2. PTERIDOPHYTES
POINTS TO REMEMBER
⚫ Vascular Cryptogams.
⚫ Pteridophyte is Greek Word.
⚫ Pteron means Feather.
⚫ Phyta means Plants.
⚫ Plants have Feather like Leaves called FRONDS.
⚫ Primitive Vascular Plants.
⚫ Seedless Plants.
⚫ Spore Producing Vascular Plants.
⚫ Dominated in Devonian and Carboniferous periods of PALAEOZOIC ERA.
⚫ Life Cycle – Alternation of Generation.
⚫ Plant body is Diploid Sporophyte.
⚫ Spore producing structure called Sporangia.
⚫ Spore producing leaves called Sporophyll.
⚫ Gametophytic Body also called Prothallus.
⚫ The Zygote develops in to Multicellular Embryo.
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3. PTERIDOPHYTES
GENERAL CHARACTERS
GENERAL CHARACTERS OF PTERIDOPHYTES
DEFINITION
⚫ Pteridophytes are Seedless Primitive Vascular Plants
Reproduced by Spores.
HABITAT
⚫ Terrestrial Habitat - Live in Moist and Shady Place of Land.
⚫ Some species are Epiphytes
⚫ Some are xerophytes, they also called Resurrection plants-
it coil and shrink in drought and expand in moist condition.
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4. PTERIDOPHYTES
GENERAL CHARACTERS
PLANT BODY
SPOROPHYTIC BODY
It is Diploid Plant Body consists of
⚫ Root
⚫ Stem and
⚫ Leaves
ROOT
⚫ Roots are Adventitious.
STEM
⚫ Stem is Aerial or Underground, Erect or Weak and Herbaceous or Woody.
⚫ Vascular Tissues are Well Developed.
⚫ Xylem has Tracheids, Xylem Parenchyma and Xylem Fibers. Vessels are
absent
⚫ Phloem has Sieve cells, Phloem Parenchyma and Phloem Fibers. Sieve
tubes and Companion cells are absent
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7. PTERIDOPHYTES
GENERAL CHARACTERS
REPRODUCTION
It Takes Place by
▪ Vegetative Reproduction and
▪ Asexual Reproduction
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
Vegetative Reproduction Takes Place by
▪ Bulbils
▪ Adventitious Buds
▪ Fragmentation
▪ Gemmae and
▪ Tubercles.
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8. PTERIDOPHYTES
GENERAL CHARACTERS
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• Asexual Reproduction Takes Place by
Spores.
• Spore producing special structures are
called Sporangia. Sporangia producing
leaves are called Sporophylls.
• Sporophylls are combined to form a
structure called Cone or Strobilus.
• Cones are Reproductive Structure.
• Spores are Haploids formed from Diploid
Spore Mother Cells after Meiosis.
• Spores are Homosporous or
Heterosporous.
• Spores are Germinate into Haploid
Gametophytes.
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9. PTERIDOPHYTES
GENERAL CHARACTERS
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
⚫ Sporangia producing leaves are called Sporophylls.
⚫ Sporophylls are combined to form a structure called Cone or
Strobilus.
⚫ Cones are Reproductive Structure.
⚫ Spores are Haploids formed from Diploid Spore Mother Cells after
Meiosis.
⚫ Spores are Homosporous or Heterosporous.
⚫ Spores are Germinate into Haploid Gametophytes.
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10. PTERIDOPHYTES
GENERAL CHARACTERS
GAMETOPHYTIC BODY
⚫ It is Haploid and Simple.
⚫ It is Monoecious or Dioecious.
REPRODUCTION
It Reproduced by
▪ Sexual Method
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
⚫ Sexual Reproduction is Oogamous type.
⚫ Sex organs are Multicellular and Protected by Sterile Layer
called Jacket Layer.
.
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11. PTERIDOPHYTES
GENERAL CHARACTERS
ANTHERIDIA
• Antheridia are Male Sex Organs.
• Antheridium is Globular in Shape.
• It Produces many Male Gametes
called Antherozoids or
Spermatozoids from Antherozoids
Mother Cells.
• Antherozoids are Haploid and
Biflagellate.
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12. PTERIDOPHYTES
GENERAL CHARACTERS
ARCHEGONIA
• Archegonia are Female Sex Organs.
• Archegonium is Flask shaped.
• It Produces single Female Gamete
called Egg.
• Archegonium consists of
• Venter and
• Neck
• Venter is a Basal swollen part
contains
• A Ventral Canal Cell and
• A Female gamete called Egg
• Egg is Haploid and Non-Motile.
• Neck is an upper narrow part
contains one to Few Neck Canal
Cells.
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13. PTERIDOPHYTES
GENERAL CHARACTERS
FERTILIZATION
⚫ Water is Essential for Fertilization
⚫ The Diploid Zygote is formed by the Fusion of Male and Female
Gametes.
⚫ The Zygote develops into Embryo and then Diploid
Sporophytic Body.
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14. PTERIDOPHYTES
GENERAL CHARACTERS
LIFE CYCLE
⚫ It is Alternations of Generation and it consists of Two
Bodies namely
▪ Sporophytic Body and
▪ Gametophytic Body
⚫ In which spores producing Sporophytic Body and gametes
producing Gametophytic Body are Depends each other and
Alternate with one another.
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16. PTERIDOPHYTES
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF PTERIDOPHYTES
AS FOOD
⚫ Young Leaves of Ferns Like Nephrolepis, Diplazium,
Helminthostachys and Stenochlaena are cooked and eaten by
Indian Tribals.
⚫ The Starchy Paste of the Sporocarps of Water Fern Marsilea is made
in to cakes called "Nardoo" and is eaten by the natives of Australia.
⚫ The spores of Lycopodium
are Rich in Fat.
⚫ Azolla is directly used
as Chicken Feed.
AGRICULTURE USES
⚫ Azolla pinnata is used as
Biofertilizer in Paddy Field. Marsilea Sp. Azolla Sp.
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17. PTERIDOPHYTES
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
INDUSTRIAL USES
Dying Industries
⚫ The Leaves of the Fern Sphenomeris are used to produce Red
Dye.
⚫ The Rhizomes of the Fern Pteridium are used for producing
dark Yellow Dye.
Fiber Industries
⚫ Fibers obtained from some Ferns as Osmunda and Ciborium
are used for making Mats, Baskets and Stuffing and Packing
Materials.
Perfume Industries
⚫ Certain Ferns like Angiopteris, Adiantum and Polypodium are
used to Prepare Perfumes.
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20. PTERIDOPHYTES
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
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AS ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
Ferns like Nephrolepis,
Azolla, Salvinia, Equisetum,
Angiopteris, Osmunda,
Microsorum, Pteris,
Adiantum, Cyathea,
Ampelopteris, Christella,
Diplazium and Tectaria
which are generally grown in
the Gardens and Houses as
Potted Plants for Aesthetic
Purposes.
Adiantum Sp.
Fern
