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Nursing as a profession, education and transformation
1. Nursing as a Profession
Education and Transformation
Virginia McQueen
September, 13, 2017
2. This presentation will help you identify:
• Characteristics of a Profession
• Nursing’s position on Professionalism
• Barriers and Facilitators
• Influences on the Growth of the Baccalaureate Education
• How Media Images of Nursing are transformed through education
3. What dictates a Profession
• Flexner publishes a report in1910 about Medical Schools with suggestions for
implementing high standards for both admission and graduation
• Five years later, he publishes a list of criteria For all "True Professions"
• Hall publishes in 1968 a similar set of criteria for "attributes of professions
• 1990s Task Force on Professionalism came up with 10 characteristics of a
profession
• Huber had a definition in 2000
(Black, 2017, pp. 52-53)
4. Criteria for a profession by Huber
• A calling or vocation
• Provides a service to society
• Expertise
• Academic preparation (lengthy)
• Commitment
• Responsibility
(Black, 2017, p 53)
5. ‘While some of the early modern
nursing literature characterizes
nursing as “becoming “a profession,
the bulk of literature does not-it
already regards nursing as a
profession’ (Fowler, 2015, p. 53)
6. Nursing meets the Criteria
Profession
• A calling or vocation
• Provides a service to society
• Expertise
• Academic preparation (lengthy)
• Commitment
• Responsibility
Nursing Profession
• Caring
• Service Industry
• Licensed
• ADN, BSN or Diploma school
• CEUs and further education
• ANA Code of Ethics
7. Nursing meets the Criteria
Profession
• A calling or vocation
• Provides a service to society
• Expertise
• Academic preparation (lengthy)
• Commitment
• Responsibility
Nursing Profession
• Caring
• Service Industry
• Licensed
• ADN, BSN or Diploma school
• CEUs and further education
• ANA Code of Ethics
8. ANA (American Nurses Association) is a
strong force in Professionalism
• ‘Membership in a professional organization demonstrates commitment and a
willingness to be involved on a professional level beyond the typical
workplace responsibilities’ (Solheim, 2016)
• Has a Code of Ethics Standards of Practice, and other publications
• Promotes Nursing and Nursing Safety at the National and State levels
• Has Education benefits to keep Nurses current in their practice
• Helps Network
(http://www.nursingworld.org/)
9. Promotion of Nursing as a
Profession
• Education/Continuing Education
• Licensure
• Professional organizations
• Commitment to Caring
10. Education
• Florence Nightingale set the first standards for Nursing Practice. “Florence is also well
known as the founder of nurse training programs that provided a sound foundation for
nursing as a profession” (Steele. 2017, p. 59).
• Standards of Curriculum/Accreditation (Black, 2017)
• Nurses graduate from Diploma, ADN or BSN programs.
• Continuing Education
• Certification
• Evidence Based Practice-”EBP is aimed at hardwiring current knowledge into common care
decisions to improve care processes and patient outcomes.” (Stevens, 2013)
11. Licensure
• NCLEX-RN is the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses.
It is updated on a regular basis and taken by computer
• “A license issued by a governmental entity provides assurance to the public that the
nurse has met predetermined standards” NCBSN, 2011)
• Licensure by Endorsement –with proof of licensure, nurses may apply for a license
in another state
• Nursing Licensure Compact (NLC) improves the mobility of nurses by being able
to practice on one’s state license for 90 days in another state. It has been not been
adopted by all states
12. Professional Organizations
• “The purpose of both organizations included the development of standards of
practice and education. The superintendents, like the deans of today, concerned
themselves with educational standards and reforms.” (Lewenson, 2015)
• ANA formed in 1896. Focus on Standards of Practice, Code of Ethics and further
education
• NLN formed in 1893. Statement from their site : “NLN advances the field of
nursing education through professional development, research, student exam
services, nurse educator certification, public policy, and networking.”
(www.nln.org/membership/overview)
13. Commitment to Caring
• Nursing is a service profession.
• Nurses want to help others.
• The profession centers around Patient Care
14. Barriers to Professionalism in Nursing
• Three different types of nursing schools. Dissention between levels of
education on needing to be educated in a College of higher education.
• Female dominated field
• History of taking orders from hospital, Doctors and management
• Nursing Shortages promote a need for a quicker education
• Less than 10% of nurses join Professional Organizations
(Black, 2017)
15. Growth Toward a BSN
• 1934 study “Nursing Schools Today” suggests a BSN education
• ANA proposed BSN education in 1965, 1979 and later.
• NLN studies nursing and suggests BSN degree in 1982
• AACN in 1996 approved a statement supporting BSN education
• 2010 Tri-Council agrees with NY State’s Board of Nursing on the recommendation of a
“BSN in 10”. This recommendation is for nurses to obtain a BSN within 10 years of
graduation with an ADN
• Magnet Hospitals focus on a workforce with a larger BSN staff. “The Institute of Medicine
(IOM), Future of Nursing Initiative recommended that organizations should strive to
achieve 80% BSN prepared nurses by 2020” (https://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/nurse/magnet/faq.html)
• ADN to BSN programs with many online
(Black, 2017)
16. Nursing Image: Transforming Media
Interpretations through Professional Education
• Woodhull Study of 1977 finds that nurses are “invisible” to the public and media Nurses are
often seen in the media as sexy, tired, or not too smart. Male nurses often seen as “gay” (Weaver,
2014)
• Johnson & Johnson Campaign for Nursing’s Future started in 2002 to enhance the image of
Nursing
• The Truth about Nursing (2015) focuses on educating the public about nurses Roles using Social
Media. “Changing how the world thinks about nursing” (http://www.truthaboutnursing.org/)
• Nurses to Look and Act professional and follow standards of care
• Nurses be aware of negative media images and protest against them
• Nursing Organizations to work with media on positive images of nurses
• Education of nursing students about image and image control
(Black, 2017)
17. Social Media
Guidelines needed to stay professional
• Keep confidentiality by not posting any patient identifiers
• Stay within the law
• Follow your organization’s policy
• Keep personal and professional media separate
• Don’t post when you are tired or angry
• Watch for new and exciting new ways to use Social media for patient
education
18. References
Black, B.P. (ed. 8). (2017). Professional Nursing; Concepts & Challenges. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier, Inc.
Discover Nursing. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2017, from https://www.discovernursing.com/
(n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2017, from http://www.nln.org/
(n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2017, from http://www.nursingworld.org/
Fowler, M. D. (2015). Guide to Nursing’s social policy statement: understanding the profession from social contract to
social covenant. Silver Spring
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Magnet. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2017, from
https://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/nurse/magnet/faq.html
Lewenson, S., (May 31, 2015) "Overview and Summary: Cornerstone Documents in Healthcare: Our History, Our
Future" OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing Vol. 20, No. 2, Overview and Summary.
19. Ncbsn. (2011). What You Need to Know About Nursing Licensure and Boards of Nursing [Brochure]. Author.
https://www.ncsbn.org/Nursing_Licensure.pdf
Solheim, J. (2016). Emergency nursing: the profession, the pathway, the practice. Indianapolis, IN, USA: Sigma Theta
Tau International, Honorary Society of Nursing. http://www.reflectionsonnursingleadership.org/Pages/Vol42_1_
EmergencyNursing.aspx 04/14/2016
Steele, N.M. (2017). A time to celebrate: Florence Nightingale. Urologic Nursing, 37(2), 57-59. doi:10. 7257/1053-
816X.2017.37.2.5
Stevens, K., (May 31, 2013) "The Impact of Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and the Next Big Ideas" OJIN: The
Online Journal of Issues in Nursing Vol. 18, No. 2, Manuscript 4.
Truth About Nursing. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2017, from http://www.truthaboutnursing.org/
Weaver, R. “Men could be deterred from nursing career by television stereotypes.” Nursing Standard, vol. 28, no. 33,
2014, pp. 18–18., doi:10.7748/ns2014.04.28.33.18. s18.
Hinweis der Redaktion
All definitions of a profession include , Education of specialized skills, Serving the public, Professional organization,
Other additions are self regulated, autonomy, ethics and others
ANA = American Nurses Association
On the ANA site there are Continuing Education credits (CEU) and information on certification.
Books: Code of Ethics, Social Policy Statement, Scopes and Standards of Nursing Practice .
Has Professional tools and conferences.
Even has a section on promoting “Healthy Nurses”
Florence Nightingale set up a school in 1860. She had high standards for cleanliness and care.
Nursing schools can participate in a voluntary review of the schools curriculum/program to make sure there is meets quality education requirements.
Currently there are 3 types of schools to achieve an RN (Diploma, ADN, and BSN). There is a drive toward an all BSN education.
Continuing education is required by some states to keep up licensure and many hospitals also require this.
Evidence based practice uses nursing science for patient care to get the best patient outcomes.
All nursing programs take the same test.
With travel nursing, license opportunities have increased.
As of the time of this Power Point, 9/13/2017, there are 25 states in the NLC.
These are the two main Nursing organizations. Both strive for safe practice and education.
Many nurses will say they chose nursing to help others.
Caring is what makes nursing a service profession.
There has been a drive for a BSN educated workforce, but with two other types of education, nurses do not always agree that a BSN is needed.
Female dominated field starting before women were even allowed to vote in the USA has slowed down advancement and nursing being considered a serious profession. Even today the nursing workforce is about 90% female.
Nursing autonomy has been slowed down by the history of taking orders from hospital management and Doctors. This has slowed down the development of “creative thinking” and “self determination” (Black, 2017).
Nursing shortages throughout history have speeded up the education of nurses at the time. With any shortages now it would mean that nurses would be trained as an ADN and decrease the percentage of BSN educated nurses.
Many nurses are not involved in their Nursing Organizations and therefore, not keeping up with changes in the nursing field.
Faculty in BSN higher education standards or degrees.
Magnet Hospitals have an incentive for the hospital to help with cost of nursing education.
There are hundreds of online Nursing Programs-so students need to be careful choosing an accredited program.
Johnson & Johnson campaign included initiatives in print, television, and advertising. There is research, student scholarships, and fundraising. It has a focus on recruitment and retention using the website www.discovernursing.com. The site has a take a photo fundraiser where people can put in a photo and Johnson & Johnson will donate $1.
