Sonal Gupta , Interior Design

Project Report On:
RESIDENTIAL SPACE PLANNING
At
Dezyne E’cole College, Ajmer
Submitted To
Dezyne E’cole College
Towards The Partial Fulfillment Of
1st Year Residential Design Diploma,
NSQF Level 5 Of NSDC
By:
SONAL GUPTA
106/10, Civil Lines, Ajmer
Tel-01452624679
www.dezyneecole.com
2016-2017

I Am Sonal Gupta, Student Of Dezyne E’cole College, I Am Extremely Grateful
To Each And Every Individual Who Has Contributed In Successful Completion
Of My Project.
I Am Express My Gratitude Towards Dezyne E’cole College For Their Guidance
And Constant Supervision As Well As For Providing The Necessary Information
And Support Regarding The Completion Of Project.
Thank You
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This Project Report On Residential Space Planning Has Been Created,
Developed And Designed By Me, During My Study Of Residential Spaces
Confirming To NSQF Level 5 Of NSDC.
In This Project I Have Discussed How Residential Spaces Need To Be Devised
As Per Climatology And Bio Climatic Design Of Rajasthan, Green Building
Concepts, Using Orientation, Daylight, Ventilation And Landscaping Of Land.
Through Landscaping I Learnt That The Micro Climate Can Be Lowered By 6-
8° On The Plot And This Has Been Inculcated In My Design Of Residential
Plot. Further I Paid Attention To The Building Bye-laws Of The Plot And Than
As Per The Study Of Spaces And How Planning Is Done As Per Louis Kahn
Principles, I Devised The Plan Of The Residential Area; Using Concept Of
Watcher For A Living Room, Attending To Served And Servant Areas.
While Devising The Plan I Even Paid Attention On Different Types Of
Approaches And Entrances To The House and Leveling Of Space. I Even Paid
Attention In The Planning As To How Shapes Develops Into Forms And Forms
Follows Functions. The Way Forms Are Clustered To Make A Cohesive Zone
Of Space Planning.
I Have Also Learned About Elements And Principles Of Design Which Acts As
A Building Block To Create A Good Design As Well As Play An Important Role
In Increasing The Aesthetics Of A Space. I Have Learnt About The
Psychological Effects Of A Color.
Finally I Studied About The Client And Created A Mood Board, Furniture
Selections And Accessories Board And Designed The Space. All The Design
Development Creation Of Orthographic Projection Has Been Done Using
Google Sketch Up. I Request You To Kindly Go Through My Portfolio Pages.
As A Novice In This Field I Have Tried My Level Best To Bring Out The Best Of
My Knowledge Gained At Dezyne E’cole College. RESIDENTIAL DESIGN
Portfolio
SYNOPSIS

Everywhere I Turn I See Colours,
Textures And Patterns. I Always Had
Attraction Towards Beautiful
Architecture Of The World, Designed
Spaces Of Commercial And
Residential Areas Where A Variety Of
Textures, Colours And Styles Were
Used.
dezyneecole@gmail.com
www.dezyneecole.com

Introduction Of Interior Design
Introduction Of Residential
Design
Case Study
Research Analysis
Planning Process
Brainstorming Papers
Architectural Layouts
Assignments
Conclusion

Interior Design Is About So Much More Than ‘What Looks Right’. It Is About
Taking A Holistic View Of The Way That Individuals Use And Enjoy That
Spaces That They Inhabit. It Is About Finding And Creating A Cohesive
Answer To Set Of Problems And Dressing The Solution So As To Unify And
Strengthen Our Experience Of The Space. Many People Understand This
And That They Do Not Have The Necessary Skills To Tackle The Job
Themselves. And So There Is The Need For Professional Interior Designers.
Good Interior Design Adds A New Dimension To A Space. It Can Increase
Our Efficiency In The Day We Go About Our Daily Lives And It Adds Depth,
Understanding And Meaning To The Built Environment. Thoughtful And
Well Crafted Design Makes A Space Easier To Understand And Experiencing
Such A Space Lifts The Spirit, Too. It Is, Therefore, Not Just About The
Aesthetic It Is A Practical And Philosophical Design. Beautiful Spaces Betray
A Logical And Rational Questioning Of The Status Quo And Can Be An
Honest Attempt To Find New And Exciting Way To Lead Our Lives.
Why Interior Design?
Interior Design Is In Trend As People Need An Easy Life Following The
Concept “Less Is More”. A Home Is A Place Where A Person Freely Behave,
Relax And Behave Accordingly. Interior Design Is So Much More Than “Hat
Looks Right”. Good Interior Design Adds A New Dimension To A Space. It
Can Increase Our Efficiency In The Way We Go About Our Daily Lives And It
Adds Depth, Understanding And Meaning To The Environment. It Is Not Just
A Job. To Practice It Successfully, It Is Important To Have A Clear Idea Of
What Interior Design Involves, As Well As An Appreciation Of Its Demands.
Design Expertise Comes From Exposure And Experience, A Combination Of
Academic Study And Learning Of The Job. Interior Design Demands A
Tremendous Amount Of Ongoing Research. We Must Study New
Technologies, New Products, New Laws And Regulations, Changes In
Buildings And Styles. We Design For Real People In Real World. Interior
Designing Is A Creative Work. It Attracts Talented, Innovative People. The
Days Of Sitting And Drawing Pictures Are Over. Designer Have To Make
Things Happen. Interior Design Demands High Energy And Passion. It Needs
Physical And Emotional Stamina To Fuel To Cope With Pressure Of
Completing A Job On And According To Client’s Satisfaction.

1. Interior Design As A Skill Branch: Building engineering was A pioneer
design field out of which many specialties like architecture, civil
engineering and interior designing have separated . all these skills deal
with buildings using many common materials and techniques . interior
design as A result has certain affinity to architecture.
2. Building And Design Interventions: A building once constructed is
initially readied for occupation by the original designer . however
buildings last for ages and during the lifespan , must be altered and
updated several times . architects or building engineers are
unavailable , or have no income incentive for such ‘frivolity’ .
3. Interior Decorator To Interior Designer: Interior decorator worked as a
facilitator, scheduling and coordinating the activities while supervising
the quality of various vendors. The interior decorator now even
offered comprehensive design solutions with alternative to their
clients. Interior decoration became A well- documented strategy,
serving two basic purpose.
4. Design Studio:- The Interior Designer Now Operated From A Design
Office Or Studio, Usually Located In An Urban Area. The Studio Was
Used For Creating Drawings, Sketches, Other Presentations, Models,
Prototypes, Dummies, Cartoon Etc.
5. Design+ Execution Practice: Schematic documentation of design has
been very difficult. And the most irritating aspect of business. Amateur
interior designers ( formally untrained hobbyists) lack the capacity to
document their design intentions, so prefer to work on the site,
providing oral instructions to contractor or their workers.
6. Forms Of Interior Design Practices: Today many different forms of
interior design practices exist ranging from: PURE DESIGN (Design
only),
DESIGN + SUPPLY,
DESIGN + SUPPLY + EXECUTION.
Let Us Understand The Work Of Interior Designer

7. Interior Design and Other Design Professions: Interior design like any
other design profession, is an interdependent profession. Interior
designers work in conjunction with other design professionals, who
need interior design contribution in their work, such as Architects,
Building Engineers, Landscape designers , Furniture and Product
designers, Exhibition and Event managers. Interior designers also use
expertise of other professionals for their work. These include
Environmental Engineers, Ecologists, Furnishing experts, Textile
designers, Painters, Sculptors, and an array of crafts persons.
8. Specialization In Interior Design: Interior designers like other
professionals also face a dilemma. Acute specialization in a particular
field also leads to generalization, as one handles only one or few types
of projects. Some degree of specialization is becoming apparent in
Interior Design. Some of the major fields to have distinct identities
within the ambit of Interior Design are: Hospitality or hotel design,
Entertainment facilities public space design.
9. Opportunities For Interior Designers: Interior designers get different
professional opportunities. Interior designers have a variety of fields to
employ their skills. One may work as An Independent Design
Professional, as a Free Lancer conditional associate.

Introduction Of Residential Design

Introduction Of Residential Design
Residential Design Refers To The Designing Of People’s Homes As Opposed
To Commercial Property. The Object Of These Designers Is To Create
Interior That Fit The Functioning Of Clients’ Homes, But Also Reflect Each
Client’s Personal Taste. A Home Is A Personal Space And Excellent
Residential Interior Design Personalizes The Designs Of Homes.
For Example, An Interior Designer Could Have Several Homeowner Clients
That Live In The Same Complex Of Cookie Cutter Condominiums. Effective
Residential Design Would Ensure That Each Condo Uniquely Fits The
Homeowner As Much As Possible. The Color Scheme Is Likely To Be
Different In Each Home As Is The Function And Look At The Rooms.
Home Designs For Parents Of Young Children Are Different From Residential
Interior Design For Childless Layout Needs To Be Used Quite Differently In
Terms Of Function. Furniture In A Child’s Bedroom Needs To Be Easily
Person May Use The Extra Bedroom
Space As An Office Or Guest Bedroom. Interior Designers Have
Architectural Knowledge And Understand The Construction Details Of
Rooms. For Instance, If A Homeowner Wants To Remove Walls To Create
Large, More Open Living Spaces, A Designer With Experience In Interior
Residential Design Can Draw Up A Plan For Completing The Project As Well
As Make Suggestions For Which Materials To Use. Residential Interior
Designers Are Familiar With Working Within Floor Plans And Building
Codes. The Understand Not Only The Architectural Details Of Windows,
Doors And Walls, But How These Affect A Home’s Overall Design.
Designers and Architects
Since residential interior design is focused on livability, designers and
architects must work closely together. Occasionally, the architect will take
charge of interior design (Frank Lloyd Wright was famous for doing this),
but more frequently the architect works closely with a designer whose sole
job is planning the interior aesthetic. In fact, a single residence may utilize
multiple designers who each specialize in one area of living: the kitchen,
the bedrooms, home offices, etc.

Case Study
You Are Supposed To Make A Plan Of A House. The Land Area Is 50’ X 60’
For A Client Mr. Khan Who Has Four Member In His Family . He Is 44 Years
Old And His Wife 40 Years, And Two Children Both Are Boys, Apart From
The Basic Need Of House They Asked For Certain Area Of Their House
Which Are Follows :
One Separate Garden Attached With Master Bedroom
Two Children Bedroom Having Separate Bathroom And Closet
One Powder Room
One Family Lounge
Living Room With Dinning And Kitchen
Sit Out Area
Garden Area

Map Of India
India Lies On The INDIAN Plate, The Northern Portion Of The Indo
Australian Plate, Whose Continental Crust Forms The Indian Subcontinent.
The Country Is Situated North Of The Equator Between 8 4’ And 37 6’
North Latitude And 68 7’ And 97 25’ East Longitude. It Is The Seventh
Largest Country In The World With A Total Area Of 3,287,263 Kilometers.
India Measures 3214 Km From North To South And 2933 From East To West.
It Has A Land Frontier Of 15,200 Km And A Coastline Frontier Of 7,517 Km.

Map Of Rajasthan
India’s Largest State By Area, Located On The Western Side Of The Country.
Western Rajasthan Is Relatively Dry And Infertile And Southern Part Is
Wetter, Hilly And Fertile. On Average, Winter Temperature Range From 8°-
28 ° C And Summer Temperature 25 °-46 ° C. My Site Is Situated In Ajmer.
Longitude- 69° E To 78° E
Latitude- 23° N To 30° N

Map Of Ajmer
Ajmer Has A Typical Desert Climate And Hot And Arid. Summers Are Hot
With Maximum Temperature Near 40° C While Minimum Is 28° C. Winters
Are Chilly With Minimum Temperature 5° C.
In Ajmer My Site Is Located At Civil Lines.

Location Of Site
Site Is Located In Ajmer City Of Rajasthan. Ajmer Has A Typical Desert
Climate And Hot And Arid. Temperature Ranges From 28°-48°c. In Ajmer My
Site Is Located In Civil Lines.
SITE PLAN SPECIFICATION
The Distance From The Major Landmarks:
• Hospital – 350 M • Railway Station - 2.5 Km
• Bus Stand - 1km • Dimension Of The Site – 50’x60’
• Shopping Center - 1.2 Km • Area Of The Site – 3000 Sq. Ft

Macroclimate
Macroclimate Is The Climate Of A Large Geographic Areas Such As
Geographic Zones, Continents And Oceans Or Large Parts Thereof, Or Even
The Entire Earth; It Deals With Main Climatic Features Of These Areas. If
Such A Part Of The Earth’s Surface Is Sufficiently Uniform In Its Geographic
Factors And Conditions Of General Atmospheric Circulation It Will Have A
Certain Macroclimate.
Macroclimate Are Characterized By Quantitative Indexes That Refer To The
Entire Area Being Considered That Is, Intervals Which Particular Climatic
Characteristics Change Throughout The Area Or Their Average Values For
The Entire Area.

Microclimate
A Microclimate Is A Local Set Of Atmospheric Conditions That Differ From
Those Of The Surrounding Area. It Is The Climate Of A Small, Specific Place
Within A Large Area. An Area As Small As Yard Or Park Can Have Several
Different Microclimate Depending Upon How Much Sunlight, Shade Or
Exposure To The Wind Is There At A Particular Spot. To Maintain The
Microclimate Of A Space Or A Residential Building, Various Methods Can Be
Used Such As Landscaping Around The Building, Cavity Wall Construction,
Slanted Roof, Water Bodies And Also Of Right Material Are The Best
Examples Or We Can Say Methods To Maintain Or Control Microclimate.

Orientation of the site
Before planning any space, First Of All We Need To Pay Attention To The
Direction Of The Sun And Its Movement In The Four Directions.
If We Ay Attention To The Diagram Of Sun’s Movement We See The Sun
Rises From East And The Color Of The Sun’s Light At That Time Is Tender
Yellow, The Whole South Direction Is Completely Lighted Up Throughout
The Day And Is The Most Hot Direction But At The Same Time The Cool
Wind Blows From West Direction Too. So It Is Very Important To Have The
Building Oriented From East To West Because Then The House Will Have
More Sunlight And Air.
NORTH
SOUTH
EASTWEST
TOTAL SHADE
SUMMER SUN
INTENSE SUN
WINTER SUN
Acceptable
QUADRANT
Of Window
orientation
Preferred
Zone For
Building
Orientation

Orientation of the site
NORTH
WEST EAST
SOUTH
Main Entrance
Set
Back
Set
Back
Set
Back
Set
Back
Covered Area
NORTH
• Bed Room
• Short Trees
South
• Living Room
• Kitchen
• Dining
• Long Trees
EAST
• Guest Bed
Room
• Bath Room
• Balcony
• Kitchen
West
• Stair case
• Corridors
• Storage
EAST
1. Bed Room
2. Guest Bed
Room
3. Bath Room
4. Living Room
5. Balcony
6. Kitchen
WEST
1. Stair case
2. Corridors
3. Storage
NORTH
1. Storage
2. Other Area
3. Garden Area
4. Bed Room
5. Library Area
6. Short Trees
SOUTH
1. Living Room
2. Kitchen
3. Dining
4. Study Room
5. Other Area
6. Water Body
7. Long Trees

Bioclimatic Design
Bioclimatic design has developed out A sensitivity to ecological and regional
contexts and the need to conserve energy and environmental resources.
Bioclimatic approaches to architecture offer A way to design for A long term
and sustainable use of environmental and material resources. Bioclimatic
design is linked to the biological, physiological and psychological need for
health and comfort. Bioclimatic approaches to design attempt to create
comfort conditions in building by understanding the microclimate and
resulting design strategies that include natural ventilation, day lighting, and
passive heating and cooling. The architecture of early modern architects-
Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, Le Corbusier, and Antonin Raymond, among
others- recognized the design inspiration offered by site-specific climatic
variables and indigenous exemplars. When air-conditioning system became
widely available at the end of the 1950s, interest in bioclimatic design
suddenly became less evident in professional and popular literature.

Strategies Of Bioclimatic Design
In winter, the objectives of bioclimatic design are to resist loss of heat from
the building envelope and to promote gain of solar heat. In summer (or
overheated periods), these objectives are the reverse, to resist solar gain and
to promote loss of heat from the building interior. The strategies can be set
forth as:
1. Minimize Conductive Heat Flow
This strategy is achieved by using insulation. It is effective when the
outdoor temperature is significantly different, either lower or higher
than the interior comfort range. In summer, this strategy should be
considered whenever ambient temperatures are within or above the
comfort range.
2. Delay Periodic Heat Flow
While the insulation value of building materials is well understood, it is
not as widely appreciated that building envelope materials also can
delay heat flows that can be used to improve comfort and to lower
energy costs. Time lag through masonry walls, for example, can delay the
days thermal impact until evening and is A particularly valuable
technique in hot arid climates with wide day-night temperature
variations.
3. Minimize Infiltration.
Infiltration refers to uncontrolled air leakage around doors and windows
and through joints, cracks, and faulty seals in the building envelope.
Infiltration(and the resulting exfiltration of heated or cooled air) is
considered the largest and potentially the most intractable source of
energy loss in A building, once other practical insulation measures have
been taken.
4. Provide Thermal Storage
Thermal mass inside of the insulated envelope is critical to dampening
the swings in air temperature and in storing heat in winter and “coolth”
in summer.
5. Promote Solar Gain
The sun can provide A substantial portion of winter heating energy
through elements such as equatorial-facing windows and greenhouses,
and other passive solar techniques which use spaces to collect, store,
and transfer solar heat.

Strategies Of Bioclimatic Design
6. Minimize External Air Flow
Winter winds increase the rate of heat loss from A building by washing
away heat and thus accelerating the cooling of the exterior envelope
surfaces by conduction, and also by increasing infiltration (or more
properly, exfiltration)losses. Siting and shaping A building to minimize
wind exposure or providing wind breaks can reduce the impact of such
winds.
7. Promote Ventilation
Cooling by air flow through an interior may be propelled by two natural
processes, cross-ventilation (wind driven) and stack-effect ventilation
(driven by the buoyancy of heated air even in the absence of external
wind pressure). A fan (using photovoltaic for fan power) can be an
efficient way to augment natural ventilation cooling in the absence of
sufficient wind or stack-pressure differential.
8. Minimize Solar Gain
The best means for ensuring comfort from the heat of summer is to
minimize the effects of the direct sun by shading windows from the sun,
or otherwise minimizing the building surfaces exposed to summer sun,
by use of radiant barriers and by insulation.
9. Promote Evaporative Cooling
sensible cooling of A building interior can be achieved by evaporating
moisture into the incoming air stream. These are simple and traditional
techniques and most useful in hot-dry climates if water is available for
controlled usage.

Green Building
Green building and sustainable design are often used interchangeably to
describe any building design in an environmentally sensitive manner. Green
building is governed by standards such as leadership in energy and
environmental design (LEED). This provides A set of measurable criteria that
promotes environmentally sustainable construction e-design. This system
was developed by unites state green building council (USGBC).

The LEED rating system for new construction addresses six major areas of
development.
1. Sustainable Site
Deals with reducing the pollution associated with construction activity,
selecting sites appropriate for development, protecting
environmentally sensitive areas and restoring damaged habitats,
encouraging alternative modes of transportation to reduce the impact
of automobile use, respecting the natural water hydrology of a site, and
reducing the effects of heat islands.
2. Water Efficiency
promotes reducing the demand for potable water and the generation
of wastewater by using water-conserving fixtures, capturing rainwater.
3. Energy And Atmosphere
encourages increasing the efficiency with which buildings and their
sites acquire and use energy, increasing renewable, nonpolluting
energy sources to reduce the environmental and economic impacts
associated with fossil fuel energy use, and minimizing the emission that
contribute to ozone depletion and global warning.
4. Material And Resources
seeks to maximize the use of locally available, rapidly renewable and
recycled materials, reduce waste and the demand for virgin materials,
retain cultural resources, and minimize the environment impacts of
new building.
5. Indoor Environmental Quality
promotes the enhanced comfort, productivity, and well being of
building occupants by improving indoor air quality, maximizing day
lighting of interior spaces, enabling user control of lighting and thermal
comfort system to suit task seeds and preferences, and minimizing
. 6. Innovation And Design Process
rewards exceeding the requirements set by the LEED-NC Green
Building Rating System and demonstrating innovative performance in
Green Building categories not specifically addressed by the LEED-NN
Green Building Rating System.
Green Building

People like day lighting. We like interior space to have plenty of daylight.
Daylight design can be employed to conserve energy and can enhance
visibility, the principle values of day lighting are more intangible. Day lighting
refers to the use of natural light, be it brilliant sunlight or muted overcast
light. Day lighting has been touted for its many aesthetics and health
benefits by designers and researchers alike. Day lighting provides the mental
and visual stimulation necessary to regulate human circadian rhythms.
Many factors are involved with the use of day lighting in building:
1. Aesthetics: The play of light from windows to surface and textures
casting intersecting shadows, the endless variety of mod and
appearances due to the movement of the sun.
2. Psychological response: The sense of wellbeing associated with
daylight and sense of orientation that comes with being connected with
the exterior.
3. Health: Improves resistance to infections, skin disorders and
cardiovascular impairments.
4. Energy/cost: Reduction in electricity use and related air conditioning
load from electric lighting.
Day Light

Daylight
8:00 Am 9:00 Am
Exterior Daylight
10:00 Am 11:00 Am
12:00 Pm 1:00 Pm
2:00 Pm 3:00 Pm

Daylight
Interior Daylight
8:00 Am 9:00 Am
10:00 Am 11:00 Am
12:00 Pm 1:00 Pm
2:00 Pm 3:00 Pm

Window
Centered Window
Off-Centered Window
Four Corners Window

Building By laws
Building by laws help in making a planned development. Apart from individual
plot or land owners, buyers of under construction property as well as
constructed property should have a through knowledge of the building by laws
applicable in that region.
Building by laws may contain regulations related to
1. Setbacks
2. Parking space and basement
3. Well type structures
4. Area and area usages
5. Ornamental structures
6. Building height and other service spaces
7. Site design and service design

Building By laws
The principles says that every human has A personality that consists of one or
more characteristics like wise, rooms also have different personality and they
work accordingly. Following are the principles laid down by Louis Kahn:
1. Leader- living room
2. Grouping – living, kitchen, dining
3. Loner- master bedroom
4. Servant- powder room
5. Watcher- living room
6. Outreaching- living room
7. Worker- kitchen
1. Leader: leader means A person who leads and forms any group of
followers. While doing space planning, living room can be characterized as
A leader.
2. Grouping: the space carrying the same character with other spaces is
called grouping. During space planning kitchen. Dining and living room
must be grouped together as these spaces are related to each other.
3. Loner: loner is a space which requires more privacy of sight and sound
and avoids social interactions. This characteristic must be in master
bedroom, so it is kept isolated.
4. Servant: the space that serves other spaces in someway that needs to be
adjacent to them but prefer not to appeal visually. Servant is the powder
room, which in space planning must be situated near the kitchen, living
and dining and must not be seen.
5. Watcher: this type of character causes a space to locate beside the
boundary of the project for attractions in the environment. The
attractions can be A garden, A water body etc.
6. Outreaching: the space with this character is located near the entrance or
corridor for meeting. This type of space represents the welcoming space.
7. Worker: the space that often supplies to other spaces is called as A
worker.

Doors
A Door May Be Defined As An Operable Secured In An Opening Left In A Wall
For The Purpose Of Providing Access To The Users Of The Structure. It
Basically Consists Of Two Parts, Namely, Frame And Shutter. The Door
Shutter Is Held In Position By The Wall By Some Suitable Means.
Door
Horn
Head
Style
Lock Rail
FramePanel
Top Rail
F L
Holdfast
Bottom Rail

Classification Of Doors
1. Ledged Doors
A ledged door is formed of the vertical boards known as the battens, which are
secured by horizontal supports, known as the ledges. The battens are 100 mm
to 150 mm wide and 20 mm to 30 mm thick.
2. Ledged and Braced Doors
These are similar to the ledged doors except that the diagonal members,
known as the braces, are provided. The braces are generally 100 m to 150 mm
wide and 30 mm thick. The braces give rigidity to the door and hence the
doors of this type are useful for wide openings.
Ledged Door Ledged and Braced Door
Head
Top ledge
Frame
Batten
Bottom ledge
Middle ledge
Brace
Pad lock
Bottom ledge
Top ledge
Brace
Batten
Frame
Inside
Outside
Ledge
Batten
Frame
Inside
Outside
Ledge
Top Plan of Ledged Door Top Plan of Ledged and Braced Door

4. Ledged and Framed Doors
In this type of doors, a framework for shutters is provided to make the doors
stronger and better in appearance. The styles are generally 100 mm wide and
40 mm thick. The battens and ledges are provided as usual.
Top ledge
Frame
Style
Head
Bottom ledge
Middle ledge
Ledged and Framed Door
Pad lock
Frame
Top Plan of Ledged and Framed Door
Batten
Frame
Inside
Outside
LedgeStyle
Style
Panel
Panel
Top Rail
Bottom Rail
Lock Rail
Door With Three Panel
Mullion
5. Framed and Paneled Doors
This is the most usual variety of door and
it consists of a framework in which panels
are fitted. A double-leafed, framed and
paneled door with four panels. This type
of door reduces the tendency of shrinkage
and presents a decent appearance. The
style are continuous from top to bottom
and rails are joined to the styles.

Meeting Styles
Details at B
Panel
Style
Frame
Top Rail
Bottom Rail
Lock Rail
Front Elevation
Panel
Panel
Frieze Rail
Panel
Top Plan
Double – Leafed Door With Six Panels
Inside
Outside
Frame
Details at A
Panel Panel

6. Glazed or Sash Doors
In order to admit more light in addition to that coming from the windows, the
fully glazed or partly paneled and partly glazed doors are used. Usually the
ratio of glazed potion to paneled portion to paneled portion is 2:1. the glass is
received into the rebates provided in the wooden sash bars and secured by
nails and putty of by wooden beads fixed to the frame. The glazed or sash
doors are useful for hospitals, offices, libraries, show rooms, banks, shopping
units, etc.
Frame
Lock Rail
Fully Glazed Door
Style
Timber
Panel
Glass Panel
Partly Paneled and Partly Glazed Door

7. Flush Doors
A flush door consists of a framework of rails and styles and it is covered with
plywood or hard-board. There are two varieties of flush doors – a framed flush
door and a laminated flush door.
Framed Flush Door Laminated Flush Door
Laminated core
Bottom Rail
Style
Horizontal ribs
Plywood
Top Rail
Vertical ribs
Hollow space

8. Sliding Doors
In this type of doors, the shutter slides on
the sides with the help of runners and
guide. The shutter may be of one or
several leaves and can slide either on one
side or both the sides.
Single shutter sliding on one side
Opening
Wal
l
Double shutter sliding on both sideDouble shutter sliding on one side
Opening
Wal
l
Opening
Wal
l
Sliding Door
Front view of sliding door with single
shutter and sliding arrangements
Frame
Floor Level
Guide
Handle
Runner
Shutter
Door
Opening
Channel Track

Window
A Windows May Be Define
As An Opening Made In A
Wall For The Purpose Of
Providing Day Light, Vision
And Ventilation.
Window
Head
Horn
Style
Frame
Panel
Holdfast
Sill
Rail
1. Frame: This consists of a group of members which form a support for a door or a window.
2. Style: This is the outside vertical member of the shutter of a door or a window.
3. Head: The top or upper most horizontal part of a frame is known as the head.
4. Sill: The lower most or bottom horizontal part of a window frame is known as the sill. The
door frames are usually not provided with the sills.
5. Top Rail: This is the topmost horizontal member of the shutter.
6. Lock Rail: This is the middle horizontal member of the shutter where the locking
arrangement is provided.
7. Bottom Rail: This is the lower most horizontal member of the shutter.
8. Panel: This is the area of shutter enclosed between the adjacent rails.
9. Holdfast: This is generally in the form of a mild steel flat bar of section 30mm by 6mm
and of length 200mm.
10. Shutter: The entire assembly of styles, panels, and rails.
11. Louver: This is a piece of timber which is fixed in an inclined position within a frame.
12. Jamb: The vertical wall face of an opening which supports the frame of door and window.
13. Reveal: The external jamb of a door or a window opening at right angle to the wall face.
14. Rebate: The depression or recess made inside the door frame to receive the door shutter.
Technical Term Of Window

Classification Of Window
1. Casement Windows
These are the windows, the shutters of which open like doors. The
construction of a casement window is similar to the door construction and it
consists of a frame, styles, rails, vertical and horizontal sash bars and
sometimes, it also includes mullions and transoms.
Top Plan of Wooden Casement Window
Frame
Wall
Shutter
Top Plan of Wooden Casement Window
These windows consist
of a pair of shutters
which can slide within
the grooves provided in
the frame. A pair of
metal weights
connected by cord or
chain over pulleys is
provided for each sash.
It is so arranged that
the upper sash moves
in downward direction,
thus opening at the
bottom. The cord or
chain is fixed to the
style. The weights,
when pulled, open the
shutter to the required
level. Double-hung Window
Weight
for top
sash
Bottom Rail
Style
Pulley
Weight
for
bottom
sash
Chain
Meeting Rail
Top Rail
2. Double –hung Windows

3. Pivoted Windows
In this type of windows, the shutters are allowed to swing round the pivots.
The frame of a pivoted window is just similar to casement window except that
no rebates are provided. The windows may be vertically pivoted or horizontally
pivoted. The pivot window are easy to clean and they admit more light than
side-hung windows.
Vertical pivoted window Horizontal pivoted window
Frame
Pivot
Shutter
Top Plan of vertical pivoted window
Top plan of horizontal pivoted window
Frame
Pivot
Shutter
Frame
Pivot
Shutter
Pivot

4. Metal Windows
These are now-a-days widely used, especially for public building. The metal
are used in the construction may be mild steel, bronze or other alloys. In the
former case, the lugs and plugs are provided to keep the frame in position. In
the latter case, the screws are used to fix the metal frame with the wooden
frame. The cadium plated screw about 50 mm long are instead through 10 mm
diameter holes which are drilled on the all sides of the frames at a centre to
centre distance of about 500 mm. The frames for aluminum windows are truly
rectangular with tolerance of about 3 mm.
Lintel
Handle
Wooden
frame
Hinge
Screw
Metal Window fixed to the wall
Lug
Hinge
Linte
l
Plug
Handle
Metal Window fixed on a wooden frame

5. Gable Windows
These are the windows
which are provided in the
gable ends of a roof.
6. Dormer Windows
These are the windows
provided on the sloping
roofs. The main purpose
of providing dormer
windows is to admit light
and air to rooms which
are constructed within or
below the roof slopes.
Dormer window
Sloping
Roof
Gable
window
Gable end
7. Bay Windows
These windows project outside the external walls of a room. They may be
square, splayed, circular, polygonal or of any shape. The projection of bay
windows may start from floor level or sill level. These windows admit more
light, increase opening area, provide ventilation and improve the appearance
of the building.
Splayed bay window
Window sill
Building face line
Shutter
Frame

8. Clerestory Windows
These windows are provided near the top of main roof. The pivoted windows
are used for this purpose. The Clerestory windows provide ventilation to the
inside of the room as the front is blocked by the verandah. Otherwise the rain
water will accumulate in the room.
9. Lanterns or lantern light
These are the windows which are fixed on flat roofs to provide light to the
inner portion of the building where light coming from the windows in the
external walls is insufficient. They may be square or rectangular or curved.
Clerestorey window Top plan of Lantern light
Elevation of lantern light
Pivot
Inside
Shutter
Main roof
Outside
Verandah roof
Lantern
Light
Curbing
Flat roof

Ventilators are windows of small heights and they are generally fixed at the top
at the top of door or window. The ventilators may be also movable. The
ventilators are provided with glass panels and steel grill is fixed in the
ventilator for the purpose of safety. Sometimes the ventilators are isolated
from the door or window and they are provided at the top level of room or at
any level between the top of door or window and the bottom of ceiling. In case
of doors and windows, the recommended dimensions of ventilators are
designation 10 V 16 indicates ventilator opening having width equal to 10
modules i.e. 1000 mm and height equal to 6 modules i.e. 600 mm.
Ventilators
Ventilator
Door with ventilator Window with ventilator
Glass
Style
Frame
Ventilator
Frame
Panel
Glass

In case of ventilators, the mosquito-proofing is achieved by providing wire
gauge on a steel frame in the area under the command of a ventilator.
Ventilators
Mosquito-proof pivot-hung ventilator Mosquito-proof top hug ventilator
Wire-Gauge
Outside
Pivot
Inside
Wire-Gauge
Outside
Pivot
Inside

Opening In Space
Within Planes:
An opening can be located wholly within a wall or ceiling plane and be surrounded
on all sides by the surface of the plane.
Centered Off-center
Grouped Deep-set
Skylight

At Corner:
An opening can be located along one edge or at a corner of a wall or ceiling plane. In
either case, the opening will be at a corner of a space.
Skylight
Along one edge Along two edges
Turning a corner Grouped
Opening In Space

Between planes:
An opening can extend vertically between the floor and ceiling planes
or horizontally between two wall planes. It can grow in size to occupy an
entire wall of a space.
Skylight
Vertical Horizontal
¾ opening Window wall
Opening In Space

Openings Within Planes
An opening located wholly within a wall or ceiling plane often appears as a
bright figure on a contrasting field or background. If centered within the plane, the
opening will appear stable and visual organize the surface around it. Moving the
opening off-center will create a degree of visual tension between the opening and
the edges of the plane towards which it is moved.
The shape of the opening. If similar to the shape of the plane in which it is
located, will create a redundant compositional pattern. The shape or
orientation of the opening may contrast with the enclosing plane to emphasize it
individuality as a figure. The singularity of the opening may be visually reinforced with
a heavy frame or articulated trim work.
Front View
Front View

Multiple opening may be clustered to form a unified composition within a
plane, or be staggered or dispersed to create visual movement along the
surface of the plane.
As an opening within a plane increases in size, it will at some point cease to be a
figure within a enclosing field and become instead a positive element in itself, a
transparent plane bounded by a heavy frame.
Front View
Front View
Openings within planes naturally appear brighter than their adjacent surfaces. If the
contrast in brightness along the edges of the opening becomes excessive, the
surfaces can be illuminated by a second light sources from within the space, or a
deep-set opening can be formed to create illuminated surfaces between the
opening and the surrounding plane.
Front View
Openings Within Planes

Opening that are located at corners give a space and the planes in which they are
located a diagonal orientation. This directional effect may be desirable for
compositional reasons, or the corner opening may be established to capture a
desirable view or brighten a dark corner of a space.
A corner opening visually erodes the edges of the plane in which it is located and
articulates the edge of the plane adjacent and perpendicular to it. The large the
opening, the weaker will be the definition of the corner. If the opening were to
turn the corner, the angle of the space would be implied rather than real and the
spatial field would extend beyond its enclosing planes.
Front ViewTop View
Front View
Opening At Corner

If openings are introduced between the enclosing planes at all four corners of
a space, the individual identity of the planes will be reinforced and
diagonal or pinwheel patterns of space, use, and movement will be
encouraged.
Front View
Opening At Corner

Vertical Linear Elements
Vertical linear elements define the perpendicular edge of a volume
of space.
Wall Planes
2D View 3D Isometric View 3D Front View
Single Vertical Plane
A single vertical plane articulates the space on which it fronts.
L- Shape Plane
An L-shaped configuration of vertical planes generates a field of space from
its corner outward along a diagonal axis.

Parallel Plane
Two parallel vertical planes define a volume of space between them
that is oriented axially toward both open ends of the configuration.
Wall Planes
U-shaped Plane
A U-shaped configuration of vertical planes defines a volume of space
that is oriented primarily toward the open end of the configuration.
Four Plane Closure
Four vertical planes establish the boundaries of an introverted space and
influence the field of space around the enclosure.

L-shaped Configuration Of Planes
An L-shaped configuration of vertical planes defines a field of space along a
diagonal from its corner outward. While this field is strongly defined
and enclosed at the corner of the configuration, it dissipates rapidly
as it moves away from the corner. The introverted field at the
interior corner becomes extroverted along its outer edges.
Wall Planes
While two edges of the field are clearly defined by the two planes of the
configuration, its other edges remain ambiguous unless further articulated
by additional vertical elements, manipulations of the base plane, or an
overhead plane.

Parallel Vertical Planes
A pair of parallel vertical planes defines a field of space between them.
The open ends of the field established by the vertical edges of the planes,
give the space a strong directional quality. Its primary orientation is
along the axis about which the planes are symmetrical. Since the parallel
planes do not meet to form corners and fully enclose the field, the
space is extroverted in nature.
Wall Planes
The definition of the spatial field along the open ends of the
configuration can be visually reinforced by manipulating the base
plane or adding overhead elements to the composition.
3D Isometric View
Top View 3D Isometric View 3D Front View

The spatial field can be expanded by extending the base plane beyond
the open ends of the configuration. This expanded field can, in turn, be
terminated by a vertical plane whose width and height is equal to that of
the field.
Wall Planes
If one of the parallel planes is differentiated from the other by a change in
form, color, or texture, a secondary axis, perpendicular to the flow of the
space, will be established within the field. Opening in one or both of the
planes can also introduce secondary axes to the field and modulate
the directional quality of the space.
3D Isometric View
3D Isometric View 3D Front View

U – Shaped Planes
A U - shaped configuration of vertical planes defines a field of space that
has an inward focus as well as an outward orientation. At the closed
end of the configuration, the field is well defined. Toward the open end
of the configuration, the field becomes extroverted in nature.
Wall Planes
The open end is the primary aspect of the configuration by virtue of its
uniqueness relative to the other three planes. It allows the field to have
visual and spatial continuity with the adjoining space. The extension of the
spatial field into the adjoining space can be visually reinforced by
continuing the base plane beyond the open end of the configuration.
Top View 3D Isometric View 3D Front View
3D Isometric View

If the plane of the opening is further defined with columns or
overhead elements, the definition of the original field will be reinforced
and continuity with the adjoining space will be interrupted.
Wall Planes
If the configuration of planes is rectangular and oblong in form, the open
end can be along its narrow or wide side. In either case, the open end
will remain the primary face of the spatial field, and the plane opposite
the open end will be the principal element among the three planes of the
configuration.
3D Isometric View

Approach :- The Distant view.
Circulation Elements
Entrance:-From outside to inside.
Configuration of the path:- The sequence of spaces.

Circulation Elements
Path – space Relationships :- Edges, Nodes, and Terminations of the path.
Form of the Circulation Space:- Corridors Halls, Galleries, Stairways and Rooms.

Approaches
Frontal :-
A frontal approach leads directly to the entrance of a building along a straight, axial path. The
visual goal that terminates the approach is clear, it may be the entire front façade of a
building or an elaborated entrance within the plane.
Oblique :-
An oblique approach enhances the effect of perspective on the front façade and form of a
building. The path can be redirected one or more times to delay and prolong the sequence of
the approach. If a building is approached at an extreme angle, its entrance can project
beyond its façade to be more clearly visible.
Spiral :-
A spiral path prolongs the sequence of the approach and emphasizes the three
– dimensional form of a building as we move around its perimeter. The building
entrance might be viewed intermittently during the approach to clarify its
position or its may be hidden until the point of arrival.

Entrance
Entrances may be grouped formally into the following categories: flush,
projected, and recessed. A flush entrance maintains the continuity of the
surface of a wall and can be, if desired, deliberately obscured. A projected
entrance forms a transitional space, announces its function to the approach,
and provides overhead shelter. A recessed entrance also provides shelter and
receives a portion of exterior space into the realm of the building.

Stairs
A Sequence Of Steps And It Is Provided To Afford The Means Of Ascent And
Descent Between The Floors Or Landings. The Apartment Or Room Of A
Building, In Which The Stair Is Located, Is Known As Staircase And The Opening
Or Space Occupied By The Stair Is Known As A Stairway.
1. Baluster - This is the vertical member which is fixed between string and handrail to give
support to the handrail.
2. Balustrade or barrister - The combined framework of handrail and balusters is known as
the balustrade or barrister.
3. Flight - This is defined as an unbroken series of steps between the landings.
4. Going - This is the horizontal distance between the faces of two consecutive risers.
5. Handrail - The inclined rail over the string is know as a handrails. The handrail serves as a
guard rail and it should be provided at a convenient height so as to give grasp to the hand
during ascent and descent.
6. Headroom - The vertical distance between the noising of one flight and the bottom of
flight immediately above is known as the headroom and it should be of sufficient value
so as not to cause any difficulty to the persons using the stair.
7. Landing - The horizontal platform between two flights of a stair is known as the landing.
A landing facilitates change of direction and provides an opportunity for taking rest
during the use of a stair.
8. Newel post - This is the vertical member which is placed at the ends of flights to connect
the ends of strings and handrails.

Stairs
Following are the common types of steps :
1. Bullnose step :- This is generally provided at the bottom of flight. It projects in front
of the newel post and its end forms a circular quadrant in plan.
2. Commode step :- This step has a curved riser and tread.
3. Dancing or balancing step :- These step do not radiate from a common centre.
4. Flier :- This is an ordinary step of rectangular shape in plan.
5. Winder :- This is tapering step and it is used to change the direction of a flight.

Stairs
6. Round-ended step :- This step is similar to a bull nose step except that its
end or ends are semi-circular in plan.
7. Splayed step :- This step has one end or both ends splayed in plan.
Round-ended Step
Flier
Top Plan Isometric View
Top Plan Splayed Step Isometric View
Flier
Flier Flier

1. Straight stairs
In case of a straight stair, all step lead in one direction only.
Straight Stairs
Top Plan Isometric ViewFront Elevation Side Elevation
2. Turning stairs
In case of turning stairs, the flights take turn. The usual types of turning stairs are described
below.
i. Quarter-turn stairs:- A stair turning through one right angle is known as
quarter-turn stair. If quarter-turn is branched into two flights at a landing it
is known as bifurcated stair. This type of stair is commonly used in the
public building near their entrance hall. The stair has a wider flight at the
bottom which bifurcates into two narrower flights at the landing- one
turning to the left and the other to the right.
Top Plan Isometric ViewFront Elevation
Quarter-Turn Stairs
Landing
Types of Stairs

ii. Half-turn stairs:- A stair turning through two right angles is known as a
half-turn stair. A half-turn stair may be of dog-legged type or open newel
type. In case of a dog-legged stair, the flights run in opposite directions
and there is no space between them in plan. These stairs are useful
where total width of space available for the staircase is equal to twice
the width of step. In case of an open newel stair, there is a well or hole
or opening between the flights in plan. This well may be rectangular or
of any geometrical shape and it can be used for fixing lift. These stairs
are useful where available space for staircase has a width greater than
twice the width of steps.
Top Plan
Isometric ViewFront Elevation
Dog-Legged Stairs
Landing
Top Plan Isometric ViewFront Elevation
Bifurcated Stair
Landing
Types of Stairs

Side Elevation Isometric View
Open geometrical Stairs
Top Plan
Winder
Side Elevation
Isometric View
Front Elevation
Open Rectangular Stairs
Top Plan
Landing Landing
Types of Stairs

iii. Three-quarter-turn stairs:- A stair turning through three right angles is
known as a three-quarter-turn stair. In case an open well is formed. This
type of stair is used when the length of the staircase is limited and when
the vertical distance between the two floors is quite large.
Three-quarter-turn stairs
Top Plan
Front Elevation
Landing Landing
Landing
Well
Types of Stairs

Types of Stairs
3. Circular or Helical or Spiral stairs:
In this type of stair, the steps radiate from the centre and they do not have
either any landing or any intermediate newel post. The spiral stairs are useful
where the space available is limited and where the traffic is less.
Circular Stair
30°
Top Plan
Central core
3.68m
3.68m
2.08m
2.08m
2 m

Different types of material used
1. Stone stairs: The stones to be used for the construction of stair will
depend on the availability of funds, qualities desired, use of the stair,
durability expected, architectural effect required etc.
(a) Rectangular step with rebated joint:
In rectangular step the overlap is about 25mm to 40mm. This
arrangement results in considerable saving in labour of cutting and
dressing stones.
Rectangular stone step
Stone slab
Top Plan
Isometric View
Overlap
Side Elevation
Overlap
(b) Spandril step
In this arrangement, the steps are triangular in shape and they are cut in such a way so as
to obtain aci plain soffit. This arrangement is used where the headroom is desired. The
soffit affords a nice appearance and weight of steps is also reduced. The ends of spandrel
steps which are built into the wall should be square so as to provide a horizontal seating
or bearing. The soffit can also be made broken or moulded.
Top Plan Side Elevation Isometric View
SoffitSoffit
Stone slab
Spandril step with plain soffit

(c) Tread and riser step:
In this arrangement, the treads and risers of stones are provided as in case of
timber steps. The stone slab treads and riser are connected by dowels.
Top Plan Side Elevation
(d) Cantilever tread slab step
In this arrangement, the steps are formed of treads only. For this purpose, only thick
stone slabs are used without any riser. The steps may either be rectangular or triangular
in shape.
Isometric View
Cantilever tread slab step
Tread and riser of stone step
Riser
Tread
Dowel
Isometric View
Riser
Trea
d
Dow
el
Stone slab
Rectangular
steps
75
mm
150
mm
Rectangular
steps
Stone
slab

(e) Build- up step
These steps are in the form of treads and risers of thin sawn stone slabs. They
are placed over brick or concrete steps. The thickness of stone slab may vary
from 20 mm to 50 mm. This arrangement is generally adopted for marble steps
to give an ornamental covering to the step.
2. Wooden or timber stairs
As wooden stairs are light in weight, they are mostly used for residential buildings. The
main objection to the provision to a wooden stair is that it is easily attacked by fire and
thus, in case of fire, the occupants of upper floors cannot escape. But if a wooden stair is
constructed from cannot escape. But if a wooden stair is constructed from good quality
timber such as teak and if its thickness is about 45 mm, it becomes sufficiently fire- proof
and it allows enough time for the occupants of upper floors to escape.
Build- up step
Marble
slabs
Concrete
steps
Top Plan
Marble
slabs
Concrete
steps
Glue block
Scotia block
Nosing
Screw
Wooden or Timber Stair
Top Plan
Side Elevation
Glue block
Scotia
block
Nosing
Screw
Isometric View

3. Brick Stairs
These stairs are now not frequently used. The entrance steps form a typical
brick stair. A brick stair may be made of solid construction or arches. The latter
arrangement reduces the total quality of brickwork and gives some additional
space which can be used for making cupboards, etc. In case of a brick stair, the
treads and risers are generally made equal to length of 1½ bricks and height of
two layers of bricks respectively. The treads and riser of a brick stair are
finished with suitable flooring material.
Plinth
G L
Plinth
G L
Entrance Steps
Isometric View
4 Metal stairs
The external fire- escape stairs are generally made of metal. The common
metals, used for the construction of stairs, are cast- iron, bronze and mild steel.
Thus the metal stairs are widely used in factories, workshops, godowns, etc.
Channel
stringer
Angle
Bolt
Side Elevation
Isometric ViewMetal stair
Top Plan

5. R.C.C. stairs
These stairs are now commonly used in all types of construction and in case of
a framed structure of reinforced concrete, the R.C.C. stair is perhaps the only
choice. They are found to resist wear and fire better than any other material
and can be moulded to the desired shape. The stairs can be provided with
suitable finishing material such as marble, terrazzo, tile, etc. these stairs can be
easily maintained clean and they are strong, durable and pleasing in
appearance. They can be easily rendered non-slippery and can be designed for
greater widths and longer spans.
R.C.C. stair
Top Plan
Base
12 mm dia. Bars at 150 mm c/c
Side Elevation
Base
Isometric View

Anthropometric
SEATING
The dimensions intended for a longer duration of
use. The buttock-popliteal length governs the seat
depth. This length, for 95 percent of both men and
women, is 17-in, or more. A seat depth not
exceeding that should, therefore, accommodate a
large majority of users.
In cm
A 31-33 78.7-83.8
B 15.5-18 39.4-45.7
C 16-18 40.6-45.7
D 17-24 43.2-61.0
E 0-6 0.0-15.2
F 15.5-18 39.4-45.7
G 8-10 20.3-25.4
H 12 30.5
I 18-20 45.7-50.8
J 24-28 61.0-71.1
K 23-29 58.4-73.7
EXECUTIVE CHAIR
GENERAL PURPOSE CHAIR

Anthropometric
LIVING SPACES
The relationship of the female and male
body dimensions to arm chair seating in
order to determine the amount of space
the seated body requires.
In cm
A 34-40 86.4-101.6
B 28 71.1
C 42-48 106.7-121.9
D 6-9 15.2-22.9
E 3 7.6
F 26 66.0
G 40-46 101.6-116.8
B
C
D
H
G
A
D
H
E
E
CORNER LOUNGE CHAIR SEATING/MALE AND FEMALE

Anthropometric
LIVING SPACES
It permits circulation with full head-on-
access. But to permit such access would
make it impossible for most people to reach
the coffee table from a seated position.
In cm
A 30-36 76.2-91.4
B 16-18 40.6-45.7
C 12-16 76.2-91.4
A
Varies B24
C
No clearance
Clearance
LOUNGE SEATING/CLEARANCES RELATIONSHIPS
Coffee Table
Sofa or
Lounge
Chair

Anthropometric
DINING SPACES
.
A table for six based on a minimal
Increment, room size also dictates the size
of the table. Much depends on the level of
comfort and Convenience desired, which,
within limits, becomes a matter of personal
decision.
Code In Cm
A 116-128 294.6-325.1
B 18-24 45.7-61.0
C 80 203.2
D 78-90 198.1-228.6
E 9 22.9
F 24 61.0
G 42 106.7
H 24 61.0
I 16 40.6
J 10 25.4
RECTANGULAR TABLE/MINIMUM LENGTH AND WIDTH/DINING FOR SIX
A
MINIMUM SHARED
ACCESS ZONE
C B
BBF
H J
G
IIJ
MINIMUM PLACE
SETTING ZONE
EE
D
HJ
B

Anthropometric
DINING SPACES
This drawing shows a 72-IN, diameter table
that seats eight people based on minimal
place-setting zone. Although the effective
depth of the zone is less than provided in
the optimal arrangement, the central
shared zone is greater.
72-IN (182.9-CM) DIAMETER CIRCULAR TABLE FOR EIGHT/MINIMUM SCHEME
code in cm
A 132-144 335.3-365.8
B 30-36 76.2-91.4
C 72 182.9
D 18-24 45.7-61
E 12 30.5
F 24 61
E D
B C B
SHARED ACCESS
ZONE
A
Place
setting zone
Sitting
zone
F

Anthropometric
SLEEPING
The strain on the back would be greatly
reduced. Such a height, however, does hot
accommodate the seated user comfortably,
as suggested by the rather awkward body
position of the seated figure.
SINGLE BED/CLEARANCES AND DIMENSIONS
Code In Cm
A 26-30 66-76.2
B 24 61
Single Bed
Line of Wall
Or
Obstruction
Work/Activity
Zone
BD
Top of Mattress
Varies
Bending
Position For
Making High
Bed
E

Anthropometric
SLEEPING
The drawing shows the clearances required
between a dresser and the bed.
DRESSER/ BED CLEARANCES
Code In Cm
L 62-72 157.5-182.9
M 20-24 50.8-61
N 42-48 106.7-121.9
O 16-20 40.6-50.8
P 18 45.7
Q 42 106.7
O P
NM
L
Q
Drawer
Drawer
Bed
Top of Mattress
Line of Wall Or
Obstruction
Mirror
Eye Level
Activity

Anthropometric
COOKING SPACE
The drawing shows the horizontal
clearances involved in the vicinity of the
dish washing area. While loading or
unloading the dishwasher, a clearance of at
least 40 in, is recommended to
accommodate the human body and the
extended dish rack and appliance door. To
allow circulation as well, at least another 30
in, should be added.
In cm
A 70-76 177.8-193
B 40 min. 101.6 min.
C 30-36 76.2-91.4
D 18 45.7
E 24 min. 61 min.
F 28-42 71.1-106.7
G 18 min. 45.7 min
H 12 min. 30.5 min.
SINK CENTER
B C
D
A
H
GE
F
Sink
Workzone
Circulation Zone
Line of Wall
or
Obstruction
Dish washer
Min.Counter
SpaceReq’dFor
EitherSideOfSink
Min.CounterSpace
Req’dForEither
SideOfSink
Min. Clearance
between Edge of Sink
and Corner Counter
Min. Clearance between
Counter and Wall or
Other Obstruction

Anthropometric
COOKING SPACE
The drawing indicates a minimum clearance
between appliances of 48 in. the
anthropometric basis for the clearances are
amplified in the drawing below. The 40 in.
wall oven work zone clearance is adequate
to accommodate the projected wall oven
door, in addition to the maximum body
depth dimension of the user.
In cm
G 48 min. 121.9 min.
I 17.5max. 44.5 max.
J 96-101.5 243.8-257.8
K 24-27.5 61-69.9
L 24-26 61-66
N 60 min. 152.4 min.
O 35-36.25 88.9-92.1
P 24 min. 61 min.
Q 35max. 88.9 max.
P
B
Q
G
I
J
N
M
O
L
B
K
Wall Oven
Broiler
Wall Oven Workzone
Range
Workzone
Standard Depth Min. Clearance Between Appliances
Circulation
Clearance
StandardHeight
Rang
e
Ventilation
Hood
RANGE CENTER

Anthropometric
BATHROOMS
The drawing indicates horizontal clearances
recommended in the lavatory area.
In Cm
F 14-16 35.6-40.6
G 30 76.2
H 18 45.7
I 21-26 53.3-66
F
HG I
Circulation Zone Activity Zone
Varies
Wall of other
Obstruction
DOUBLE LAVATORY CLEARANCES

Anthropometric
BATHROOMS
The drawing indicates some of the
clearances involved when the water closet
and bidet are located side by side.
In Cm
A 12 min. 30.5 min.
B 18 45.7
C 30 76.2
B
Shower
Varies
Line of Wall
or
Obstruction
BIDET AND WATER CLOSET
C
AAAVariesVaries
Soap
Holder
Activity Zone
Towel Bar
Circulation Zone
W.C.
Bidet

Anthropometric
LAUNDRY ROOMS
The sequence of laundering operations
determines the planning of space and
facilities and the placing of equipment.
Convenience and time and step saving are
easily achieved by placing the elements in
their natural order of use.
KITCHEN AND LAUNDRY LAYOUT
E
A
D
F
G
C Omit
E.P.
Closet
Glass
Shelf
Desk
To Dining
Room
To Hall
Shelf
Snack
Bar
KITCHENLAUNDRY
CODE OBJECT IN
A Storage Closet 24
B Clothes Chute 18
C Sorting Shelf 36
D Laundry Tray 24
E Washing Machine 30
F Dryer 30
G Ironer 60
H Ironing Board 18

Anthropometric
Edge-In Closet
A
Accessible Rod Length
AF
G
CODE IN CM
A 24 min. 61 min.
B 6 15.24
C 24-28 61-71.1
D 20 min. 50.8 min.
E 68 min. 172.7 min.
F 18 min. 45.7 min.
G 42 min. 106.7 min.
Reach-In Closet
The minimum front-to-back depth of space for hanging clothes is 24”. The accessible rod
length is equal to the width of the door opening plus 6” on each side.
Edge-In Closet
By providing an edge-in space of at least 18”, the accessible rod length can be much
longer than the door width. This requires less wall space than a full front opening.
Walk-In Closet
This type provides rods on one or both sides of an access path at least 20” wide. A wider
access space within the closet may be used as a dressing area.
Reach-In Closet
A
Accessible Rod Length
BB
C
Corner
Walk-In Closet
A
E
AccessibleRodLength
A AD

Ergonomics
Ergonomics is the process of designing or arranging workplaces, products
and systems so that they fit the people who use them.
Most people have heard of ergonomics and think it is something to do with
seating or with the design of car controls and instruments and it is so much
more. Ergonomics applies to the design of anything that involves people
workspaces, sports and leisure, health and safety.
Why is Ergonomics important?
Ergonomics aims to create safe, comfortable and productive workspaces by
bringing human abilities and limitations into the design of a workspace,
including the individual’s body size, strength, skill, speed, sensory abilities
(vision, hearing), and even attitudes.
How does ergonomics work?
Ergonomics is a relatively new branch of science which celebrated its 50th
anniversary in 1999, but relies on research carried out in many other older,
established scientific areas, such as engineering, physiology and psychology.
To achieve best practice design, Ergonomists use the data and techniques of
several disciplines:
• Anthropometry: body sizes, shapes; populations and variations
• Biomechanics: muscles, levers, forces, strength
• Environmental physics: noise, light, heat, cold, radiation, vibration body
systems: hearing, vision, sensations
• Applied psychology: skill, learning, errors, differences
• Social psychology: groups, communication, learning, behaviours.

Key Plan Number
1. Table (Varandah)
2. Chair (Varandah)
3. L-shaped Sofa (Primary Living Room)
4. Centre Table (Primary Living Room)
5. T.V. Display (Primary Living Room)
6. Sofa (Drawing Room)
7. Centre Table (Secondary Living Room)
8. Dining Table
9. Dining Chairs
10. Side Tables
10. Dressing Table (Vestibule)
11. Chairs (Kitchen)
12. W.C.
13. Lavatory
14. Chair (Deck Area)
15. Table (Deck Area)
Ground Floor Furniture Legend
S.no code Product
Code
Product Company Name Size (HXWXD) Area
1. 3 Istra - BQ40 Sofa Bo Concept 86x294x220cm. Living Room
2. 6 Istra - AC40 Sofa Bo Concept 86x207x96cm. Drawing Room
3. 4 Barcelona -
3750
Centre Table Bo Concept 35½x110x80cm. Living Room
4. 7 Lugo - AM01 Centre Table Bo Concept 36x91½x91½cm. Drawing Room
5. 8 Monza -
T031
Table Bo Concept 74½x210x100cm. Dining Room
6. 9 Lausanne -
D052
Chair Bo Concept 87x50x61cm. Dining Room
10. 13 K-17245K-0 Lavatory Kohler 48 x 33 x 15 cm Bathroom
11. 12 K-1046327 W.C. Kohler 58.5 x 36.8 x 36.0cm Bathroom
12. 5 Lugano -
LA00
T.V. Display Bo Concept 217x461x37cm. Living Room
Project Report Site Location Drawing Title Project Detail Design ByDate
Residential planning project Civil lines
Ajmer (Raj.),India
Sonal Gupta
1st year residential diploma
NSQF level 5
20th May,2017Furniture layout
3
6
2
1
4
7
8
9
17
18
12
15
16
5
11
Varandah
17’6”x7’
Drawing Room
14’6”x13’6”
Living Room
16‘3”x14’
Kitche
n
10’,10’
Dining Room
10’x12’
Powder
room
8’,6’
Sitting zone
14’6”x13’6”
Garden
16’ 10’5”
Vestibule
7’6”x10’9”
Parking
20’x20’
Garden
19’11”x10’
10
14
12
13
10
Plot Size 52’x62’
Plot Size 3224 Sq. Ft.

Key Plan Number
1. Master Bed Room Bed
2. Children Bed Rooms Bed
3. Master Bed Room Sofa
4. Family Lounge Sofa
5. Master Bed Room TV Display
6. Children Bed Room Study Tables
7. Side table in All rooms
8. Family Lounge Centre Table
10. W.C. in all bed Room
11. Bidet in all bedrooms
12. Lavatory in all rooms
13. Master Bed Room Walk In Closet
14. Children Bed Room Wardrobe
15. Children Bed Room Wardrobe
16. Chairs in children bed room
17. Pumpkin in balcony
First Floor Furniture Legend
S.no code Product Code Product Company Name Size Area
1. 1 Lugano - CCW6 Bed Bo Concept 130x176x214cm Bed Rooms
2. 5
NOMADE 2
DIDIER GOMEZ
Sofa ligne roset 33”x85½”x35¾”
Family
Lounge
3. 9 Lugo - AM01
Centre
Table
Bo Concept 36x91½x91½cm
Family
Lounge
4. 8 Adria - 2140 Side Table Bo Concept 36x30x30cm. Rooms
5. 10 K-1046327 W.C. Kohler
58.5 x 36.8 x
36.0cm
Bathrooms
6. 11 K-4736K-0 Bidet Kohler
51.4 x 37 x 15.8
cm
Bathrooms
7. 12 K-17245K-0 Lavatory Kohler 48 x 33 x 15 cm Bathrooms
8. 13 comp. 31
Walk In
Closet
F_ORME
302.5 x259.6
x66 cm
Master room
9. 4
OTTOMAN NOÉ
DUCHAUFOUR-
LAWRANCE
sofa
ligne roset 26¾” 65”
36½”
MASTER
ROOM
10. 7
Cupertino -
T033
Study table Bo concept 74x115½x48cm
Children
rooms
11. 16 Ottawa - D034 Chair Bo concept 88½x51xD57cm.
Children
rooms
12. 6
Lugano - LF00
Tv display Bo concept 194x288x26cm
Master bed
room
13. 15 comp. 27 Wardrobe F_ORME 280x259x62cm
Children
Rooms
14. 17
PUMPKIN
PIERRE PAULIN
Pumkin ligne roset
27½”x 41¼”x
32¾”
Balcony
Ajmer (Raj.),India
Sonal Gupta
NSQF level 5
20th May,2017Furniture layout
2
13
12
10
7 12
5
9
2
10
15
15
10
12
7
4
1
6
Bathroom
10’x8’9”
Balcony
7’9”x 22’9”
Children bed
Room
13’9”x13’
Children bed
room 13’x12;6’
Bathroom
16’x10’
Family lounge
14’x14’
Bathroom
12’6”x 7’
Master bed
room 17’x14’”
Private Garden
9’3”x29’3”
11
11
11
17
Plot Size 52’x62’

Residential Planning Project Civil Lines
Ajmer (Raj.),India
Sonal Gupta
1st Year Residential Diploma
NSQF Level 5
20th May,2017Plot Size 52’x62’
Colour coding Layout
(Ground Floor)
Colour Coding Top Plan Of Ground Floor
Colour Coding Legend
Colour Coding 3D View Of Ground Floor
5. Parking Area
8. Vestibule
6. verandah
9. Garden
7. Living room
10. Drawing
room
11. Powder
room
2. Stairs
12. Dinning
3. Deck area
1. Kitchen
4. Paving
Colour Coding Layout Of Ground Floor
1
2
3
9
9
6
10
7
11
12
8
5
4
4

Ajmer (Raj.),India
Sonal Gupta
NSQF Level 5
Colour coding Layout
(First Floor)
Colour Coding Top Plan Of First Floor
Colour Coding 3D View Of First Floor
5. Corridor
6. Stair case
7. Garden
2. Balcony
3. Bathrooms
1. Rooms
4. Family lounge
Colour Coding Layout Of first Floor
1
6
4
5
3
1
7
3
1
4
3

Ground Floor Circulation Views
Ajmer (Raj.),India
Sonal Gupta
NSQF Level 5
Circulation Layout
(Ground Floor)
Varandah
17’6”x7’
Drawing Room
14’6”x13’6”
Living Room
16‘3”x14’
Kitchen
10’,10’
Dining Room
10’x12’
Powder
room
8’,6’
Sitting zone
14’6”x13’6”
Garden
16’ 10’5”
Vestibule
7’6”x10’9”
Parking
20’x20’
Garden
19’11”x10’
parking
Verandah
Living room
Kitchen
Deck area
Garden
Dinning
Drawing
room
Powder
room
Stairs
Vestibule
Circulation layout of ground floor
After studied louis kahn principles we understood connectivity in
all the areas of house. which are as follows:-
1. Living Room (Leader)
2. Powder Room (Servant)
3. Living Room (Watcher)
4. Kitchen (Worker)
5. Master Bedroom (Loner)

First Floor Circulation Views
Ajmer (Raj.),India
Sonal Gupta
NSQF Level 5
Circulation Layout
(First Floor)
Bathroom
10’x8’9”
Balcony
7’9”x 16’
Children bed Room
13’9”x13’
Children bed room
13’x12;6’ Bathroom
16’x10’
Family lounge
14’x13’
Bathroom
12’6”x 7’
Master bed room
17’x14’”
Private Garden
9’3”x29’3”
After studied louis kahn principles we understood
connectivity in all the areas of house. which are follows as:-
1. Living Room (Leader)
2. Powder Room (Servant)
3. Living Room (Watcher)
4. Kitchen (Worker)
5. Master Bedroom (Loner)
Stairs
Garden
Bathroom
Master
bed room
Children
bed room
Children
bed room
Bathroom
Bathroom
Family
lounge
Balcony
Circulation Layout Of First Floor

Ajmer (Raj.),India
Sonal Gupta
NSQF level 5
20th May,2017Plot size 52’x62’
Detail layout of ground floor
Veranda
17’6”x7’
Drawing Room
14’6”x13’6”
Living Room
16‘3”x14’
Kitchen
10’,10’
Dining Room
10’x12’
Powder
room
8’,6’
Sitting zone
14’6”x13’6”
Garden
16’ 10’5”
Vestibule
7’6”x10’9”
Parking
20’x20’
Garden
19’11”x10’
Covered Area
Uncovered Area
Stairs Garden
Windows Furniture
Detail Layout Of Ground Floor
Stair case is L-shaped. I have provided stair
case for reaching first floor
Powder room is northern face. Powder room
is servent I have provided w.c. and a lavatory.
It is connected with all areas of ground floor.
Drawing Room Is East Facing I Have
Provided Here A Three Seated Sofa And
One-one Seated Sofa Both Side And A
Rectangular Centre Table And 2 Side Table.
Living Room Is East Facing. Living room is
a watcher room. I Have Provided Here A L-
shaped 5 Seated Sofa And A Rectangular
Centre Table And 2 Side Table. Min
Focusing Point Is Bi Fold Doors Which
Connected With Verandah.
I have given Verandah for morning
refreshment for seating person. I have
provided 2 chair and a table
I have given Garden for refreshments
cooling and for verandah and view for
living room
I have given deck area with sitting and
zone and also provide garden. I have
provided here as a 2 chair and a table
Kitchen is a worker room. I have choose L-
shaped kitchen. I have also provided
connectivity with dinning and living room
I have provided parking facility for one car

Site Location Drawing Title Project Detail Design ByDate
Ajmer (Raj.),India
Sonal Gupta
NSQF level 5
Detail layout of first floor
Bathroom
10’x8’9”
Balcony
7’9”x 16’
Children bed
Room
13’9”x13’
Children bed
room
13’x12;6’
Bathroo
m
16’x10’
Family lounge
14’x13’
Bathroom
12’6”x 7’
Master bed
room 17’x14’”
Private
Garden
9’3”x29’3”
Detail Layout Of first floor Floor
Covered Area
Walls Stairs Garden
Windows Furniture
Project Report
Stair case is L-shaped. I have provided stair
case for reaching first floor
Bathroom is attached master bed room I
have provided hare as W.C., bidet, lavatory
and shower panel. And also provided
louvered window for ventilation.
Bathroom is children bed room I have
provided hare as W.C., bidet, lavatory and
shower panel. And also provided louvered
window for ventilation.
Bathroom is attached children bed room I
have provided hare as W.C., bidet, lavatory
and shower panel. And also provided
louvered window for ventilation.
Children bed is south facing. I have
provided here as bed
Children Bed Room Is South Facing I Have
Provided Here Bed With Side Tables, A
Wardrobe And Study Table And Chair For
Children Comfort Master Bed Room Is Loner. Its Facing
Eastern. I Have Provided Here Double Bed
With Side Tables, Love Seated Sofa,
Dressing Table And Also Provide Walk In
Closet
I have given terrace garden for fulfill the
requirement of client. Garden attached
with master bed room. And also given the
balcony.

S.No Code Type Size Area
1 D1 Main Gate 12’ Wide Main Entrance
2 D2 Double Door 6’ X 7’ Vestibule
3 D3 Bi fold Door 6’ X 7’ Living room
4 D4 Single Door 3’ X 7’ Kitchen
5 D5 Bi fold Door 6’ X 7’ Dinning
6 D6 Single Door 2’6” X 7’ Powder Room
7 D7 Single Door 3’ X 7’ Drawing room
8 W1 Casement Window 3’ X 4’ Living Room
9 W2 Casement Window 5 X 4’ Living Room
10 W3 Casement Windows 5’ X 4’ Drawing room
11 W4 Louvered Window 2’6’ X 3’ Powder room
12 W5 Casement window 3’ X 4’ Dinning
13 W6 Corner Window 4’ X 8’ Stair case
Ground Floor Door Window Legend
D1
D2
D3
D7
D6
D5
W1
W3
W2
W5
W4
D4
W6
Double Door
Louvered Ventilator Single DoorCorner Window
Bi-fold door
Casement Window
Main Gate
Ajmer (Raj.),India
Doors and windows layout of
ground floor
Project Report
Sonal Gupta
NSQF level 5

S.No Code Type Size Area
1 D1 Single door 3’ X 7’ Garden
2 D2 Single Door 3’ X 7’ Garden
3 D3 Single Door 3’ X 7’ Bathroom
4 D4 Single Door 3’ X 7’ Children bed room
5 D5 Single Door 3’ X 7’ Master bed room
7 D7 Single Door 3’ X 7’ Children bed room
9 W1 Casement Window 3’ X 4’ Master bed Room
10 W2 Louvered Window 3’ X 4’ Bathroom
11 W3 Casement Windows 3’ X 4’ Children bed room
12 W4 Louvered Window 3’X4’ Bathroom
14 W5 Casement window 3’ X 4’ Children bed room
15 w6 Louvered Window 3’ X 4’ Children bed room
16 W7 Sliding Window 3’ X 4’ Family lounge
17 W6 Corner Window 4’ X 8’ Stair case
First Floor Door Window Legend
Louvered Ventilator
Sliding window
Corner Window
Single door
Casement Window
Ajmer (Raj.),India
Doors and windows layout of
first floor
Project Report
D1
D5
D2
D6
D3
W1
D4
D7
W4
D8
W8
W5
W6
W2
W3
W7
Bathroom
10’x8’9”
Balcony
7’9”x 16’
Children bed
Room
13’9”x13’
Children bed room
13’x12;6’
Bathroom
16’x10’
Family lounge
14’x13’
Bathroom
12’6”x 7’
Master bed room
17’x14’”
Private Garden
9’3”x29’3”
Sonal Gupta
NSQF level 5

Ground Floor Flooring Legend
Ajmer (Raj.),India
Sonal Gupta
NSQF level 5
Flooring layout of ground floor
Belarus Crema
(Ceramic Tiles)
Company Name- Kajaria
Size- 80X80CM
Duna Gris
(Paving Tiles)
Size- 30X30CM
Madurai Satin Marfil
(Satin Tiles)
Size- 80X80CM
A. Parking Area
B. Varandah
C. Living, Kitchen
Dinning, Drawing,
Vestibule
D. Powder Room
Toronto Blanco
(Ceramic Tiles)
Size- 30X30CM
Monterey Pine
(Ceramic Tiles)
Size- 15X60CM
F. Deck Area
Granite Slate Matt
(GRANITE Tiles)
Size- 60X60CM
E. Stair Case
B
A
C
D
E
F

First Floor Flooring Legend
Ajmer (Raj.),India
Sonal Gupta
NSQF level 5
Flooring layout of first floor
A. All rooms
B . Bathroom
Toronto Blanco
(Ceramic Tiles)
Size- 30x30cm
Granite Slate Matt
(Granite Tiles)
Size- 60x60cm
C. Stair case
Polished Teak
(Ceramic Tiles)
Size- 80x80cm
A
A B
C
C
B
B

Ajmer (Raj.),India
Sonal Gupta
NSQF level 5
Furniture layout of ground floor
3
6
2
1
4
7
8
9
17
18
12
15
16
5
11
Varandah
17’6”x7’
Drawing Room
14’6”x13’6”
Living Room
16‘3”x14’
Kitche
n
10’,10’
Dining Room
10’x12’
Powder
room
8’,6’
Sitting zone
14’6”x13’6”
Garden
16’ 10’5”
Vestibule
7’6”x10’9”
Parking
20’x20’
Garden
19’11”x10’
10
14
12
13
10
Ground Floor Furniture detail layout
Company Name- Bo Concept
Company Code- Istra - BQ40
Size- 86x294x220cm.
Company Code- Lugano - LA00
Size- 217x461x37cm.
Company Code- Istra - BQ40
Size- 86x294x220cm.
Company Code- Istra - AC40
Size- 86x207x96cm.
Living Room
L-shaped Sofa TV Display
Centre Table
Drawing Room
Company Code- Barcelona - 3750]
Size- H 35xW110xD80cm
Dinning Room
Company Name- ligne roset
Company Code- CALANQUE NOÉ
DUCHAUFOUR-LAWRANCE
Size- H 11¾” W 10” D 10”
Side table
Sofa
Bathroom
Company Name- Kohler
Company Code- K-1046327
Size- 58.5 x 36.8 x 36.0cm
Company Code- Monza - T031
Size- 74½x210x100cm
Chair
Dinning table
W.C.

Ajmer (Raj.),India
Sonal Gupta
NSQF level 5
Furniture layout of first floor
B2
W1
L2
Wc1
T2 L1
T3
S2
B3
wc1
W2
w3
wc2
L3
T2
S1
D1
B1
Tv1
Bathroom
10’x8’9”
Balcony
7’9”x 16’
Children bed
Room
13’9”x13’
Children bed
room 13’x12;6’
Bathroom
16’x10’
Family lounge
14’x13’
Bathroom
12’6”x 7’
Master bed
room 17’x14’”
Private Garden
9’3”x29’3”
First Floor Furniture detail layout
Master bed room
Company Code- OTTOMAN NOÉ
DUCHAUFOUR-LAWRANCE
Size- H 26¾” W 65” xD 36½”
Company Code- NOMADE 2
DIDIER GOMEZ
Size- 30¾”/33” W 85½”
D 35¾”
Company Code- Lugano - CCW6
Size- L 130x W176x D214cm
Company Code- CALANQUE
NOÉ DUCHAUFOUR-LAWRANCE
Size- H 11¾”x W 10” xD 10”
Company Name- F_ORME
Company Code- comp. 27
Size- L 280 x H 259.6 x P 62cm
Company Name- F_ORME
Company Code- comp. 31
Size- L 302.5 x H 259.6 x
P 66 cm
Company Code- TADAO ERIC
JOURDAN
Size- 32½”x W 18¾” D 20¾”
TV Display
Size- H 11¾” xW 10” xD 10”
Children bed room
Love seat
Walk in closet
Side table
Wardrobe
Bed
Desk
Size- H 11¾” W 10” D 10”
Two seated SofaCentre table
DIDIER GOMEZ
Size- L 33”xW 85½”xD 35¾”
Company Code- Bo Concept
Size- L 36xW x 91½x D91½cm
Chair
Family Lounge Balcony
Pumpkin
Company Code- PUMPKIN
PIERRE PAULIN
Size- L 27½”x W41¼”xD32¾”
DIDIER GOMEZ
Size- L 33 x W 85½” x D 35¾”
Bed
Side table

Ajmer (Raj.),India
Sonal Gupta
NSQF level 5
Layers layout of house
Master Bed Room Is Loner. Its Facing
Eastern. I Have Provided Here Double Bed
With Side Tables, Love Seated Sofa,
Dressing Table And Also Provide Walk In
Closet
Drawing Room Is East Facing I Have
Provided Here A Three Seated Sofa And
One-one Seated Sofa Both Side And A
Rectangular Centre Table And 2 Side Table.
Living Room Is East Facing I Have Provided
Here A L-shaped 5 Seated Sofa And A
Rectangular Centre Table And 2 Side Table. Min
Focusing Point Is Bi Fold Doors Which
Connected With Verandah.
Children Bed Room Is South Facing I Have
Provided Here Bed With Side Tables, A
Wardrobe And Study Table And Chair For
Children Comfort
Terrace Is Must Required Zone.
Family Lounge Is Western Face Of A Building
In First Floor I Have Given A Family Lounge In
First Floor For Enjoyment Of Family
Members. I Have Provided two 2Seated
Comfortable Sofa, Square Centre Table And
Also Provide A Big Sliding Window For A View
And Refresh Air.
Layers Layout Of Building

Ajmer (Raj.),India
Sonal Gupta
NSQF level 5
Sectional layout
A A’
Top plan Section A- A’ Isometric View
B’B
Top plan Section B- B’ Isometric View
Sectional Layout Of Building

Ajmer (Raj.),India
Sonal Gupta
NSQF level 5
Sectional layout
Top plan Section C-C’ Isometric View
Top plan Section D-D’ Isometric View
D
D’
C’
Sectional Layout Of Building
C

Ajmer (Raj.),India
Sonal Gupta
NSQF level 5
Orthographic projection layout
Orthographic projections Layout Of Building
Front Elevation Back Elevation
Right Elevation Left Elevation

Carpet
PROJECT ON INTERIOR FURNISHING
We Are Supposed To Dress Up Window For A Living Room And Bed Room. As A
Student Of Interior Design What A Varies Of Curtains Heading, Types, Hardware,
How To Fix Different Types Of Curtains And The Decorative Elements Involved
With The Curtains Focuses On The Different Prints, Types And Textures Of
Curtains To Be Pay Attention To Will Selecting A Curtain For Room. Now Design
The Living Room With The Choice Of A Curtain You Have Selected And Why?

STONE MASONRY
Definition
Masonry is used to indicate the art of building the structure in either stones or bricks. The former type is called the stone masonry and the latter type is
called the brick masonry. The masonry is used for the construction of foundations, walls, columns and other similar components of a structure. The basic
advantage of the masonry for the load bearing structures is that it performs a variety of functions like:
Affording architectural effect. b)Granting fire and weather protection. C) Providing acoustic and thermal insulation etc.
Types of Stone Masonry
The stone masonry is classified under two categories :
1. Rubble Masonry 2. Ashlars Masonry
Technical Terms of stone masonry are as follows :
1. Spalls : The chips of stones used to fill up the empty spaces in the stone
masonry are known as the spalls or snecks.
2. Quoins : The external corners or angles of a wall surface are called the quoins
and the stones forming the quoins are known as the quoin stones.
3. Bond : A bond is an arrangement of layers of stones or bricks by which no
continuous vertical joins are formed.
4. Through stone : In stonework, some stones at regular intervals are placed
right across the wall. Such stones are known as the through stones or bond
stones.
5. Facing : The material which is used in the face of the wall is known as the
facing.
6. Backing : The material used in the formation of the back of the wall is known
as the backing.
7. Hearting : the portion of a wall between facing and backing is known as the
hearting.
Spalls
Spalls
Bond
Hearting
Backing
Through
stone
Facing
quoins

JOINTS IN STONE MASONRY
Tabled joint : In this type of joint, a
joggle is formed in the bed of the
stone to prevent lateral movement.
The depth of projection is about 40
mm and the width of projection is
about one-third the breadth of the
stone.
Butt or square joint : In this type of
joint, the square of one stone is
placed against that of another. This is
the most common joint and is
extensively used for ordinary work.
Rebated or lapped joint : In this
type of joint, the rebates are
provided which prevent the
movements of stones. The length of
the rebate depends on the nature of
the work. But is should not be less
than 70 mm. This joint is used for
arch work, coping on gables, etc.
Cramped joint : In this type of joint,
the cramps are used instead of
dowels. The cramps are the pieces of
non-corrosive metals such as
gunmetal, copper, etc. and their ends
are turned down to a depth of about
40 mm to 50 mm.
Plugged joint : In this type of joint, the dovetail shaped mortices are
provided in the sides of adjacent stones. When stones are placed in
position, the molten lead is poured in the joint, which when cooled,
connects the stones firmly. This joint is used for copings, cornices,
etc.
Rusticated joint : Rusticated is used to indicate such masonry. The
three forms of rusticated joints. The channeled joint is more
common. In this joint, the sinking is made on the lower joint so as to
avoid the possibility of entry of water through the mortar joints.
Tongued and grooved joint/Joggle joint : In this type of joint, a
projection is kept on one stone a corresponding sinking is provided in
the other stone. This arrangement prevents the sliding of one stone
over the other.
Dowelled joint : In this type of joint, a hole
is cut into each stone and loose dowels,
which are small pieces of hard stone, slate,
gunmetal, brass, bronze or copper, are
inserted and secured with the cement.

Ashlar Masonry : In this type of construction, the square or
rectangular blocks of stones are used. The courses are not
necessarily of the same height. The height of stones varies from 250
mm to 300 mm. The length of stones should not exceed three times
the height and depth into the wall should be at least equal to half
the height.
Stones: Depending upon the availability, the stones are selected. The
stones to be used in the work should be hard, durable, tough and free
from any defect such as shake, vent, mottle, etc.
Mortar: The mortar is required to keep the stones in position. It is
prepared by mixing lime or cement with sand and after adding water,
it is placed in the joints. The type of mortar to be used will depend on
the strength required, load coming on the structure. Mortar thickness
is 15mm.
Ston
e
Mortar
Composition of stone masonry

BRICK MASONRY
The brick are obtained by moulding clay in
rectangular blocks of uniform size and
then by drying and burning these blocks.
Closer: A piece of brick which is used to close up the bond at
the end of brick courses is known as a closer.
Perpends
Stretcher
course
Bed joint
Header
course
Lap
Such bricks are known as the modular bricks and
actual size of modular brick is 19cm × 9cm ×
9cm. With mortar thickness, size of such a brick
becomes 20cm × 10cm × 10cm and it is known
as the normal size of the modular brick and the
average weight of brick will be about 3 to 3.5 kg.
Weight and Size
Stretcher: This is a brick laid with its
length parallel to the face or front or
direction of a wall.
Header: This is a brick laid with its
breadth or width parallel to the face
or front or direction of a wall.
Arrises: The edges formed by the
intersection of plane surfaces of
brick are called the arrises and they
should be sharp, square and free
from damage.
Bed: The lower surface of the brick
when laid flat is known as the bed.
Bed Joint: The horizontal layer of
mortar upon which the bricks are
laid is known as a bed joint.
Perpends: The vertical joints separating the bricks in
either length or cross direction are known as the
perpends.
Lap: The horizontal distance between the vertical joints
in successive courses is termed as a lap and for a good
bond, it should be one-fourth of the length of a brick.
Queen Closer: This is obtained by cutting
the brick longitudinally in two equal parts.
King Closer: A triangular portion of the
brick such that half a header and half a
stretcher are obtained on the adjoining
cut faces.
Bevelled Closer: A triangular portion of
half the width but of full length. A
bevelled closer appears as a closer on one
face and as a header at the other face.
Mitred Closer: A triangular portion of
the brick through its width and making
an angle of 45° to 60° with the length
of the brick.
Bat : This is a piece of brick, usually considered in relation
to the length of a brick and accordingly known as half bat.
Bullnose: A brick moulded with a
rounded angle is termed as a bullnose, it
is used for a rounded quoin.
Cow Nose: A brick
moulded with a
double bullnose on
end is termed as a
cow nose.
Squint Quoin: A brick which is cut or moulded such
that an angle other than a right angle is formed in plan.

Modification in English Bond
Mortar (10
mm thick)
Brick ( 19 x
9 x 9)
Composition of brick masonry

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ID 1 Year Residential
Design Diploma
Arches (Types of
arches)
17th Mar,2017
Flat Arch: The apparent shape of
this arch is flat and usually the
skewback form an angle of 60° with
the horizontal. Thus an equilateral
triangle is formed with one side as
intrados. The depth of a flat arch is
invariably made equivalent to some
courses of masonry. The intrados is
given a slight rise or camber of about
10 mm to 15 mm per metre width of
the opening so as to allow for slight
settlement of the arch.
Extrados
Center
Springer
Intrados
Top Plan
Opening
60 °
Skewback
60 °
3D view
Flat Arch
Building
Construction

Segmental Arch: The centre of the
arch is situated below the springing
line. This is the common type of arch
used for buildings. The thrust
transferred to the abutment is in an
inclined direction.
3D view
Segmental Arch
Extrados
Center
Springer
Intrados
Top Plan
Opening
Skewback
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Sonal Gupta
Design Diploma
Arches (Types of
arches)
17th Mar,2017Building
Construction

Semi – circular Arch: The centre
of the arch lies on the springing line
and the shape of curve of arch is a
semi – circle. As the skewback is
horizontal, the thrust transferred to
the abutment is perfectly in vertical
direction.
Semi – circular Arch
3D view
Extrados
Springer
Intrados
Top Plan
Opening
Skewback
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Sonal Gupta
Design Diploma
Arches (Types of
arches)
Construction

Pointed Arch: this type of arch
consists of two curves which are
meeting at the apex of a triangle.
The triangle formed may be
equilateral or isosceles. The letter
type is known as the Lancet arch. The
centres of the arch may be on or
below the springing line and they
may be in between or outside the
springing points. In equilateral arch,
the centres will be on the springing
points.
Equilateral Arch
3D view
Extrados
Intrados
Top Plan
Opening
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Sonal Gupta
Design Diploma
Arches (Types of
arches)
Construction

Relieving Arch: This arch is
constructed over a wooden joist or a
flat arch. Thus it relieves the joist or
flat arch from carrying the load. The
ends of a relieving arch should be
kept sufficiently inside the solid wall
or there should be enough cover
beyond the end of joist, opening or
portion to be strengthened by the
relieving arch.
Extrados
Center
Top Plan
Opening
Relieving arch
Intrados
60 ° 60 °
3D view
Flat Arch
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Sonal Gupta
Design Diploma
Arches (Types of
arches)
Construction

Horse–shoe Arch: This arch has
the shape of a horse-shoe. It is
mainly adopted from architectural
considerations. The shape of the arch
includes more than a semi-circular.
Extrados
Center
Top Plan
Relieving arch
Intrados
3D view
Horse-shoe Arch
Opening
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Sonal Gupta
Design Diploma
Arches (Types of
arches)
Construction

Stilted Arch: This type of arch has a
semi-circular shape attached at the
tops of two vertical portions. The
spring line of arch passes through the
tops of vertical portions.Extrados
Center
Top Plan
Relieving arch
Intrados
3D view
Stilted Arch
Opening
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Sonal Gupta
Design Diploma
Arches (Types of
arches)
Construction

Florentine Arch: this type of arch
is similar to the venetian arch except
that the intrados has the shape of a
semicircular curve. There are three
centre for a Florentine arch, all
located on the springing line.
Center
Top Plan 3D view
Florentine Arch
Opening
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Sonal Gupta
Design Diploma
Arches (Types of
arches)
Construction

Classification of Arches According to Number of Centers One – Centered Arch: This type
of arch has one centre only. The flat,
segmental, semi – circular, horse –
shoe and stilted arches are one –
centered. Sometimes the circular
windows are used to have an
architectural effect. For this purpose,
a bull’s eye arch.
Center
Top Plan
3D view
Bull’s Eye Arch
Opening
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Sonal Gupta
Design Diploma
Arches (Types of
arches)
Construction

Beaded Pointing: It Is Formed
By A Steel Or Iron Rod With A
Concave Edge. The Beaded
Pointing Is Good In Appearance.
But It Is Difficult To Maintain As It
Can Be Easily Damaged.
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Sonal Gupta
Design Diploma
Pointing (Types of
pointing)
10th April,2017Building
Construction
Elevation
Detail View
Side Elevation
Beaded
Pointing 1. Beaded Pointing
2. Flush Pointing Flush Pointing: It Is Formed By
Removing The Excess Mortar From
The Joint. The Join Is Made Flush
With Face.
Elevation
Detail View
Side Elevation
Flush
Pointing

Reccessed Pointing: The Face
Of The Pointing Is Kept Vertical
And It Is Pressed Inside The Wall
Surface By A Suitable Tool To A
Depth Of About 5mm Or More.
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Sonal Gupta
Design Diploma
Pointing (Types of
pointing)
Building
Construction
Elevation
Detail View
Side Elevation
Reccessed
Pointing 3. Reccessed Pointing
4. Rubbed Pointing Rubbed Or Keyed Or
Grooved Pointing: In This Type
Of Pointing, A Groove Is Formed
At The Center Of Height By A
Pointer.
Elevation
Detail View
Side Elevation
Rubbed
Pointing
11th April,2017

Struck Pointing: The Upper
Edge Of Joint Is About 10 Mm
Inside The Face Of Masonry. This
Joint Disposes Water Easily. If The
Lower Edge Of Joint Is Kept Inside
The Face Of Masonry, It Is Known
As The Overhand Struck Pointing.
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Sonal Gupta
Design Diploma
Pointing (Types of
pointing)
Building
Construction
Elevation
Detail View
Side Elevation
Struck
Pointing 5. Struck Pointing
6. Tuck Pointing Tuck Pointing: In This Type Of
Pointing, A Groove Is Formed At
The Center Of Joint. The Width
And Depth Of Groove Are
Respectively 5 Mm And 3 Mm.
Elevation
Detail View
Side Elevation
Tuck
Pointing
11th April,2017

INTERIOR DESIGN
HOUSE PLANNING
Sonal Gupta
1st Year Residential Design Diploma
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Sonal Gupta , Interior Design

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