best chemistry project class 12

1. Scindia Kanya Vidyalaya
Session:-2020-21
Submitted to: - Submitted by:-
Mrs.K.R.Pandi Vidhi Bhutia

2. Scindia Kanya Vidyalaya
This is to certify that Vidhi Bhutia, a student of
class XII ‘A’ has successfully completed the
project titled “Introduction to Vitamins” under the
guidance of K.Rajeshwari Pandi (Subject teacher),
during the academic year 2020-21in partial
fulfilment of Chemistry practical examination
conducted by______________.
___________ ___________
(Signature of (Signature of
External examiner) Chemistry teacher)

3. In the accomplishment of this project successfully,
many people have best owned me their blessings and
the heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to
thank all the people who have been concerned with
project.
Primarily, I would thank god for being able to complete
this project with success. Then I would like to thank my
principal Mrs. Nishi Misra and Chemistry teacher
Mrs.K.Rajeshwari .Pandi whose valuable guidance has
been the ones that helped me patch this project and
make it full proof success. Her suggestions and her
instructions have served as the major contributor
towards the completion of this project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who
have helped me with their valuable suggestions and
their guidance has been helpful in various phrases of the
completion of the project.

4. Introduction to Vitamins
Have you ever wondered how we stay healthy? The proper answer lies in our
balanced diet. Our balanced diet contains all the vital nutrients including
vitamins, proteins and carbohydrates.
The body needs vitamins to stay healthy and a varied diet usually gives you all
the vitamins you need. Vitamins do not provide energy (calories) directly, but
they do help regulate energy, producing processes. With the exception of
vitamin D and K. Vitamins can be synthesized by the human body and must be
obtained from the diet. Vitamins have to come from food because they are not
manufactured or formed by the body. So let’s find out the uses and the
importance of vitamins in our daily life.
AIM_____________________________________
 To find out the importance of vitamins in daily life.
 To find out how much vitamins are needed for human in one day.
 To find out the sources of vitamins.
 To find out structure of vitamins.
 To find out the diseases caused by deficiency of vitamins.
Classification of vitamins______________
 Vitamins are natural substances found in plants and animals and known
as essential nutrients for human beings. The name vitamins is obtained
from ‘vital amines’ as it was originally thought that these substances were
all amines. Human body uses these substances to stay and support its
many functions.
 Vitamins are generally regarded as organic compound required in the diet
in small amount to perform specific biological functions for normal
maintenance of optimal growth and health of organism.

5. Types of Vitamins
There are two types of vitamins: Water-soluble and Fat-soluble.
Water-soluble vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body, so you need
to get them from food every day. They can be destroyed by overcooking.
These are easily absorbed by the body. Human body doesn't store large
amounts of water-soluble vitamins. B-complex vitamins and vitamin C are
water-soluble vitamins that are not stored in the body and must be replaced
each day. These vitamins are easily destroyed or washed out during food
storage and preparation. They are eliminated in urine so, body need a
continuous supply of them in diets.
Proper storage and preparation of food can minimize vitamin loss.
To reduce vitamin loss, refrigerate fresh produce, keep milk and grains away
from strong light, and use the cooking water from vegetables to prepare
soups. An excess of water soluble vitamins should not result in any side
effects as they will disperse in the body fluids and voided in the urine.
Nine of the water-soluble vitamins are known as the B-complex
group: Thiamin (vitamin B1), Riboflavin (vitamin B2), Niacin, Vitamin B6,
Folate, Vitamin B12, Biotin, Pantothenic acid and Vitamin C. These vitamins
are widely distributed in foods.
Fat-soluble vitamins
The fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E and K - since they are
soluble in fat and are absorbed by the body from the intestinal tract. The
human body has to use bile acids to absorb fat-soluble vitamins. Once these
vitamins are absorbed, the body stores them in body fat. When you need
them, your body takes them out of storage to be used. Eating fats or oils that
are not digested can cause shortages of fat-soluble vitamins.
Fat soluble vitamins should not be consumed in excess as they are stored in
the body and an excess can result in side effects. An excess of vitamin A may
result in irritability, weight loss, dry itchy skin in children and nausea,
headache, diarrhea in adults.

6. Characteristics of the vitamins are:
Most of the vitamins have been artificially synthesized.
Some of vitamins are soluble in water and others are fat-soluble.
Some vitamins are synthesized in the body. Some members of vitamin B
complex are synthesized by microorganisms in the intestinal tract.
Vitamins are partly destroyed and are partly excreted.
Vitamins can be stored in the body to some extent, for example the fat
soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and subcutaneous tissue.
Vitamins can perform their work in very small quantities. Hence, the total
daily requirement is usually very small.
Action in human body
Nutrient Action Daily need
Vitamin A Vitamin A helps cell
reproduction. It also
stimulates
immunity and is needed for
formation of some
hormones.
Vitamin A helps vision and
promotes bone growth,
tooth
development, and helps
maintain
healthy skin, hair, and
mucous
membranes. It has been
shown
to be an effective
preventive
against measles.
Alpha-carotene, beta-
carotene
and retinol are all versions
of Vitamin A
10,000 IU/day (plant
derived)
for adult
males.
8,000 for adult females
- 12,000 if lactating.
4,000 for children ages
1-3
5,000 for children ages
4-6
7,000 for children ages
7-10
VITAMIN B1
(THIAMINE)
Vitamin B1/thiamine is
important
in the production of energy.
It
helps the body cells convert
carbohydrates into energy.
It is
also essential for the
functioning
of the heart, muscles, and
nervous system.
1.2 mg for adult males
and 1.1 mg for women -
1.5 mg if lactating.
Children need .6 to .9
mg of B1/thiamine per
day.

7. VITAMIN B2
(RIBOFLAVIN)
Vitamin B2 or riboflavin is
important for body growth,
reproduction and red cell
production. It also helps in
releasing energy from
carbohydrates.
1.3 mg for adult males
and 1.1 mg for women -
1.5 mg if
pregnant/lactating.
Children need .6 to .9
mg of B2/riboflavin per day.
VITAMIN B6
(PRYIDOXINE)
B6 plays a role in the
creation of antibodies in the
immune system. It helps
maintain normal
nerve function and acts in
the formation of red blood
cells. It is also required for
the chemical reactions of
proteins. The higher
the protein intake, the more
need there is for vitamin
B6.
1.3 to 1.7 mg for adults
- 2 mg for women who
are pregnant or
lactating. Children need
between 0.6 to 1.3 mg.
VITAMIN B12 Like the other B vitamins,
vitamin B12 is important for
metabolism. It helps in the
formation of red blood cells
and in the maintenance of
the central nervous system.
2.4 mcg for adults and
2.6 - 2.8 mcg for
women who are
pregnant or lactating.
Children need .9 - 2.4
mcg per day.
VITAMIN C Vitamin C is one of the
most important of all
vitamins. It plays
a significant role as an
antioxidant, thereby
protecting body tissue from
the damage of oxidation.
60 mg for adults - 70
mg for women who are
pregnant and 95 for
those lactating.
Children need between 45
and 50 mg.
VITAMIN D Vitamin D is known as the
"sunshine vitamin" since it
is manufactured by the
body after being exposed to
sun. Vitamin D is vital to
the human body as it
promotes absorption of
calcium and magnesium,
which are essential for the
normal development of
healthy teeth and bones. It
also helps maintain
adequate levels of calcium
and phosphorus in the
blood.
5 mg for most adults.
Between 50 - 70 yrs 10
mg, and after 70 15 mg.
Children need about 5
mg/day.

8. VITAMIN E Like vitamin C, vitamin E
plays a significant role as
an antioxidant, thereby
protecting body tissue
from the damage of
oxidation. It is important in
the formation of red blood
cells and the use of
vitamin K. Many women
also use it to help minimize
the appearance of wrinkles.
30 IU for most adults.
Children need between
6-11 mg/day. (1 IU is
equal to approximately
.75 mg)
VITAMIN K Vitamin K is fat soluble and
plays a critical role in blood
clotting. It regulates blood
calcium levels and activates
at least 3 proteins
involved in bone health.
70-80 micrograms/day
for adult males, 60-65
micrograms per day for
adult females.
Children need about half
the amount, depending
on age.
Natural Sources______________________________
Nutrient Fruit source Vegetable
source
Nut source
Vitamin A Most fruits contain
vitamin A, but the
following fruits have
a significant
amount:
Tomatoes
Cantaloupes
Watermelon
Peaches
Kiwi
Oranges
Blackberries
Sweet potato
Kale
Carrots
Spinach
Avocado
Broccoli
Peas
Asparagus
Squash - summer
Green Pepper
Pistachios
Chestnuts
Pumpkin Seeds
Pecans
Pine Nuts/Pignolias
Sunflower Seeds
Almonds
Filberts/Hazelnuts
Vitamin B1 Watermelon Peas
Avocado
No nuts contain a
significant amount
of
vitamin B1.
Vitamin B2 Kiwi Avocado No nuts contain a
significant amount
of
vitamin B2.

9. Vitamin B6 Bananas
Watermelon
Avocado
Peas
Potatoes
Carrots
No nuts contain a
significant amount
of vitamin B6.
Vitamin B12 None None No nuts contain a
significant amount
of vitamin B12.
Vitamin C Kiwi
Strawberry
Orange
Blackberries
Cantaloupe
Watermelon
Tomatoes
Lime
Peach
Bananas
Apples
Lemon
Grapes
Artichoke
Asparagus
Avocado
Broccoli
Carrots
Cauliflower
Corn
Cucumber
Green Pepper
Kale
Lima Beans
Mushrooms
Onions
Peas
Potatoes
Spinach
Squash - summer
Squash - winter
Sweet potato
No nuts contain a
significant amount
of vitamin C.
Vitamin D None Mushrooms No nuts contain a
significant amount
of vitamin D.
Vitamin E Blackberries
Bananas
Apples
Kiwi
None Almonds
Sunflower Seeds
Pine Nuts/Pignolias
Peanuts
Brazil Nuts

10. Structure_____________________________
Vitamin A
Vitamin A (retinol) is required for the formation of rhodopsin, a photoreceptor
pigment in the retina. Vitamin A helps maintain epithelial tissues. Normally,
the
liver stores 90% of the body's Vitamin A.
Vitamin (B1) Thiamin
Thiamin or Thiamine (vitamin B1) is widely available in the diet. Thiamin is
involved in carbohydrate, fat, amino acid, glucose, and alcohol metabolism.
Thiamin (vitamin B1)
Vitamin (B2) Riboflavin
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is involved in carbohydrate metabolism as an essential
coenzyme in many oxidation-reduction reactions.

11. Vitamin (B6) pyridoxine
Vitamin B6 includes a group of closely related compounds: pyridoxine,
pyridoxal, and pyridoxine. Vitamin B6 is important in the biosynthesis of
hemoglobin and nucleic acid, as well as in lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid
metabolism.
Vitamin B12
Cobalamin is a general term for compounds with biologic vitamin B12 activity.
These compounds are involved in nucleic acid metabolism, methyl transfer,
and myelin synthesis and repair. They are necessary for the formation of
normal red blood cells.
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)
Vitamin C
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) plays a role in collagen, carnitine, hormone, and
amino
acid formation. It is essential for wound healing and facilitates recovery from
burns. Vitamin C is also an antioxidant, supports immune function, and
facilitates the absorption of iron.

12. Vitamin D
Vitamin D has two main forms: D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol).
Vitamin D3 is synthesized in skin by exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet radiation)
and obtained in the diet chiefly in fish liver oils and egg yolks.
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a group of that have similar biologic activities. These compounds
act as antioxidants, which prevent lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty
acids in cellular membranes.
Alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E)
Vitamin K
Vitamin K1 (phyllo Quinone) is dietary vitamin K. Dietary fat enhances its
absorption. Infant formulas contain supplemental vitamin K.

13. Deficiency disease____________________
Vitamin A
Deficiency Disease: Night-blindness and Keratomalacia, Keratinisation
of the nasal and respiratory passage epithelium.
Deficiency Symptoms: Defective Teeth and Gums, Allergies, Dry Hair,
Retarded Growth, Susceptibility to Infections, Night Blindness, Eye Irritations,
Sinus Trouble, Dry Skin, Loss of Smell.
Deficiency Occurs in:
People who limit their consumption of liver, dairy foods, and beta-
carotene containing vegetables can develop a vitamin A deficiency.
Extremely low birth weight babies.
Vitamin B1
Deficiency Disease: Beriberi
Deficiency Symptoms: Symptoms include fatigue, depression,
decreased mental functioning, muscle cramps, nausea, heart enlargement, and
eventually beriberi. Alcoholics are at increased risk of a deficiency.
Deficiency Occurs in:
Most commonly found in alcoholics
People with Malabsorption conditions
Those eating a very poor diet
Also common in children with congenital heart disease
People with chronic fatigue syndrome
Individuals undergoing regular kidney dialysis
Vitamin B2
Deficiency Disease: Ariboflavinosis, Painful tongue and fissures to
the corners of the mouth, chapped lips.

14. Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include red, swollen, cracked mouth and tongue; fatigue;
depression; anemia; and greasy, scaly skin. The formation of cataracts may be
a result of this vitamin deficiency.
Deficiency Occurs in:
Alcoholics
People with cataracts or sickle cell anemia
People with chronic fatigue syndrome
Vitamin B6
Deficiency Disease: Anemia
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include Weakness, Mental Confusion, Irritability, Nervousness,
Inability to sleep, Hyperactivity, Anemia, Skin lesions, Tongue Discoloration,
and Kidney Stones.
Deficiency Occurs in:
Alcoholics
Patients with kidney failure
Women using oral contraceptives
People with chronic fatigue syndrome
Vitamin B12
Deficiency Disease:
Megaloblastic or Pernicious Anemia
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include nausea, loss of appetite, sore mouth, diarrheal, abnormal
gait, loss of sensation in hands and feet, confusion, memory loss, and
depression. Harmful anemia may be a result of this deficiency.

15. Deficiency Occurs in:
Alcoholics
Vegetarians who also avoid dairy and eggs
People with malabsorption conditions
Older people with urinary incontinence and hearing loss
People with tinnitus and related disorders
People with psychiatric disorders
Vitamin C
Deficiency Disease: Scurvy
Deficiency Symptoms:
Prolonged healing of wounds, Easy bruising, Frequent infections, Prolonged
colds, Scurvy: weak muscles, fatigue, loss of teeth, bleeding gums, depression,
bleeding beneath the skin, Swollen or painful joints, Nosebleeds, Anemia:
tired, paleness
Deficiency Occurs in:
1. Smokers
2. Women with Preeclampsia, who have lower blood levels
3. People with kidney failure
Vitamin D
Deficiency Disease: Rickets and Osteomalacia
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include bone pain and tenderness and Muscle Weakness. In
children, Rickets may occur, in which bones lose calcium and become soft and
curved. Without proper intake, there is an increased risk of Osteoporosis,
Arthritis, and Cancer.
Deficiency Occurs in:
1. More common in strict vegetarians
2. Dark-skinned people
3. Alcoholics
4. People with liver or kidney disease

16. 5. People with hyperparathyroidism
6. Also common in men with advanced prostate cancer
Vitamin E
Deficiency Disease:
Deficiency is very rare; mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include in Infants irritability, Fluid Retention and Anemia. Adult
symptoms may include Lethargy, Loss of balance and Anemia. There may be
increased risk of Heart Disease, Cancer, and Premature Aging with marginal
deficiencies.
Deficiency Occurs in:
1. People with a genetic defect in a vitamin E transfer protein called
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
2. Women with Preeclampsia
3. Very old people with type 2 diabetes
Vitamin K
Deficiency Disease:
Bleeding Diathesis, Delayed clotting & Hemorrhaging, Cholestatic Constipation,
Patients may show signs of bruising easily and have nosebleeds.
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include prolonged clotting time, easy bleeding, and bruising. This
deficiency is rare in adults and normally limited to those with liver or food
absorption disorders. However, it may occur in premature babies.
Deficiency Occurs in:
1. People with certain Mal absorption diseases
2. Hospitalized patients who had poor food intake and were receiving
antibiotics
3. Sometimes develop in breast-fed infants.

17. Pictures of deficiency diseases
Night blindness(vitamin A) Beriberi(vitamin B1)
Anemia (vitamin B6) Pernicious Anemia (vitamin B12)
Scurvy (vitamin C) Rickets (Vitamin D)

18. How to overcome these deficiencies

Food
The best method available to overcome these deficiency is by proper diet
which includes proper amounts of vegetables, fruits and some amount of
meat.

Medicine
To avoid the deficiency of any Vitamin B we can use B complex. Vitamin B
complex is a group of 12 related water-soluble substances. The eight
water-soluble vitamins including thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin
(B3), pantothenic acid (B5), biotin (B7), pyridoxine (B6), folic acid (B9),
and cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12).
Additional information
Vitamin Facts
1. A lot of the vitamins in fruits and vegetables are lost between the farm and
your plate. The longer the foods are stored before you eat them, the more
nutrients are lost. Heat, light, and exposure to air all reduce the amount of
vitamins, especially Vitamin C, thiamin, and folic acid.
2. About 25% of US households do not have balanced meals to meet the
requirements that the body needs in digesting enough nutrients to sustain
the body's health and fuel factors.
3. Research has shown that almost all varieties of disease can be produced
by the deficiency of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and other nutrients.
Vitamins are vital for your skin. The most important factor of nutritional
deficiencies is the intense processing and refining of foods like cereals and
sugar.
4. The human body uses food to manufacture all its building blocks as well as
to provide fuel. To do this, it performs several thousand different chemical
reactions. Each reaction is controlled by "enzymes" and "coenzymes".
Some of the coenzymes contain vitamins which the body cannot make by itself
and which must be obtained from outside the body

19. Conclusion
Vitamins are in every aspect essential to our life. First of
all, vitamin is that component of a balanced diet which
the human body generally cannot manufacture on its own.
So you must consume vitamin directly in the form of food
or through supplements as tonic or pills. The whole
process of assimilation of vitamins depends on ingestion of
food. Once you have it as a part of your meal, say for
tomatoes, lemon, spinach and other stuffs, it is more
helpful.
To maintain a healthy life, we must use regular proper
balanced diet. The diet must contain
vegetables, fruits, meat … The body's metabolism is also
dependent on vitamins as on carbohydrates, fats, minerals
and other basic components of a complete diet. Always
remember that vitamins are not food but should be a
part of your food..

20. Websites:
https://www.chemistscorner.com ›
https://www.enotes.com › Homework Help › Chemistry
https://en.wikipedia.org/
https://www.slideshare.net/