This is the Work Compiled by the Student of B.Sc.-Interior Design of Dezyne E'cole College.The Portfolio of Residential Design is Developed by the Student Nisha Parwani B.Sc. Interior Design

1. PORTFOLIO
RESIDENTIAL DESIGN
Dezyne E’cole College
www.dezyneecole.com
Nisha Parwani
B.SC. INTERIOR DESIGN
1ST Year Diploma
INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN

2. 2
Project report on
Residential Design
Submitted to
Dezyne E’cole college
towards the partial fulfillment for
the award of Diploma in
Interior Design as
Technical Knowledge Development of
Residential Space Planning
included with the
Bachelor Degree program of Interior Design
By
Nisha Parwani
Dezyne E’cole College
Civil lines, Ajmer
www.dezyneecole.com
2013-2016

3. 3
The Project of Ms. Nisha Parwani has been checked and has been graded as
Thanking You
Principal
(Seal & Signature)
Dezyne E’cole College
Civil Lines, Ajmer
www.dezyneecole.com

4. 4
The project “Residential Space Planning” has enlightened me about various aspects of planning a
residential building.
I give my sincere thanks to Dezyne E'Cole College and to my mentors who gave me the opportunity to
know about the various aspects of residential space planning and helped me in preparing my project.
Nisha Parwani
B.Sc. - Interior design

5. 5
To Be Creative Is A Part Of Human Psyche. It Is One Of Those Traits That Set Us Apart From Other Animal
Species And We Have Practiced It For Millennia. Even When Our Prime Need Was To Find Food And
Shelter, We Felt A Desire To Leave Our Mark On The Environment That We Inhabited. Whether This Was
To Satisfy Some Deep Spiritual Calling Or A Method Of Passing On A Vital Knowledge To Fellow Group
Members, Or Whether It Was Simply A Way For An Individual To Satisfy An Urge To Leave His Mark For
Future Generations, We Will Never Know. For Just As Long, People Have Turned Inquisitive Minds To
Ways Of Solving Problems Such As How To Work More Efficiently, How To Live More Comfortably And
How To Be Safe From Danger.
Today, These Primitive And Fundamental Indicators Of Human Nature May Be Expressed In More
Sophisticated And Developed Ways, But The Primal Simplicity Of Our Human Desire To Make A “Better”
And More Comfortable World For Ourselves Is Evidenced Through, Amongst Other Things., How We
Organize The Space That We Inhabit, And The Aesthetic That We Make For Them. As We Have Become
More Affluent And Blessed With More Leisure Time, Style Has Become More Important To Us And Is
Something With Which We Want To Imbue Our Homes. But ‘Style’ Is A Very Personal Notion, So Why
Should Anyone Look To Employ Someone Else, An Interior Designer, To Tell Them What Is Right? Why, For
That Matter, Should We As A Designer Presume To Impose Our Ideas Upon A Space That Isn’t Our Own?

6. 6
The Answer Of This Interior Design Is All About So Much More Than ‘What Looks Right’. It Is About Taking
Holistic View Of The Way That Individuals Use And Enjoy The Spaces That They Inhabit. It Is About Finding
And Crating A Cohesive Answer To A Set Of Problems And Dressing The Solutions So As To Unify And
Strengthen Our Experience Of The Space. Many People Understand This And That They Do Not Have The
Necessary Skills To Tackle The Job Themselves. And So There Is The Need For Professional Interior Designers.
Good Interior Design Adds A New Dimension To A Space. It Can Increase Our Efficiency In The Way We Go
About Our Daily Lives And It Adds Depth Understanding And Meaning Of The Built Environment. Thoughtful
And Well-crafted Design Makes A Space Easier To Understand And Experiencing Such A Space Lifts The Spirit.
It Is, Therefore, Not Just About Aesthetic, It Is A Practical And Philosophical Design.
Beautiful Spaces Betray A Logical And Rational Questioning Of The Status Quo And Can Be An Honest
Attempt To Find New And Exciting Way To Lead Our Lives. Planners Are Often Asked To Make Estimates Of
Space Needs Before Having An Opportunity To Make Policies Or Detailed Plans For Operations. Here The
Interior Designer Studies About The Space And Its Surrounding Influences On It , Like Orientation Of The
Space ,Day Lighting, Ventilation, HVAC ,Lighting, Landscaping All Depending On The Personality Of The
Space. These Then Lead To Development Of The Structural Features Of The Building As It Influences The
Utilization Of The Space.

7. 7
Interior Decorators On The Other Hand Generally Work With Existing Spaces That Do Not Require Physical
Alteration. Through The Use Of Color ,Light And Surface Finish , They Will Transform The Look Of The Space,
Perhaps Making It Suitable To Function In A Different Way From That For Which It Was Originally Designed ,
But With Very Little Or No Change To The Structure Of The Building. The Scope Of The Projects Undertaken
Will Vary From The Purely Decorative . To Ones Where A Great Deal Of Structural Change Is Required To
Meet The Brief. An Interior Designer Will Completely Handle The Space Planning And Creation Of Decorative
Scheme At The Same Time As Considering Major Structural Changes.
Lets Understand The Work Of An Interior Designer.
1. Interior Design As A Skill Branch:
Building Engineering Was A Pioneer Design Field Out Of Which Many Specialties Like Architecture, Civil
Engineering And Interior Designing Have Separated . All These Skills Deal With Buildings Using Many
Common Materials And Techniques . Interior Design As A Result Has Certain Affinity To Architecture . In
Recent Years Many Other Design Skills Like Urban Design, Town Planning, Mass Or Public Housing, Landscape
Architecture Etc. Have Merged From Architecture . In Future Many Other Skills May Also Emerge From
Interior Design.

8. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
8
2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer . However Buildings
Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated Several Times. Architects Or Building
Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’. During Early Middle Ages Or
Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled ‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And
Outside . The Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-smiths,
Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors, Mural Makers Were
Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All These Services Were Handled By A Person
, The Interior Decoration Was A Service For The Building But Always Was Distinct From The Architect From
The Architecture Or Building Engineering. Interior Decorator Was Neither A Variant, Nor Subservient To The
Architect.
3. Interior Decorator To Interior Designer:
Interior Decorator Worked As A Facilitator, Scheduling And Coordinating The Activities While Supervising The
Quality Of Various Vendors. The Interior Decorator Now Even Offered Comprehensive Design Solutions With
Alternative To Their Clients. Interior Decoration Became A Well- Documented Strategy, Serving Two Basic
Purpose.
• It Helped Creation Of A Functional System By Coordinating Skills, Materials And Objects Sourced From
Different Agencies.

9. 9
• It Showed The User Of Client, In Advance, The Solution, In A Respective Form A Surrogate
Once The First Objective Was Achieved Without Being Continuously Present On The Site It Was Possible For
The Interior In Charge Person To Devote More Tome And Attention To The Second Objective. The Interior
Decorator Began To Play A Very Active Role Of A Professional Interior Designer Rather Than Being Simply A
Site Bound Interior Contractor.
4. Design Studio-
The Interior Designer Now Operated From A Design Office Or Studio, Usually Located In An Urban Area. The
Studio Was Used For Creating Drawings, Sketches, Other Presentations, Models, Prototypes, Dummies,
Cartoon (Replicas Of Artwork In Full Size), Samples Etc. It Contained Samples Of Materials And Catalogues.
The Studio Was A Fixed Location Facility Where Interior Designer Was Able To Meet Clients, Suppliers And
Crafts- Persons.
5. Design+ Execution Practice-
Schematic Documentation Of Design Has Been Very Difficult. And The Most Irritating Aspect Of Business.
Amateur Interior Designers ( Formally Untrained Hobbyists) Lack The Capacity To Document Their Design
Intentions, So Prefer To Work On The Site, Providing Oral Instructions To Contractor Or Their Workers. Many
Interior Designers, Even Today Where Practicable Would Like To Execute Their Work By Themselves. The
Tradition Of Combining Design+ Execution Persists For Many Reasons.

10. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
PAINTERS KNOWN AS DECORATORS , WORKED ALONG WITH ASSOCIATES , TO NOT
ONLY PAINT BUT UNDERTAKE REPAIRS, MAKE FURNITURE And Update Furnishings.
Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And
Carpet Makers, Sculptors, Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers
And Suppliers . Later All These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
10
• Interior Components Require Complex Details And Materials For Their Sensorial Qualities. These Are
Difficult To Present Through Formal Design Documentation, And Must Be Effected Only Through Personal
Involvement.
• Interior Designing Involves Improvisation. The Coordinated Effect Can Be Achieved Only When
Components Or Systems Are Substantially Produced By The Designers Themselves.
• Amateur Or Untrained Interior Designers Do Not Have Such Proficiencies.
6. Forms Of Interior Design Practices:
Today Many Different Forms Of Interior Design Practices Exist Ranging From:
PURE DESIGN (Design Only).
DESIGN + SUPPLY.
DESIGN + SUPPLY + EXECUTION.
7. Interior Design and other Design Professions:
Interior Design Like Any Other Design Profession, Is An Interdependent Profession. Interior Designers Work In
Conjunction With Other Design Professionals, Who Need Interior Design Contribution In Their Work, Such As
Architects, Building Engineers, Landscape Designers , Furniture And Product Designers, Exhibition And Event
Managers. Interior Designers Also Use Expertise Of Other Professionals For Their Work. These Include
Environmental Engineers, Ecologists, Furnishing Experts, Textile Designers, Painters, Sculptors, And An Array
Of Crafts Persons.

11. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
11
8. Specialization in Interior Design:
Interior Designers Like Other Professionals Also Face A Dilemma, Should They Specialize Or Be A Generalist?
To Become A Specialist One Needs To Limit The Work To Projects Of Particular Nature. But It Is Very Difficult
To Get Projects To Suit A Predefined Field Of Specialization. In Reality, As And When Opportunities Arise, A
Designer Preferences Project That Builds Up The Specific Sphere Of Experience. The Refined Capability Can
Then Be Used For Handling Similar But Complex Jobs.
Acute Specialization In A Particular Field Also Leads To Generalization, As One Handles Only One Or Few
Types Of Projects. Interior Designers By Handling Only Specific Projects Achieve An Expertise In The Field, But
Gradually Lose The Capacity To Handle Other Projects. Whereas A Generalist , By Handling All Sorts Of
Projects, Perhaps Gains A Wider Experience, Economics Of Scale (Turnover), But At Compromised Quality.
Some Degree Of Specialization Is Becoming Apparent In Interior Design. Some Of The Major Fields To Have
Distinct Identities Within The Ambit Of Interior Designers Beyond Their Role Of Furnishers Are Also Ideal As
Maintenance, Persons And Operators Of Buildings.
Large Organizations (Hotels, Guest Houses, Corporate Head Offices, Museums, Showrooms, Departmental
Stores) Have Estates, Substantially Consisting Of Buildings, Furniture, Furnishings, Plants, Equipment,
Utilities, Gardens And Landscaped Lands.

12. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
12
Interior Design Turning Today Includes Design Drafting And Presentation Technologies In Digital Media.
Interior Designers With Competence In Computerized Drafting (AUTOCAD) 3D Modelling, Animation, Walk
Through, Rendering, Etc. Find Employment In Many Other Design Fields. Interior Design Training Consists Of
Color, Rendering, Graphics And Presentation Techniques, Preparing Them For The Diversion To Graphics
Related Fields, Like Artworks, Advertising, Cinematography, Exhibitions, Publicity, Etc.

13. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
13

14. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
14
To Design And Create Any Layout Of House Planning We Have
To Focus Many Things.
Residential design is the area of designing a house where a person behaves in his
natural way. Where every form follows function.

15. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
15
Locate your site on the Google maps

16. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
16
Site Contours Is Done To Outline A Figure, The Edge Or Line That Defines Or Bound A Shape.

17. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated.
Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle
Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled ‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate
Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With
Associates , To Not Only Paint But Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update
Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers,
Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors, Mural Makers Were Associated With The
Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All These Services Were Handled By A Person ,
The
17
Location of the site , site analysis , site and its surrounding are first undertaken.
Whenever we do planning of a house, it is very important to see the location of the
plot as to where it is located, and the surroundings of that plot.
SAVITRI
COLLEGE
TO BUS STAND
POLICELINES
AJMER
HOSPITAL
LOCATION
OF PLOT
AJMER
HOSPITAL
SAVITRI
COLLEGE
PLOT
RESIDENTIAL
AREA
POLICE
LINES
RESIDENTIAL
AREA
ROAD
R.T.D.C
R.T.D.C
• Distance from Railway Station 1200m
• Distance from Bus Stand 650m

18. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
18
DISTANCE FROM THE MAJOR
LANDMARKS SUCH AS :
• Shopping centers (1.2km)
• Railway stations (2.5km)
• Hospital (350m)
• Bus stand (1km)
• Dimensions of the site (54’x50’)

19. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
19
The main entrances and the main road abutting the site is very important for any kind of project.

20. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
20
After spotting the major landmarks , analyze the site. It is essential to know as to what kind of
impact.
POLICELINES
PLOT

21. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
21
NORTH
SOUTH
WEST EAST
WINTER SUN
SUMMER SUN
INTENSE SUN
Preferred
Zone For
Building
Orientation
Acceptable
QUADRANT
Of
Windows
orientation
TOTAL SHADE
First Of All We Need To Pay Attention To The Direction Of The Sun And Its Movement In The Four
Directions.
If We Ay Attention To The Diagram Of Sun’s Movement We See The Sun Rises From East And The Color
Of The Sun’s Light At That Time Is Tender Yellow, The Whole South Direction Is Completely Lighted Up
Throughout The Day And Is The Most Hot Direction But At The Same Time The Cool Wind Blows From
West Direction Too. So It Is Very Important To Have The Building Oriented From East To West Because
Then The House Will Have More Sunlight And Air.

22. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer . However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated Several Times . Architects
Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled ‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old
Buildings Inside And Outside . The Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like
, Iron-smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors, Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All These Services Were
Handled By A Person , The
22
Before starting the planning part we
need to pay attention to the
orientation of the building. The plan
assigned to me is North facing.
The north zone has only sun’s light
not the actual heat rays & so this
direction is more in a shaded zone.
NORTH
SOUTH
WESTEAST
SUMMER SUN
Preferred Zone
For Building
Orientation
Acceptable
QUADRANT Of
Windows
orientation
TOTAL SHADE

23. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
23
Climatology Is The Branch Which Deals With The
Climate And Changes Throughout The Year Of The
Weather.
Macro Climate Of India:
• Location Of India In The World Is “Northeast”
Direction .
• Longitude Of India 88° To 90°
• Latitude Of India 8° To 37°
• The Whole India Has A Tropical Monsoon
Climate, Since The Greater Part Of The Country
Lies Within The Tropics.
Climate can be sub-divided into two
major divisions :
1. Macro climate
2. Micro climate
We have to study the micro
climate and macro climate structure .

24. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
24
Micro climate zone
Setting And Site Layout Followed By Landscaping Can
Improve The Microclimate Around A Building, Taking
Advantage Of Existing Topographical Feature, Adjacent
Buildings And Vegetation For Solar Protection. Good Site
Layout Can Also Take Grater Advantage Of Local Breezes By
The Formation Of Air Funnels And Also Aid Natural
Ventilation By Staggering Oh The Building Layout.
The Presence Of Water And Vegetation On The Site Can Also
Be Used For Natural Cooling. Good Site Layout Can Reduce
Cooling Loads Appreciably By Optimizing Natural Solar
Protection And Local Breezes.
Elements Of Site Design That Can Be Used For Efficient
Natural Cooling Include Landscaping, Orientation To Sun And
Wind, Building Shape And Planning And Natural Ventilation.

25. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
25
Climate And Temperature Of Ajmer:
• Ajmer Has A Typical Desert Climate And Hot
And Arid.
• Summers Are Hot With Maximum
Temperature Near 40°c While The Minimum
Is Nearly 28°c.
• Winters Are Chilly With Minimum
Temperature Of 5°c.
• Longitude Of Ajmer 74°42’ North.
• Latitude Of Ajmer 26°27’ East.

26. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
26
For any design to be efficient, we need to focus on following parameters :
• Energy efficiency
• Water efficiency
• Material efficiency

27. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
27
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Day lighting is a practice of placing windows or other openings and reflective surfaces so that
during the day natural light provides effective internal lighting.
Benefits of day lighting:
• It is a full spectrum source of light.
• It increases productivity and decreases sick time.
• It reduces electrical consumption and reduces cavity.
• Mirrors can be used to create illusion to make a room/area look big.
Principles of good daylight practice:
Level & distribution of light depends on
• Geometry of space.
• Location.
• Orientation of windows and other openings.
• Characteristics of internal surface.

28. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
28
The day lighting concept can be taken up as:
• If the window is tall & narrow, it will provide day light.
• If the window is short & wide, it will provide view.
• In case of tapered roof, it will be taken up at a height of 6’.

29. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
29
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
VENTILATION may be defined as supply of fresh outside air into an enclosed space or the removal
of inside air from the enclosed space. In other words, ventilation is the removal of all vitiated air
from a building and its replacement with fresh air.
Ventilation may be achieved either by natural or artificial(or mechanical) means.
In a room air exchange takes place minimum 1 time and maximum 60 times.
The rate of natural ventilation depends on two effects:
• Wind effect
• Stack effect
Wind
WindWind Wind
Movement of wind through windows

30. Inlet Inlet
Outlet Outlet
30
Suction
zone
Suction
zone
Suction
zone
Pressure
zero
Pressure
zero
Pressure
zero
a > 30 a < 30 Flat Roof a=0
Inlet Inlet
Outlet Outlet
Wind pressure and suction zone

31. Ground Floor
First Floor
Kitchen &
Dinning
Powder
room
Children’s
Bedroom
Bathroom
VENTILATION
EAST WEST

32. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
32
Rain water harvesting : It is also another important factor of building envelope. Landscaping,
water body, heat insulated material, cavity wall are use to control air and heat. Rainwater
harvesting is a technique used for collecting, storing and using rainwater for landscape irrigation
and other uses.
WATER EFFICIENCY
Soil
Finished surface
Rain Water seeping
into ground
Underground tank

33. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
33
Landscaping can improve the microclimate in both summer and winter,
providing shading, evaporate cooling and wind channeling in summer, or
shelter in winter. Vegetation absorbs large amounts of solar radiation in
summer helping to keep the air and ground beneath cool while
evapotranspiration can further reduce temperatures.

34. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
34
LANDSCAPING

35. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
35
A Knowledge About Building Material Help Us To Design Better
Houses . Presenting My Learning Skill In Subsequent

36. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
36
BRICK: Construction of brick
units bonded together with
mortar is termed as brick
masonry. a standard size brick is
a modular brick and its
dimensions are 19x9x9 cm.
TYPES OF BRICK BONDS:
1. ENGLISH BOND: The bond
consists of alternate course
of headers and stretchers.
2. FLEMISH BOND: In this
arrangement of brick work,
each course consists of
alternate headers and
stretchers.
3. STRETCHING BOND: In this
arrangement of bonding, all
the bricks are laid as
stretchers.
Fig:1 English bond
Fig:2 Flemish bond Fig:3 Stretching bond

37. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
37
Fig:4 Heading bond Fig:5 Diagonal bond
Fig:6 Herring-bone bond Fig:7 Zig-Zag bond
4. HEADING BOND: In his type
of bonding all the bricks are
laid as headers on the faces.
5. DIAGONAL BOND: In this
bond, the bricks are placed
end to end in such a way that
extreme corners of the series
remain in contact with the
stretchers.
6. HERRING-BONE BOND: In this
bond, the bricks are laid in
course inclined at 45 degree
in two directions from the
centre.
7. ZIG-ZAG BOND: This is similar
to herring-bone bond with the
only difference that in this
case the bricks are laid in a
zig-zag fashion.

38. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
38

39. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
39
• Stone Is The Type Of Material
Used In Masonry
• Stone Masonry May Be
Constructed In Lime Or Cement
Mortar Above Plinth Level.
• Stone Masonry Is Broadly
Classified In Following 2 Types :
1. Rubble Masonry
2. Ashlar Masonry.

40. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
40
Study of services on site is also very important they are
• Water supply
• Electricity lines
• Drainage lines
I have included them in later project

41. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
41
Building Bye Laws Consist Of Certain Rules And Regulation Framed By A Municipal Or Town
Planning Or Urban Development Board To Control The Development Of Area Under Its Jurisdiction.
• All Mandatory Plan Regulation Regarding Use, Land Use, Coverage, Set-back And Open Space.
The Minimum Set Backs To Leave In A Building Should Be From Front Is 10’ From Both The Side
And Back 3’ To 5’.
• Number Of Stories And Number Of Dwelling Units.
• Parking Standards, Lighting And Ventilation Of Room.
• Distances From Electric Lines And Structural Safety Requirement.
• Size And Height Of Room And Other Requirement Of The Building.
• Fire Protection Requirements Like Fire Proof Door, Emergency Alarm System, Fire Pump, Fire
Lift And Fire Resistance Materials.
• Building Services Which Include Electrical Installations, Air Conditioning, Heating And Plumbing
System Etc.
To Follow Building Bye Laws, We Can Make A Building Which Has Proper Ventilation, Good Day
lighting, Air Circulation, Open Space And Many Other Advantage.

42. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
42
SPECIFICATIONS
• Plot area - 300 sq. yards. ( 54’*50’)
• Parking area - 14’*17’.
• Covered area – 39’*33’.
• Walls – 6”.
• Pillars – 1’6”*1’6”.
• - Covered area.
• - Uncovered area.
• - Parking area.
• - Walls.
• - Pillars.
This plan is made up following certain
building bye-laws :
• The set backs are taken up respectively;
10’ from front and eastern side.
4’ from back and western side.
• Height of the ceiling considered is 10’.
• Pillars are at equal distances with
standard measurement of 18”.
E W
S
N

43. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
43
To plan any building we need to focus is main things they are:
• Space planning
• Anthropometrics
• Ergonomics

44. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
44
Every human being has a different personality that consists of one or more characteristics. Their
personalities react differently in different environment or with different people.
Consider a space as a person. Every space has its own personality with several special
characteristics that differ by project, these characteristics cause the space to interact with other
spaces in a certain manner, these characteristics can be categorized as 6 expressions of human
behavior.
• Leading/ Following
• Grouping
• Loner
• Servant
• Watcher
• Outreaching

45. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
45
LEADER
FO
FO
FO
FO
LIVING
ROOM
POWDER
RROM
KITCHEN
RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURAL
FIRM
BANK THEATRE
LEADING LIVING ROOM PRINCIPAL’S
OFFICE
WAITING
SPACE
LOBBY,
THEATRE

46. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
46
People gather for a certain purpose, same objective , interest or goal. By imitating this
characteristics the spaces that carry the same “GROUPING” character gather as a group these
spaces are related to each other
For example – A living room will prefer a kitchen to be next to it because will discussing or doing
any other leisure activity a person love to eat food or drink coffee/tea. So this space needs to be
next to the living room. The kitchen is generally known as the worker space.
Gr Gr
Gr

47. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
47
This character affects the space with response to distance from group. A person who prefers more
privacy and avoids social conversation and stays away from a crowd is known as a loner(LONER) in
residential projects some clients may prefers more privacy for their master bedroom. So the Loner
can be set to be a character which keep distance away from certain spaces , living room , dining
room and other bedrooms.
LO

48. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings
48
A space that serves other spaces needs to be adjacent to them but prefers not to appeal visually
which is in reality , servant needs to be near to a master while stay out of the site. As depicted in a
figure a toilet space play the role of a servant with the master bedroom.
SERVANT
LIVING
ROOM
BED ROOM

49. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
49
This type of character causes a space to locate beside a boundary of the project foe attractions in
the environment. It is based on the human nature that people like to watch or get close to certain
incidences the attraction can be different type of environmental conditions like views, parks, lakes
or parking, this character is useful for many different spaces in design.
For Example : Waiting Space, Dinning Space Or Café.
WA
WA
WA

50. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled ‘Art-painters’ Were
Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The Painters Known As
Decorators , Worked. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers ,
Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors, Mural Makers Were Associated
With The Decorator As Jobbers
50
The space with this character locates near the entrance or corridor for meeting or activities that
relates to outreaching quality, this type of space represents an outgoing or sociable behavior like
human that can represent a welcome space in a residential unit.
For Example : Living Room.
OR
ENTRANCE

51. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
51
Anthropometrics is a study of human dimension without paying attention to
human body measurement and developing or creating a design will not end
up in the comfort zone for a client. These dimension need to be considered
for the following categories:
Male , female , child , teenagers , old age and handicapped.
The requirement of all these people as per the dimension varies because of
which the layout of the plan and space planning done is also different. For
example if we have to design for bling person, a person on a wheel chair, a
toilet facility for an old person, a bedroom for a teenager etc. all these points
addressed have to attended as differently as all these people require
different measurement of space utilization.

52. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
52
Ergonomics means designing of space with the use of anthropometrics data
for useable zones.
For example : Devising of proper relaxation chairs while watching television,
selection of door handles for opening doors & selection of many other things
based on anthropometric data

53. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
53
Anthropometrics Planning Paper

54. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
54
Fig1 -Minimum Clearances , Circulation , and Conversation area for Living Rooms
Living Areas
Typical furniture group in the
living and or family rooms are
as follows:
1. Primary conversation group:
chairs and sofa grouped
around a fireplace, window
or view
2. Secondary conversation
group: chairs and love seat
at the end of room or an
the corner
3. Reading groups: chair,
ottoman, lamp table
4. Writing or study group:
desk, lamp, one or two
chairs bookcases
5. Music group: piano, bench
storage space
6. Game group: game table
and four chairs
7. Media group: home
entertainment center and
seating for several people
10’ diameter
conversation
area
To sleeping area
and main
entrance
To dining and
kitchen area
30” to use
desk

55. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
55
Fig2 -Minimum Clearances , Circulation , and Conversation area for Living Rooms
Secondary Activities
Space Function
Primary and Secondary Activities
that usually take place in Living
Rooms or Space are Follows:
Primary Activities
10’ diameter
conversation
area
1. Entertainment
2. Watching television
3. Listening music
4. Reading
5. Writing
6. Studying
7. Relaxing
8. Resting
9. Children's play area
1. Dancing
2. Hobbies and craft
3. Eating
4. Sewing
5. Playing music
6. Parting
7. Using home computer
internetCloset
Main Traffic by Passes Living Area
To kitchen
To sleeping
Entrance
Main Traffic Through Living Area
10’ diameter
conversation
area
To
Kitchen
30” for to use
desk
36” for main
traffic entry
Main Traffic Through Living Area
36” for main
traffic entry
To sleeping
10’ diameter
conversation
area
36” for traffic
way
30” for desk
To kitchen
and dining
Entrance
36” for main
traffic entry
30” for
desk
Entrance
Main Traffic Through Living Area

56. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
56
Furniture Clearances
Fig: 3 –Recommended Clearances for general access (2 to 10
Feet) and Limited Access ( 2 Feet)
Fig: 4 –Recommended Clearances for limited access between
a table and furniture(2 feet)
Fig: 5 –Recommended Clearances for grouping of seats for social
interaction(8to 10 feet)
Fig: 8 – Space for television viewing. The television set should
be place where the section will not reflect light and where it can
be seen from the main seating group
To issue adequate space for
convenient use of furniture in
the living area the following
clearances should be observed:
1. 60 inches between facing
seating
2. 24 inches where
circulation occurs between
furniture
3. 30 inches for desk area
4. 36 inches for main
circulation
5. 60 inches between home
entertainment center and
seating
Seating arranged around a 10-
foot diameter circle fig no. 1
makes a comfortable grouping
for conversation. Fig no. 2
indicates clearances, circulation
and conversation areas.
There should be through circulation in this area

57. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
57
Anthropometrics Planning Paper

58. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
58
Knee Level 20”
Outward Reach
Left Hand 33”
Waist Level 42 ½”
Shoulder Level 54”
Eye Level 62”
Height 66 ½”
Maximum
upward reach 78”
Comfortable
upward reach 75”
Shelves visible
from eye level 62”
Reach downward 28”
(one hand)
Range 36”
Bottom of sink 32 ½”
Ironing board 35”
Ironing board 35”
Outward reach
right hand 30”
The height of a kitchen workcounter,
the proper clearance between
cabinets or appliances for
circulation, the accessibility to
overhead or undercounter storage,
and proper visibility are among the
primary considerations in the design
of cooking spaces. All must be
responsive to human dimension and
body size if the quality of interface
between the user and the
components of the interior space
are to be adequate. In establishing
clearances between counters, the
maximum body breadth and the
depth of the user of large body size
must be taken into account as well
as the projections of appliances.
Refrigerator doors, cabinet drawers,
dish washing machine doors and
cabinet doors all project to some
degree in their open position into
the space within which the user
must circulate and must be
accommodated. Standard kitchen
counter heights manufactured are
all about 36” or 91.4cm.
Figure 1
Provides some general
anthropometrics data for
establishing basic height of
cabinetry and appliances above the
floor.
Fig1 –Standard dimensions of kitchen area

59. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
59
Wall Oven
Min.counterspace
requiredforeither
side
ofrange
StandardWidthMin.counterspace
requiredforeither
sideofrange
StandardWidth
Wall Oven Work zone
Min.counterspace
requiredtoone
sideofOven
A
B
B
F
G
D
H
Range
Line of Hood above Range
Line of wall cabinets above
Min. clearance between appliances
Range Work zone
C
E
RANGE CENTER
inch cm
A 48 Min. 121.9 Min
B 40 101.6
c 15 38.1 min.
D 21-30 53.3-76.2
E 1-3 38.1 Min
F 15 min. 121.9 Min
G 19.5-46 49.5-116.8
H 12 min. 30.5 Min
I 17.5 max. 44.5 max.
J 96-101.5 243.8-257.8
K 24-27.5 61.0-69.9
L 24-26 61.0-66
M 30 76.2 Min
N 60 Min. 152.4 min.
O 36-36-25 88.9-92.1
P 24 Min. 61.0 Min
Q 35 Max. 88.9 MAX.

60. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
60
P
N
O
Q
Broiler
Range
Standardheight
Wall Oven Work zone
Fig:3- Range Center (Side View)
L
B
I
M
B
Storage for rarely
Used items only.
Standard Depth
Circulation clearance
Range Work zone
Ventilation
Hood
J
K A
Min. clearance between appliancesStandard Depth
Wall Oven
Storage for rarely
Used items only.
inch cm
A 48 Min. 121.9 Min
B 40 101.6
c 15 38.1 min.
D 21-30 53.3-76.2
E 1-3 38.1 Min
F 15 min. 121.9 Min
G 19.5-46 49.5-116.8
H 12 min. 30.5 Min
I 17.5 max. 44.5 max.
J 96-101.5 243.8-257.8
K 24-27.5 61.0-69.9
L 24-26 61.0-66
M 30 76.2 Min
N 60 Min. 152.4 min.
O 36-36-25 88.9-92.1
P 24 Min. 61.0 Min
Q 35 Max. 88.9 MAX.

61. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
61
Zero bedroom kitchenette.
Two bedroom living unit kitchens. Two bedroom living unit kitchens.
Fig. Minimum frontage for various kitchens.
Zero bedroom kitchenette.

62. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
62
Three bedroom living unit kitchens. Four bedroom living unit kitchens.
Two bedroom living unit kitchens. One bedroom living unit kitchens.
Fig. Minimum frontage for various kitchens.

63. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
63
Kitchen for small single family houses or apartment units.
Typical cabinet dimensions
Minimum distances from appliances to inside corners of base cabinets.
Flow of work in food preparation.

64. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
64
Either side
(if storage nearby)
Refrigerator
At Opening
side
Mix
Sink
Left side Right side
Range
At either .
side
Dishwasher
(Front opening)
Planning
Desk
Serve
28” if adjacent to another counter
Fig: Minimum counter width dimensions

65. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
65
Mix center counter
Wall Oven
Bottom of
sink
Maximum reach for
Vertical storage
Fig. Comfortable working heights
Maximum height of
Window for supervision
of yard
Lap Table

66. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
66
Counter
Space for one worker
Counter
Space in front drawer
Counter
Sink
Adjacent to Sink
Fig: Minimum clearance-vertical and horizontal
Counter Range
Counter
Range
Sink Sink
Minimum clearance wherever two
people may be working at same
time.
Minimum width of passages

67. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
67
RANGE
Above range
BASE-CAB
Above base cabinet
Under cabinet lighting
Fig – Storage and Cabinets
SINK
Above sink
Soffit lighting

68. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
68
Anthropometrics Planning Paper

69. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
69
SPACE FUNCTIONS
Primary & secondary activities that
usually take place in dining rooms or
space are follows:
PRIMARY ACTIVITIES
1. Setting the table
2. Serving food
3. Eating
4. Cleaning up after meals
5. Storing dishes
SECONDARY ACTIVITIES
1. Children’s play
2. Reading
3. Writing
4. Studying and homework
5. Entertainment
6. Board games
The principle factors to be
considered in planning the
dinning area are as follows:
• Number of persons to be seated.
• Space used at the table
• Space for chairs and for passage
behind them.
• Size & type of furniture
• Storage spaces for china
glassware, silver and linen.
Fig:1 Area of place of eating Fig:2 Passage behind chairs Fig:3 Area for leaving the table
Fig:4 Limited access behind chair in corner circulation space Fig:5 Access behind a chair in through circulation space
19”

70. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
70
Passage behind chairs:
The minimum space recommended
for passage behind chairs is 22 inches,
a satisfactory range is 22 to 25 inches.
If passage behind the chairs is not
required, a minimum of 5 inches plus
the depth of the chair must be
provided for pushing back chair when
leaving the table. (see fig:2,3,4)
Size of place setting:
The minimum width needed for each
place setting is 21 inches. However a
width of up to 29 inches is desirable
for greater freedom of movement. A
25 inch width is usually adequate; this
permits chairs 19 inches wide to be
placed 6 inches apart. The minimum
depth for place setting is 14 ½ inches.
These dimensions allow space for
china glassware, silver and elbow
extension. ( see fig:1)
Fig:6 Access behind the table and wall Fig:7 Access behind a chair and cabinets or appliances
Fig:8 Recommended net area foe 2- persons household( 8.84sq
m)
Fig:9 Recommended net area for 8 persons household (
13.87 q m)
Size of table:
The minimum width recommended is
36 inches: a satisfactory width is 36
inches to 44 inches. If 25 inch wide
place settings are provided and if one
person is seated at each end of the
table, then minimum & recommended
lengths are provided.

71. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
71
Fig: 10 Dining room for 6 person household Fig :11 Dining room for 8 persons household
Fig :12 Minimum clearances for dining area, one of the table
against wall serving from one end and side of the table
Fig : 13 Minimum clearances for dining area ,
serving from one end and side of the table.
To kitchen
42” for serving
38” for
chairs
plus
access
To kitchen
42” for serving
38” for
chairs
plus
access
38” for chairs plus passage
42” for
serving
behind
chairs
To
living
room
To kitchen
42” for serving
behind chairs
To living
room
32” for chairs
plus access
Persons Minimu
m inches
Recommend
ed inches
4 54 60
6 79 84
8 104 108
10 129 132
12 154 156
Persons W x L
(Feet)
= Area (
sq feet)
4 10 ½ x 12 = 126
6 10 ½ x 14 = 147
8 10 ½ x 16 = 168
10 10 ½ x 18 = 189
12 10 ½ x 20 = 210
If no one is seated at either end of the
table, the length may be reduced by
approximately 4 inches.0
Space for total dining area
With the same conditions noted previously
and with an ample 42 inches space for
passage on all sides of a 42 inches wide
table, required sizes are as follows:

72. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
72
Anthropometrics Planning Paper

73. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
73
Furniture Requirements
There are minimum requirements
for furniture and space if pants are
to be able to carry out their normal
bedroom activities.
There are two basic types of
bedroom:
1. Single occupancy bedrooms,
which will accommodate one
single bed.
2. Double occupancy bedrooms,
which will accommodate on
double bed or two single beds.
Clearances
Clearances should be provided in
front of and around furniture of
bedrooms so that primary activities
can take place efficiently with
comfort. In some cases, greater
clearances are ready to satisfy the
needs of elderly people, wheelchair
users, and people with disabilities.
Fig:– Typical bedroom furniture
Fig:– Single dresser
Fig:– Bedside table
Fig:– Double dresser
Fig:– Desk and chair
Fig:– Space for dressing
Fig:– Single bed
Fig:– Double bed

74. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
74
Fig:– Access between bed & dresser and between desk & chair Fig:– Access between bed & closet & between bed & wall.
Fig:– Access between beds Fig:– Space for making beds

75. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
75
Fig:- Single occupancy bedroom Fig:- Double occupancy bedroom
Fig:- Single occupancy bedroom in combination with another space Fig:- Double occupancy bedroom

76. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
76
Anthropometrics Planning Paper

77. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
77
In cm
A 48 121.9
B 30 76.2
C 19-24 48.3-61.0
D 27 min. 68.6 min
E 18 45.7
F 37-43 94.0-109.2
G 72 max. 182.9 max.
H 32-36 81.3-91.4
I 69 max. 175.3 max.
J 16-18 40.6-45.7
K 26-32 66.0-81.3
L 32 81.3
M 20-24 50.8-61.0
A
B C
D
E
F
G
J
K
L
M
HL
C
C
I
LAVATORY : Male anthropometric considerations
LAVATORY : Female and child anthropometric considerations
Circulation
zone
Activity
zone
Mirror &
medicine
cabinet
Lavatory Lavatory
Mirror &
medicine
cabinet
Activity
zone
Light
fixture
Mirror
Shelf
Vanity
storage
Lavatory
Mirror &
medicine
cabinet
Lavatory
Vanity
storage

78. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
78
Activity zone
G H I
F
Varies
Circulation zone
A
B C
D
E
F G
Temporary
storage Horizontal grab
bars
Shower
head
Controls
Seat
Circulation access
zone
Vertical grab
bar
Double lavatory clearances Minimum shower clearances
IN CM
A 15-18 38.1-45.7
B 28-30 71.1-76.2
C 37-43 94.0-109.2
D 32-36 81.3-91.4
E 26-32 66.0-81.3
F 14-16 35.6-40.6
G 30 76.2
H 18 45.7
I 21-26 53.3-66.0
IN CM
A 54 137.2
B 12 30.5
C 42min. 106.7min.
D 18 45.7
E 36min. 91.4min.
F 30 76.2
G 24 61.0
H 12min. 30.5min.
I 15 38.1
J 40-48 101.6-121.9
K 40-50 101.6-127.0
L 72min. 182.9min.

79. v2.Building And Design Interventions:
A Building Once Constructed Is Initially Readied For Occupation By The Original Designer .
However Buildings Last For Ages And During The Lifespan , Must Be Altered And Updated
Several Times . Architects Or Building Engineers Are Unavailable , Or Have No Income
Incentive For Such ‘Frivolity’ . During Early Middle Ages Or Perhaps Even Earlier , Low-skilled
‘Art-painters’ Were Hired To Paint And Decorate Old Buildings Inside And Outside . The
Painters Known As Decorators , Worked Along With Associates , To Not Only Paint But
Undertake Repairs, Make Furniture And Update Furnishings. Many Crafts-persons Like , Iron-
smiths, Guilders, Glass Blowers , Weavers, Embroiders, Rug And Carpet Makers, Sculptors,
Mural Makers Were Associated With The Decorator As Jobbers And Suppliers . Later All
These Services Were Handled By A Person , The
79
A
Varies
Varies
Shelf
Activity zone
E
A
A
A
VariesVaries
Varies
Towel bar
Bidet
Circulation
zone
Activity
zone
Varies
Shower
H I
w.c.
Toilet paper
dispenser
F
Water closet Bidet and Water closet
IN CM
A 12min 30.5min.
B 28min 71.1min.
C 24min 61.0min.
D 52min 132.1min.
E 12-18 30.5-45.7
F 12 30.5
G 40 101.6
H 18 45.7
I 30 76.2