religious value
Need of Value Education
“A 13 year old boy is a father of one”
“17-yr old shoots 15, kills self’
These are some of the incidents which were in news recently. Although these didn’t make
it to front page but that doesn’t mean that these should be neglected. If we scrutinize
these cases we will realize the fact that something was missing in the above mentioned
students. That filler is of “Value Education”.
We are living in the world which is full of temptation. There are friends who want
companion to help them in wrong doings. There are people who will offer easy but wrong
choices. Without the backing of Value Education picked during school life, the students
will face life nervously and slip into a lifestyle where the only values will be of survival
at any cost which is quiet evident from the above mentioned cases. The guy who killed
15 others has survived in the minds of the people but at the cost of his own life.
In our own country, we are producing talented students every year who are able to mark
their presence in national as well as international scenario. But how many of them are
having value education inculcated in them? I do not doubt their talent, but the point to be
discussed is "are they really having that feeling of patriotism, love for nation in them?”
Let’s keep aside the students, what about the normal public or those who are sitting on
respectable positions are they possessing this filler in them? Only handful is the answer
Values are actually a very special power in the universe. It is one our minds can grasp for
the purpose of uplifting life. Values are actually spiritual skills -- a divine gift that comes
to us from the infinite Source of things. The highest of principles -- such as Oneness,
Love, Beauty, and others -- descend from the heavens, and are reinterpreted as values by
our minds. For example, the spiritual principle of Oneness is recognized by our minds as
values of cooperation, integration, teamwork, and others. Likewise, the universal
principle of Love expresses through values of goodness, selflessness, self-givingness,
openness, tolerance, respect for others, and a number of others.
Tolerance, openness, respect for the individual, and teamwork are several great human
values, while Oneness, Love, Beauty, and Truth are some of higher spiritual values that
they derive from. At certain points, the human and spiritual values come together and
blend into one another, expressing through spiritualized human values such as
selflessness, self-givingness, and gratitude.

3. Values education:
Values education is a term used to name several things, and there is much academic
controversy surrounding it. Some regard it as all aspects of the process by which teachers
(and other adults) transmit values to pupils. Others see it as an activity that can take place
in any organisation during which people are assisted by others, who may be older, in a
position of authority or are more experienced, to make explicit those values underlying
their own behaviour, to assess the effectiveness of these values and associated behaviour
for their own and others' long term well-being and to reflect on and acquire other values
and behaviour which they recognise as being more effective for long term well-being of
self and others.
This means that values education can take place at home, as well as in schools, colleges,
universities, offenders institutions and voluntary youth organisations. There are two main
approaches to values education. Some see it as inculcating or transmitting a set of values
which often come from societal or religious rules or cultural ethics . Others see it as a
type of Socratic dialogue where people are gradually brought to their own realisation of
what is good behaviour for themselves and their community.
There has been very little reliable research on the results of values education classes, but
there are some encouraging preliminary results.
• explicit values education is associated with those different pedagogies,
methods or programmes that teachers or educators use in order to create learning
experiences for students when it comes to value questions.
• Implicit values education on the other hand covers those aspects of the
educational experience resulting in value influence osex r learning, which can be
related to the concept of hidden curriculum.
Value education is important to help everyone in improving the value system that he/she
holds and put them to use. Once, everyone has understood their values in life they can
examine and control the various choices they make in their life. One has to frequently
uphold the various types of values in his life such as cultural values, universal values,
personal values and social values.
Thus, value education is always essential to shape one's life and to give him an
opportunity of performing himself on the global stage. The need for value education
among the parents, children, teachers etc, is constantly increasing as we continue to
witness increasing violent activities, behavioral disorder, lack of unity in the society etc.
The family system in India has a long tradition of imparting value education. But with the
progress of modernity and fast changing role of the parents it has not been very easy for
the parents to impart relevant values in their wards. Therefore many institutes today
conduct various value education programs that are addressed to rising problems of the
modern society. These programs concentrate on the development of the children, young
adults etc. focusing on areas like happiness, humility, cooperation, honesty, simplicity,
love, unity, peace etc.

4. Self-confidence
Self-discipline can be considered a type of selective training, creating new habits of
thought, action, and speech toward improving yourself and reaching goals. Self-discipline
can also be task oriented and selective. View self-discipline as positive effort, rather than
one of denial. Self-discipline is the ability to get yourself to take action regardless of your
emotional state.
The word confidence originates from the Latin “confidere”, meaning to trust. Trusting
and believing in ourselves, having faith in our ability in whatever situation we need to
perform.
The socio-psychological concept of self-confidence relates to self-assuredness in one's
personal judgment, ability, power, etc., sometimes manifested excessively.
Another definition is the belief of believing in you; to believe that one is able to
accomplish what one sets out to do, to overcome obstacles and challenges (Peixe, 2009).
Compare:
• confidence (often equivalent to self-confidence)
• hubris (excessive self-confidence)
• self-esteem (conceit, or favourable opinion of oneself, or self-acceptance).
Lack of self-confidence is called timidness or timidity. Being afraid of failure is a sign
of this.
The five pillars of self-discipline are: Acceptance, Willpower, Hard Work, Industry, and
Persistence.
Source of self confidence
Recent studies (Peixe, 2009) show that self confidence is something you act on, not
something you learn. Ex: dressing sharper and more often, getting a stylish haircut, and
overall making appearance more appealing to others. Waking up in the morning, getting
dressed well can make a person feel far more confident in their daily routine, and this
newfound confidence radiates in any interaction. It takes time and practice, but will
certainly work.
Important Values in Society – Empathy
The most important values in life and in society revolve around empathy. How can one
concentrate on co-existing on the same planet, without a speck of empathy. We need to
be able to accept others for what they are, not what they can do for us. We need to stop
concentrating on how we can reduce competition and focus on how we can grow

5. together. While we all have to look out for ourselves at the end of the day, we need to
remember this quote, "The day we stop fighting for each other, we stop being humans!"
Self-empathy:
Self-empathy is a peculiar process. It is one that often comes last on our list of personal
development "must do's" and yet it has such tremendous power to support, nurture and
strengthen our spirit and resiliency.
Empathy allows us to re-perceive our world in a new, fresh way and move on. By move
on I do not mean forget, repress, leave behind, but rather, to find meaning, to remember
the specialness of what we are, to be with ourselves in a way that engenders growth
rather than self-hatred or self-forgetting.
With self-empathy, practiced with compassion and Presence we can move beyond guilt,
shame, anger to healing. We can move beyond right and wrong to what needs or values
we were meeting and an awareness of other needs that we may have liked to give more
attention to or acted in more harmony with. When we hear internal self-criticism we are
really saying "I am not acting in harmony with my own needs or values" and this is an
opportunity to celebrate this awareness and self connection.
Compassion
Compassion (from Latin: "co-suffering") is a virtue —one in which the emotional
capacities of empathy and sympathy (for the suffering of others) are regarded as a part of
love itself, and a cornerstone of greater social interconnectedness and humanism —
foundational to the highest principles in philosophy, society, and personhood.
There is an aspect of compassion which regards a quantitative dimension, such that
individual's compassion is often given a property of "depth," "vigour," or "passion." More
vigorous than empathy, the feeling commonly gives rise to an active desire to alleviate
another's suffering. It is often, though not inevitably, the key component in what
manifests in the social context as altruism. In ethical terms, the various expressions down
the ages of the so-called Golden Rule embody by implication the principle of
compassion: Do to others what you would have them do to you.
Forgiveness:
Forgiveness is typically defined as the process of concluding resentment, indignation or
anger as a result of a perceived offense, difference or mistake, and/or ceasing to demand
punishment or restitution. The Oxford English Dictionary defines forgiveness as 'to grant
free pardon and to give up all claim on account of an offense or debt'. The concept and
benefits of forgiveness have been explored in religious thought, the social sciences and
medicine. Forgiveness may be considered simply in terms of the person who forgives
including forgiving themselves, in terms of the person forgiven and/or in terms of the
relationship between the forgiver and the person forgiven. In some contexts, forgiveness
may be granted without any expectation of restorative justice, and without any response

6. on the part of the offender (for example, one may forgive a person who is
incommunicado or dead). In practical terms, it may be necessary for the offender to offer
some form of acknowledgment, apology, and/or restitution, or even just ask for
forgiveness, in order for the wronged person to believe himself able to forgive.
Most world religions include teachings on the nature of forgiveness, and many of these
teachings provide an underlying basis for many varying modern day traditions and
practices of forgiveness. Some religious doctrines or philosophies place greater emphasis
on the need for humans to find some sort of divine forgiveness for their own
shortcomings, others place greater emphasis on the need for humans to practice
forgiveness of one another, yet others make little or no distinction between human and/or
divine forgiveness.
Courage:
Courage, bravery, fortitude, will, and intrepidity, is the ability to confront fear, pain,
risk/danger, uncertainty, or intimidation. "Physical courage" is courage in the face of
physical pain, hardship, death, or threat of death, while "moral courage" is the ability to
act rightly in the face of popular opposition, shame, scandal, or discouragement.
Important Values in Society – Honesty:
We all claim to follow the above values in society, right? In our own way, we think we
are perfect. Honesty in society is to accept yourself for what you are, and let everyone
know that as well. This honesty will help you make yourself better, simply because you
had the ability to admit your flaws and work towards improving yourself. It is this
honesty that will make others helps you out, not because you need it. But, because they
have flaws too, which you can help out with. This honesty will help us follow the other
values in society and, truly, "heal the world"! But, you could always gain more
perspective by knowing is honesty the best policy?
Unit II:
Karma Yoga in Hinduism:
This yoga aims to reverse the natural order workings of karma. Karma is generated by
every action a person performs during their lives, and, it is the working out of karma that
requires rebirth after death. So, Karma Yoga reasons, if a person could live without
generating karma, then there would be nothing to cause rebirth.
This task is accomplished by detachment, namely, the detachment of one's Self (one's
atman) from one's actions. This is done by removing all involvement, including one's
intent, from their activity. This can be accomplished either through the knowledge of

7. one's true Self (like Jnana yoga) or by putting all the actions onto one's god (following a
path similar to Bhakti yoga).
Karma yoga basically consists of entirely selfless service, in which the Ego is given up to
the desire to serve the divine in every thing, be it man, animal or plant.
Karma Yoga is also the path of doing the right thing, of following ones' personal Dharma
and accepting destiny as it comes. If the Karma Yogi is a householder, he will accept that
role as much as he would accept the role of a servant to any in need, without seeking any
remuneration in the shape of wealth, satisfaction, name or fame.
Karma means action, including all acts done by the individual from birth to death. One
who is not attached to his actions and performs actions because they are unavoidable,
performs karma with a disinterested interest and does not adopt wrong means.
Karma performed by right means does not harm anybody and is in accordance with the
law of dharma. That is karma yoga. To drop the doer from the action is karma yoga. To
see oneself as a mere tool of the divine and to offer the fruit of our actions to the divine,
is karma yoga. Karma Yoga is an expression of divine love, of the unity of everything
that is yoga. Karma Yoga means to help, heal, and share.
Of course, solutions are as illusionary as their problems. The only help one can truly give
is in promoting truth and spiritual growth, the only real end to any suffering. Thus
teaching is an integral part of karma yoga and also the teacher should be aware that the
result of the teaching is out of his or her hands and that the power of the teaching comes
from nowhere but the divine. To teach means to let the divine word speak for itself.
To act, to think, to feel and to do nothing. So if you act, act in selfless service, which is
Karma Yoga.
Karma-yoga begins with the understanding that selfish action binds the soul. By giving
up the fruits of action, one is relieved from the reactions to self-centred activities.This
does not mean giving up the activity itself, for karma-yoga, on a lower level,
recommends that all activities be linked to a greater cause. Karma-yoga specifically
refers to sacrifices offered to various deities to attain material necessities in this life and
the next, without accruing any reaction. On the highest level, karma-yoga means the
unreserved dedication of all activities to serve the Supreme Lord. Karma-yogis tend to
have a materially progressive attitude towards the world and their aim is often the
heavenly planets.
Christianity
Friendliness and Love
Christianity teaches us about the importance of friendliness and love. These qualities help
to bring together the members of the family, the community, and the nation. The Bible
teaches us that we should love our neighbors as ourselves (Matthew 22:39). It is love

8. which makes a person ready to share what he has with others.
Jesus also commanded his followers to love one another (John 13:34, 35). It is further
stressed in the Bible that love is the greatest human value (1 Corinthians 13:1-7,13).
Respect for Life
The life in us has been given to us by God, therefore, we must value human life greatly
and do everything to keep it and not destroy it. The Bible teaches us how to value life.
For example, when Cain killed his brother Abel, God was displeased. He considered it to
be a terrible sin, and cursed him (Genesis 4:8-12).
Killing a human being has been, from the earliest times, considered unlawful and
immoral. That is why one of the Ten Commandments given to the Israelites stated: Do
not commit murder (Exodus 20:13). Jesus further explained this commandment to mean
that we should not even be angry with other people (Matthew 5:21-24). Murder is,
therefore, not allowed in any society.
Justice
Justice is one of the important moral values on which other moral behaviors depend.
For instance, we must try to be fair and just to others. The trader should not tamper with
either his weighing scale or goods or sell his commodities above fixed prices. The civil
servant too should be honest and hardworking to justify the salary he or she receives
monthly. And most important of all, judges should administer justice without fear or
favor. They should always treat all men equally before the law.
Brotherhood in Islam:
The importance of brotherhood in Islam can not be over stressed. Accordingly if one of
the parts is injured or hurt then the rest of the body immediately feels that pain and is
certainly uncomfortable at the situation until it is rectified without delay. The
brotherhood of Muslims is a very deep and wide concept that gaurantees the safety and
well being of the Society at large. Islam being a complete way of life is primarily for the
society, it promotes a healthy and a well disciplined life style in every sense of the word.
It is forbidden, for example, for two Muslims to start a whispering conversation in the
presence of the third. This might offend the one left out and weaken the Brotherhood. It is
not permissible for a Muslim to sever relations with his brother for more than three days.
"It is sufficient evil for a Muslim that he should look down upon his brother. The life,
wealth, and honour of a Muslim are inviolable by another Muslim"
[Sahih Muslim].
Brotherhood is synonynous with Islam. It is a force for good, a purveyor of peace and
justice for everyone. It provides stablility in a quarrelsome world.Muslims are not
allowed to kill the women and children of their enemies even in war. A Muslim is not
really a believer if he eats his full while ignoring the plight of a hungry neighbour.

9. When giving commands regarding the Islamic Brotherhood, the Quran uses a beautiful
style with a profound message.
But when you enter the houses, greet one another with a greeting from Allâh (i.e. say:
As-Salâmu 'Alaikum - peace be on you) blessed and good.
O you who believe! Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it be a
trade amongst you, by mutual consent. And do not kill yourselves (nor kill one
another). Surely, Allâh is Most Merciful to you.
[Surah An-Nisaa Ayah 29].
"A Muslim is the brother of another Muslim. He does not oppress him, nor does he leave
him at the mercy of others." (Sahih Muslim Book 032, Number 6219)
The Prophet said, "None of you will have faith till he wishes for his (Muslim) brother
what he likes for himself." (Sahih Al-Bukhari Volume 1, Book 2, Number 12)
As the teachings of Islam clearly show us that Brotherhood and unity in Islam are based
solely on the `Aqeedah of Islam (which is the foundation of Muslim belief).
Compassion in Buddhism:
Compassion is that which makes the heart of the good move at the pain of others. It
crushes and destroys the pain of others; thus, it is called compassion. It is called
compassion because it shelters and embraces the distressed. - The Buddha.
Compassion or karuna is at the transcendental and experiential heart of the Buddha's
teachings. He was reputedly asked by his personal attendant, Ananda, "Would it be true
to say that the cultivation of loving kindness and compassion is a part of our practice?"
To which the Buddha replied, "No. It would not be true to say that the cultivation of
loving kindness and compassion is part of our practice. It would be true to say that the
cultivation of loving kindness and compassion is all of our practice."
The Dalai Lama has said, "If you want others to be happy, practice compassion. If you
want to be happy, practice compassion." The American monk Bhikkhu Bodhi states that
compassion "supplies the complement to loving-kindness: whereas loving-kindness has
the characteristic of wishing for the happiness and welfare of others, compassion has the
characteristic of wishing that others be free from suffering, a wish to be extended without
limits to all living beings.
At the same time, it is emphasised that in order to manifest effective compassion for
others it is first of all necessary to be able to experience and fully appreciate one's own
suffering and to have, as a consequence, compassion for oneself. The Buddha is reported
to have said, "It is possible to travel the whole world in search of one who is more worthy
of compassion than oneself. No such person can be found."
Compassion is the antidote to the self-chosen poison of anger.

10. Ahimsa in jainism:
In Jainism, the understanding and implementation of ahimsa is more radical,
scrupulous, and comprehensive than in any other religion. Non-violence is seen as the
most essential religious duty for everyone (ahi sā paramo dharma , a statement often
inscribed on Jain temples).
When Mahavira revived and reorganized the Jain movement in the 6th or 5th century
BCE, ahimsa was already an established, strictly observed rule. Parshva, the earliest Jain
leader (Tirthankar) whom modern Western historians consider to be a historical figure,
lived in about the 8th century BCE. He founded the community to which Mahavira’s
parents belonged. Ahimsa was already part of the "Fourfold Restraint" (Caujjama), the
vows taken by Parshva’s followers.
There is some evidence, however, that ancient Jain ascetics accepted meat as alms if the
animal had not been specifically killed for them. Modern Jains deny this vehemently,
especially with regard to Mahavira himself. According to the Jain tradition either lacto-
vegetarianism or veganism is mandatory.
Killing of animals for food is absolutely ruled out. Jains also make considerable efforts
not to injure plants in everyday life as far as possible. Jains go out of their way so as not
to hurt even small insects and other minuscule animals. Eating honey is strictly outlawed,
as it would amount to violence against the bees. Eating honey is strictly outlawed, as it
would amount to violence against the bees. because they consider harsh words to be a
form of violence, they often keep a cloth to ritually cover their mouth, as a reminder not
to allow violence in their speech.
In contrast, Jains agree with Hindus that violence in self-defense can be justified,[68] and
they agree that a soldier who kills enemies in combat is performing a legitimate duty.[69]
Jain communities accepted the use of military power for their defense, and there were
Jain monarchs, military commanders, and soldiers.
Unit III:
Society:
The relationship of men to one another when associated in any way; companionship;
fellowship; company.
The persons, collectively considered, who live in any region or at any period; any
community of individuals who are united together by a common bond of nearness or
intercourse; those who recognize each other as associates, friends, and acquaintances.
Unit IV:

11. Honesty:
As defined by positive psychologists, honesty and authenticity as a subset of courage
means more than simply telling the truth. It involves integrity in all areas of one’s life and
the ability to be true to oneself and one’s role in the world across circumstances.[11]
Though perhaps one would not immediately associate honesty with courage, there are
obvious situations in life where to be honest and authentic requires a great deal of
strength in the midst of fear. The positive view societies have of honesty can be seen
from the fact that it is something people try to develop in young children and
adolescents.[11] While all people seem to grow in their understanding of the moral
importance of honest and integrity as they grow older, there are certain individuals who
seem to especially excel in this human strength. This trait is important in many areas of
life, so much so that many measurements have been developed in an effort to identify
especially honest individuals. These measurements test both overt honesty, the thoughts
one has about blatant dishonesty such as stealing, and covert honesty, which is very
similar to conscientiousness and dependability. Of all the subcategories under courage in
the VIA, Honesty shows the most promise as a distinct, well defined area of
classification.
Important Values in Society - Mutual Respect
It is clear, we all have our strengths as well as weaknesses. Mutual respect means having
respect in our minds for everyone. Even if you are up against a person, wherein it is your
honor against theirs, it is important to have mutual respect. It is this respect that makes us
human. Without this respect, we become like animals. This respect can help us keep the
balance between welfare state and social Darwinism in society. We need to respect our
friends for their friendship and our enemies for their ability to be competitive and their
conviction. Mutual respect in one of the important values in a relationship.