all about indian political system

1. HOW THE
POLITICAL
SYSTEM WORKS
IN INDIA
B Y : - V I K R A M S I N G H P A L I W A L
S H U B H A M S I N G H
S U R A J U N I Y A L

2. Politics is the way that
people living in groups
make decisions. Politics is
about making agreements
between people so that they
can live together in groups
such as tribes, cities, or
countries.

3. Some common definitions of
politics:
Politics is the exercise of power
Politics is the public allocation of
values
Politics is the resolution of conflict
Politics is the competition among
individuals, groups, or states
pursuing their interests

4. POLITICAL
SYSTEM
A political system is a system of politics
and government. It is usually compared
to the legal system, economic system,
cultural system, and other social
systems. This is the means by which
people in the society make the rules
that control and influence their lives.

5. Types of The Political System
1.Democracy
2.Republic
3.Monarchy
4.Communism
5.Dictatorship

6. Democracy
Democracy (Greek: δημοκρατία,
Dēmokratia literally "rule of the
commoners"), in modern usage, is a system
of government in which the citizens exercise
power directly or elect representatives from
among themselves to form a governing
body, such as a parliament Democracy is
sometimes referred to as "rule of the
majority"." Democracy was originally
conceived in Classical Greece, where
political representatives were chosen by a
jury from amongst the male citizens: rich
and poor.

7. Politics of India takes place in a framework of a federal
parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby
the Prime Minister of India is the head of government, and of
a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised
by the government. Federal legislative power is vested in
both the government and the two chambers of the
Parliament of India. The Judiciary is independent of the
executive and the legislature.
According to its constitution, India is a "sovereign socialist
secular democratic republic." India is said to be the largest
nation on Earth with a democratically-elected government.
Like the United States, India has a federal form of
government. However, the central government in India has
greater power in relation to its states, and its central

8. Federal Republic Government
Type Of Government in India and
Definition
The type of government in India is a Federal
Republic government. A republic is a form of
government in which the supreme power rests in
the body of citizens entitled to vote and is
exercised by representatives chosen directly or in
directly by them. A federal form of government
means that local governments are given
substantial power and it helps give localized

9. Political System of India: The Three
Pillars
Legislature: One who enacts the law.
Executive: One who implements the law.
Judiciary: One who upholds the law.

12. The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative authority
in the country and it is bicameral It is divided into two
houses – the Rajya Sabha, which is the Council of States,
and the Lok Sabha, which is the House of the People.
The Lok Sabha is referred to as the Lower house and the
Rajya Sabha is referred to as the Upper house. he
Legislature or Parliament is headed by the President of
India. The term of Rajya Sabha is six years (one-third of its
members retire every two years and are replaced by newly
elected members) and the term of Lok Sabha is five years.
The Lok Sabha can be dissolved. In Rajya Sabha, 238
members are elected by the State and 12 members are
nominated by the President for their contribution in the
fields of art, literature, science and social services. In Lok
Sabha, 543 members are elected by the voting population
of India and two Anglo Indians are elected by the
President of India.

13. The President of the Republic is elected by an electoral college consisting of the elected
members of both Houses of Parliament and the elected members of the Legislative
Assemblies (popular Houses) of the States. Though the President of India is a
constituent part of Parliament, he does not sit or participate in the discussions in either
of the two Houses.
1. There shall be a President of India as per Article 52; President of India is the executive head of the Union
of India.
President of India is also the Supreme Commander of the Defense Forces.
2. Office of the President of India is Rashtrapati Bhavan
3. Election of the President (Article 54, 55)
The election of the President is made by secret ballot in accordance with the system of proportional
representation by a single transferable vote i.e., by indirect direction.
4. The President is thus elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of -:
(a) The elected members of both the Houses of the Parliament, and
(b) Elected members of the Legislative Assembly of the States. (Elected members of the Legislative Council,
however, do not constitute the Electoral College for election of the President of India.)
5 Tenure:
Elected for five years but is eligible for immediate re-election and can serve any number of terms.

14. The Lok Sabha, as the name itself signifies, is composed of
representatives of the people chosen by direct election on the
basis of adult suffrage. The maximum strength of the House
envisaged by the Constitution is 552 – upto 530 members to
represent the States, upto 20 members to represent the Union
territories and not more than two members of the Anglo-Indian
Community to be nominated by the President if, in his opinion,
that community is not adequately represented in the House. The
total elective membership of the House is distributed among the
States in such a way that the ratio between the number of seats
allotted to each State and the population of the State is, so far as
practicable, the same for all States. The qualifying age for

16. Method for working out the correct
allocation of seats between States
 The Webster method involves first choosing the size of the Lok Sabha. Then a divisor x is
chosen whereby, when the populations of the States is divided by x and the resulting
numbers rounded to the nearest integer, the results sum to the chosen size of the Lok
Sabha. Each State is given the number found by dividing its population by the divisor and
then rounding the result to the nearest integer.
 In the analysis presented where the size of the Lok Sabha is assumed to be fixed at
543 elected members (524 from the States large enough to be included in the
reallocation process), the divisor used was 1,919,000. This is slightly less than the
average size of each seat (the quota), which for the 524 seats is 1,928,634. If the
quota is used to allocate seats between States, and the same principle of rounding
the remainders up or down is used, only 523 seats are allocated.

17. Seats 2001 Proportional seats using 2001 Census population Over- and Under-
representation
All India 524 524
Andhra Pradesh 42 39 3
Assam 14 14 0
Bihar 40 43 -3
Chhatisgarh 11 11 0
Gujarat 26 26 0
Haryana 10 11 -1
Himachal Pradesh 4 3 1
Jammu and Kashmir 6 5 1
Jharkhand 14 14 0
Karnataka 28 27 1
Kerala 20 17 3
Madhya Pradesh 29 31 -2
Maharashtra 48 50 -2
Orissa 21 19 2
Punjab 13 13 0
Rajasthan 25 29 -4
Tamil Nadu 39 32 7
Uttar Pradesh 80 87 -7
Uttaranchal 5 4 1
West Bengal 42 42 0
Delhi 7 7 0
The figures above have been calculated using the Webster method of seat
allocationThe calculations were made with a divisor of 1,919,000.

18. The Rajya Sabha is to consist of not more than 250 members. Of these, 12 are
nominated by the President for their special knowledge or practical experience in such
matters as literature, science, art and social service. The remaining seats are allocated
to the various States and Union territories, roughly in proportion to their population;
each State is, however, represented by at least one member. The total number of seats
in the Rajya Sabha at present is 245, including 12 members nominated by the
President. The representatives of each State in Rajya Sabha are elected by the
elected members of the Legislative Assembly of the State in accordance with
the system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote.
The representatives of the Union territories are chosen in such manner as
Parliament may by law prescribe. The minimum age for membership of the
House is 30 years.

19. Allocation of Seats
The Fourth Schedule to the Constitution provides for allocation
of seats to the States and Union Territories in Rajya Sabha. The
allocation of seats is made on the basis of the population of
State. Consequent on the reorganization of States and
of new States, the number of elected seats in the Rajya Sabha
allotted to States and Union Territories has changed from time
time since 1952.

20.  The Government of India has three different independent branches namely the Executive, the
Legislative and the Judiciary. The Indian judicial system was formed by the British during their
colonial rule in the country. This system is known as the Common Law System in which the judges
develop the laws with their judgments, orders and decisions. The different types of courts form the
different levels of judiciary in the country. The apex court of India is the Supreme Court, located in
New Delhi, followed by the high courts in different states. The high courts are followed by the
district courts and subordinate courts which are also known as the lower courts.
Supreme Court of India The Supreme Court of India came into being on 28 January 1950 and substituted the Judicial
Committee of the Privy Council and the Federal Court of India which were the apex legal system
under the colonial rule in India. There is one Chief Justice and 30 other judges in the Supreme
Court who are appointed by the Indian President. These judges retire after the attainment of the
age of 65 years.
 It also has an authority to review any judgement or order earlier passed by it and can also transfer
cases from one high court to another and from one district court to another.

21. High Courts
 The supreme judicial powers at the state level lie with the high courts of India. There are 24 high courts
in the country which hold jurisdiction over a state, union territory or a group of union territories or
states. The high courts may also have original jurisdiction in certain cases if permitted under the federal law
system. There are lower courts - civil or criminal, and tribunals which function under the high courts. All
the high courts come under the jurisdiction of Supreme Court of India.
District and Subordinate Courts
 The district and the subordinate courts are the courts below the high courts. These courts administer
jurisdiction at the district level in India. The district courts are at the top of all the subordinate courts
but fall under the administrative control of the state high court to which that district belongs to.
 The jurisdiction in the districts of the states is presided over by District and Sessions Judge. The judge is
referred to as a District Judge when he presides over the civil cases and as a Sessions Judge when he
presides over criminal cases.
Tribunal
 In general a tribunal is a person or an institution with an authority to act judicially even if it is not
referred to as a tribunal in its title. For instance, a lawyer appearing before court even if there is only
one sitting judge, he could also call the judge as their 'tribunal'.
 According to the notification dated 8 October 2012, uploaded on Supreme Court of India website,
there are 19 Tribunals:

22. Fast Track Courts
 The fast track courts (FTC) in India were aimed at clearing the backlog of cases which were pending in
the district and the session courts. These courts function on the similar procedures as session and trial
courts. At the initial stage, the fast track courts were to look into the long-pending cases but later they
were directed to look after specific cases especially for crimes against children and women.
 the government sanctioned a sum of Rs. 502.90 crores to set up 1734 FTCs in the country. As per
the Ministry of Law and Justice, by the end of March 2011, these courts had resolved 32.34 lakh
cases*. However, since their inception, the number of functioning courts has marginally reduced
every year.
Lok Adalats
 The concept of Lok Adalat is based on the system of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). They
are based on the Gandhian principles of Gram Panchayats or Panch Parmeshwar. "Lok" stands for
"people" and the meaning of "Adalat" is court and therefore this institution in general means
"People's Court". The Lok Adalats are held by the several committees or authorities such as
District Authority, State Authority, High Court Legal Services Committee, Supreme Court Legal
Services and Taluk Legal Services Committee. These Lok Adalats are efficient to handle different
cases such as motor accident compensation cases, matrimonial and family disputes, land
acquisition disputes and partition claims, etc.

23. THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH:
 Executive - Indian Government consists of the President of India, the Council of
Ministers, the Vice-President, the Union Ministries and the Independent Executive
Agencies. In the Executive - Indian Government, the President of the nation is the
head of the state. The Executive - Indian Government executes its powers through
the President, the main guardian of the Constitution of the Republic and the
Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.
 The President, in the system of Executive - Indian Government, has the capacity to
dissolve the Parliament, call fresh elections, declare emergency situation in the state
and also can dismiss the government of the states. However, the President cannot
act without the counsel of the Prime Minister. The president automatically becomes
the Supreme Commander of the armed forces of India, in the Executive Indian
Government system.

24.  The Council of Ministers basically comprises three categories, namely,
the Cabinet Minister, the deputy ministers and the Minister of State
(Independent Charge). The Union Cabinet is headed by the Prime
Minister of India, who is also the real head of the nation, since all the
powers reside in him.
The major Independent Executive Agencies under the Indian Executive
Government are listed below: Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
 National Commission for Women
 Central Information Commission
 Central Vigilance Commission (CVC)
 National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
 Election Commission of India
 Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)
 Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)
 National Commission on Population
 Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)
 Planning Commission - The premier agency
 Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).

25. JAMMU AND
KASHMIR:SPECIAL CASE
 It is the only state in India which enjoys special autonomy under the
article 370 of constitution of India
 According to which no law can be enacted by the parliament of India
excepts in field of defense, communication and foreign policy
 Supreme court jurisdiction has been extended over J&k
 Only state which has its own flag and constitution
 Indians from other state can’t purchase property in J&K
 Under armed forces act, Indian armed forces has been enforced

26. 60-500 Members, called MLA (Member of Legislative
Assembly)
Members are directly elected by Residents of the state in
State elections.
Whichever political party has majority votes, forms the
state government and chooses the Chief Minister
Election every 5 years.
Head is called ‘Speaker’ and is usually of the stronger
political party
Only in 6 bicameral states – Maharashtra, AP, Bihar, J&K,
Karnataka, UP
Political System at State Level

27.  Less than one third of Vidhan Sabha
Members
 1/3rd members are elected by members
of local bodies, 1/3rd by MLAs, 1/12th
from teaching, 1/12th from graduates etc.
 Members are called MLC (Member of
Legislative Council)
 Members sit for 6 years, with one third
retiring every two year
 Head is called ‘Chairman’ and is elected
from the members

28. Political System at
District(local) Level
 Municipalities in India came into being in the British era. The first of the municipalities in
India was in the city of Chennai as the Municipal Corporation in the year 1688. This was
followed by the setting up of the subsequent municipalities in India in the states of
Maharashtra and West Bengal. Presidents of these municipalities in India were elected by
Lord Mayo's Resolution of 1870.
 In the year 1992, the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act came into being and
brought with it specifications regarding the responsibilities and the powers of the
municipal units in India. The periodical elections followed the 1992 Act with timely
elections and reconstruction of the municipal government.
Municipalities

29.  The Municipalities of India are headed by the Municipal Commissioner whose tenure of operation is fixed by the
State Statue. All the powers and responsibilities of the Municipal Commissioner are also provided by the Statue of
the State. The functions of Municipalities are divided into two parts - discretionary and Obligatory. Some of the
discretionary functions of the Municipalities of India are:
• Housing facilities for low income groups
• Construction and maintenance of gardens, libraries, rest houses, public parks, leper homes, rescue
homes for women, museums and orphanages
• Provision of transport links with the municipality
• Promotion of welfare of employees of municipalities
• Securing or removal of building or places that are prone to dangers
• Some of the obligatory functions performed by the municipals of India are: Building and maintenance
of primary schools
• Supply of wholesome water
• Removing obstruction and projections in public paths, bridges and other areas
• Lighting and watering in the public streets
• Maintenance and development of the public hospitals
• Construction and maintenance of public streets

30. Panchayats
 Panchayats in India are basically the institutions that are also
referred to as the local government in the country and are self-
sufficient. As per Article 40 of the Constitution of India, the
Government of the country has to set up Panchayats in the villages
so that they can act as local self-government.
 The basic unit of the Panchayats of India is known as the 'Gram Panchayat' or the village
council that is elected by the popular voting system. The members of the gram Panchayat in
India elect the village council chairs. These elected members form the 'Panchayat Samiti' or
the block council, which is also a huge sub-unit under the district. The top level of authority of
the entire system of Panchayat Raj in India is the "Zila Parishad". The Zila Parishad takes care of
the blocks as well as the villages of India. Though the idea of the Panchayat System was
introduced in India long time back, it took some time to implement the system in the villages
of the country. Following the 73rd Amendment Act, 1992, which came into force in 1993,
democracy was introduced at the village level. There is also one-third reservation for women
in the Panchayat seats.

31.  Funding of the Village Panchayats is an important part of the Panchayat administration. Funds for
Panchayats in India are gathered from three major sources. The State Government releases funds
for Panchayats after receiving recommendations of the State Finance Commission. There are also
many schemes for helping the fund of the Panchayats in India, which are sponsored by the central
government. Apart from these, there are many local bodies from where funds for Panchayats are
generated. The Central Finance Commission also recommends grants for the village Panchayats.
 There are certain functions, which are performed by the Village Panchayats of India. Some of these
functions are mentioned below:
• Agriculture, including agricultural extension
• Supply of safe and clean drinking water
• Women and child development
• Adult and non-formal education
• Poverty alleviation programs
• Rural electrification, including distribution of electricity
• Animal husbandry, dairy and poultry
• Village and cottage industries
• Health and sanitation inclusive of primary health centers, dispensaries and hospitals
• Social and farm forestry
• Water management and minor irrigation
• Public distribution system
• Rural housing
• Roads and other means of communication

32. Disadvantages of Indian Politics
 In the last General elections held in India, in 2009, only 59% of the eligible
population voted which given the demographics of the country is about 30% of
the total population.
 According to a lot of estimated the educated middle class votes the least in terms
of percentages and therefore the leaders are chosen by the parties based on caste,
creed and other such factors that appeal to the poor population.
 People are asking votes on the name of caste, religion, and other such sentimental
issues rather than development and other rational issues.
 With various parties having stronghold in various regions, and the lack of a strong
single national party, Indian government has become a slave of coalition politics
which has been a deterrent to a lot of progressive steps.
 While there are other such arguments, the fact remains that India is the largest
democracy and will remain so for a long time to come. If the political system
focuses on getting votes by delivering in development, the numbers are in India’s
favor and can therefore pave the way for her to become the superpower that she
yearns to become.

33.  The Indian political system, I would say is perhaps the most diverse in the world. Don't compare India's
political system with its global counterparts but try to understand as this system heads the world's
largest democracy with 125 billion people. There is no political system in the world which is 100% good
or bad. There are various factors which bring about the perfect political system but let's just say that
India has been having shortcomings that has been unable to attain perfection or let us just say
distinction in its political system.
 In conclusion I would like to say that the Indian Political system is 60% bad and 40% good. These
figures are likely to change if every government officer in India is yearning for a change and wants to
abolish this outdated system. In the final analysis I would just like to say that the Indian political system
is neither good nor bad but just a tad bit inclined towards bad.
 No System is 100% Good or Bad. It only has short-comings which needs to be fine-tuned. There are
people who are part of that system who make good or bad use of it. That is, either for the betterment
of all or just self & family. The way a person understands a System & plays with it depends on the
mentality, nature, psyche, upbringing, surroundings, education level, socio-economic background, etc.
There are people who are good or bad.