PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF FLOWERS

1. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF FLOWERS
Dr. K. Vanangamudi
Formerly Dean (Agriculture), Agricultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore
Dean, Adhiparasakthi Agricultural College, Kalavai
Professor & Head, Seed Science & Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore.
Dr. M. Prabhu
Associate Professor, Horticultural College and Research Institute for Women,
Tirchirapalli.
M. Kokila
PG Scholar, Department of Seed Science & Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore.
Production technology of flowers
Cultivation
practices
Rose Arabian
jasmine
malligai
Spanish
jasmine
mullai
Mullai
Varieties Hybrid Teas,
Floribunda,
Polyantha,
Miniatures,
Climbers,
Ramblers, Shrub
Rose
Ramnad Local,
Single Mogra,
Double Mogra,
Iruvatchi, Arka
Aradhana
CO1, CO2
Parimullai
CO1, CO2 Arka
Surabhi
Propagation Rooted cuttings,
layering or by T
budding on
Briar root stocks
in hills and
Edward Rose
and Rosa
multiflora and
Rosa indica var
odorata in
plains. Cuttings
with 2-3 buds,
IBA @ 500-
1000 ppm to
promote rooting
Semi hard wood
cuttings of 15 to
20 cm long
Semi hard wood
cuttings of 15-
20 cm long
Terminal
cuttings (12.5-
15cm long)

2. Season July-August June-Nov June-Nov June-Nov
Planting Pit size 45 x 45
x 45 cm Spacing
2.0 x 1.0 m
Pit size 30 x 30
x 30 cm Spacing
1.25 x 1.25 m
Pit size 30 x 30
x 30 cm
Spacing 1.5x1.5
m
Pit size 30 x 30
x 30 cm
Spacing 1.8 x
1.8 m
Fertilizer 6:12:12 g/plant
NPK
60:120:120
g/plant/year
120:240:120 g
per plant/yr
60:120:120
g/plant/yr
Special
practices
Pruning – cut
back vigorous
past season
shoots, 250 ppm
GA3 – to
increase flower.
production
Foliar spray of
ZnSO4 0.25% +
MgSO4 0.5% +
FeSO4 0.5%
Same as
malligai
Same as
malligai
Harvest season
and yield
150-200 stems
/m2/ year - cut
rose yield under
greenhouse
conditions.
Hybrid Tea = 70
-80 stems/
plant/year
Floribunda = 80
-90 stems/
plant/year.
Loose flowers is
3-5 tonnes/ ha/
year. Cut roses
have minimum
vase life of 12
days
Flowering
season – March-
October
Flower yield - 8
to 9 t/ha
Concrete
recovery - 0.14-
0.19%
Flower yield -
10 t/ha
Concrete
recovery - 0.25-
0.28%
Flowering
season - April –
November
Flowering
season - May to
October
Flower yield -
11 t/ha
Concrete
recovery 0.25-
0.32%

3. Cultivation
practices
Crossandra Chrysanthemum Marigold Tuberose
Varieties Tetraploid Kirti, Arka Pusa Narangi, Single-Calcutta
orange Lutea Swarna, Shanti, Gainda, Pusa Single-Mexican
yellow, Y2K, Arka Basanthi, Single-Prajival
Sebaculis red Ganga, Appu, MDU 1 Rajat Rekha
Triploid – Delhi Sadbhavana, Shringar Double
Crossandra Bindiya, MDU1, Pearl Double
CO 1, CO 2, Swarna Rekha,
Indira and Red Suvasini Vaibhav
Gold, Ravi Kiran,
Akash, Yellow
Start, Indira,
Rakhee,
Chandrakand
Propagation Tetraploid – Terminal cuttings Seeds 1.5 Bulbs -25-30 g
seeds 5 kg/ha - (5 to 7 cm long) kg/ha weight
60 days old or suckers 5-7 cm Transplant 25
seedlings long cuttings are to 30 days old
Triploid – taken and roots seedling
terminal are induced by
cuttings :10-15 treating with IBA
cm (1000 ppm).
Season July-Oct June-July Throughout
the year
June-July
Planting Tetraploid - 60 30 x 30 cm 45 x 35 cm 45 x 20 cm depth -
x 30 cm 60 x 60 spacing on one 2.5 cm
cm- seed side of ridges
production (1,11,000
Triploid - 60 x plants/ha)
40 cm
Fertilizer 150:100:250
kg/ha
125:120:25 kg
NPK/ha
90:90:75 kg
per ha
200:200:200 kg/ha
Special Growth Pinching – 4 Biostimulant
humic acid @
0.2%
Growth regulator
practices regulator - weeks after - foliar spray of
Ascorbic acid at planting to induce GA3 at 50-100
1000 ppm lateral branches ppm
(Before Dusuckering -
flowering) removal of side
suckers, GA3 @
50 ppm spray
Harvest season Flowering - 1 Flowering 3rd Flower yield Yield : Loose
and yield month after month onwards 30-35 tons/ha flower 14-15 t/ha
transplanting Main crop - 20 Xanthophylls Cut flower 2-3
Yield : tons/ha - 1.7-1.9 g/kg lakh spike/ha/year
Tetraploid - Ratoon - 10 of fresh Bulbs & bulblets
2 t/ha/year tons/ha flowers 20-25 tons/ha
Triploid - Concrete recovery
2.8 t/ha/year 0.08-0.11%

4. Cultivation
practices
Neerium Golden red Cut rose Cut
chrysanthemum
Varieties Tall - Single
Rose Single
White Single
Red
Dwarf - Petite
Salmon
Petite Pink
Ballardi
Golden Gate
Golden Wing
Monte Doro
Monte Solo Peter
Pan Super,
Tara Gold
First Red Red
Corvette
Tajmahal Gold
Strike Skyline
Movie Star
Miracle
Tropical
Amazon
Rebery
Pola Avalanche
Hollywood
Standard -
Bonfire Orange,
Bonfire Yellow
Reagen Yellow,
Reagen White,
Nanako
Propagation Hard or semi
hard wood
cuttings - 60 cm
length
Clumps or
suckers
T-budding on
Briar rootstock
Terminal
cuttings- 5 to 7
cm Inducing root
– IBA1000 ppm
Season June – July Throughout the
year
- Protected
cultivation
throughout the
year
Planting 30 x 30 x
30 cm pit size
Spacing
2 x 2 m
45 x 45 cm Protected
cultivation 40
x15 cm Open
field condition
60 x 60 cm to
60 x 75 cm
15 x 15 cm or 10
x 15 cm
Fertilizer - 140:175:150
kg/ha
- -
Special
practices
- - Bending- To
grow lateral
branches Shoot
thinning - Un
productive
shoots & water
suckers
Pinching
Disbudding
Growth regulator
GA3 50 ppm
Increase flower
stem length
Harvest season
and yield
Yield: 100-125
kg of flowers
per ha/day
Flower yield: 3
lakh stems/
ha/crop
Harvest at tight
bud stage - 60-
90 cm long
stem
Under poly
house - Flower
yield 1st year -
120 flowers/m2
2nd year - 200-
240 flowers/m2
3rd year - 300-
360 flowers/m2
Yield : Standard
- 67 flower
stems per m2
Spray - 260
flower stems/m2

5. Cultivation
practices
Carnation Anthurium Gladiolus Dendrobium
orchid
Varieties Emotion Star
Liberty Pink
Dover White
Liberty
Temptation
Tropical Red
Mauritius Red
Candy Stripe
Lima
Jewel
Priscilla
Summer
Sunshine
Archana
Bindiya
Shree Ganesh
Aarti
Arka Kesar
Dhiraj KKL 1
Sonia 12
Sonia 28
Emma White
Sakura Pink
Propagation Terminal stem
cuttings
Tissue culture or
suckers
Corms – Ethrel
1000 ppm (or)
GA3 100 ppm
(or) 500 ppm
thiourea - To
break
dormancy
Clumps, Keikis,
Back bulbs,
tissue culture
plants
Season Throughout the
year
Protected
cultivation
throughout the
year
October for
plains, March-
April in hills
Protected
cultivation
throughout the
year
Planting 15 x 15 cm - 40 x 25 cm or
25 x 25 cm
-
Fertilizer - 40:30: 30 kg
NPK/ha 0.2%
NPK foliar
spray
120:150: 150
kg NPK/ha
Foliar spray of
20:10:10 @
0.2% NPK
Special
practices
Netting – plant
support
1st yr-7.5 x 7.5cm
2nd yr-10 x 10cm
3rd yr-12.5 x
12.5cm
4th yr-15x15 cm
- Staking – large
flowered
varieties staked
to avoid
lodging
GA3 (50 ppm)
Post harvest
pulsing - 8HQC
500 ppm + 5%
sucrose for 12
hrs
Harvest season
and yield
Standard type -
paint brush stage
Spray type -
when two flowers
are open Flower
yield :15
flowers/plant
Average yield -
7-9 flowers/
plant/year
110-120 days
to produce
spikes Yield : 2
to 2.5 lakh
flower
stalks/ha/crop
8-10 spikes per
plant/year

6. Cultivation
practices
Lilium Gerbera China aster
Varieties Asiatic hybrid-
Dreamland, Yellow
Giant
Oriental hybrid-
Nerostan, Siberia,
Casablanca Eastern
Lily Elegant Lady,
Snow Queen,
Ace, White
Ruby Red Doni
Talasa Rosalin
Farida
Dalma
Winter Queen Snow
Flake Goliath
Kamini Poornima
Shashank
Violet Cushion
Kamini Poornima
Shashank Violet
Cushion
Propagation Bulbs Suckers and tissue
culture plants
Seeds: 2.5 to 3
kg/ha
Transplant 30-45
day old seedling
Season Protected cultivation
throughout the year
Protected cultivation
throughout the year
Throughout the year
under mild climatic
Planting 20 x15 cm
15x15 cm
15x10 cm
40 x 30 cm
or 30 x 30 cm
120 x 60 x
10 cm raised bed
Fertilizer - - 180:60:60 kg/ha
Special practices - - -
Harvest season and
yield
Crop duration
Asiatic hybrid-8 to 10
weeks Oriental hybrid-
14-16 weeks Yield :
30-40 flower stems/m2
Flowering - 3 months
after planting
Average yield - 200-
250 flowers/m2/year
18-20 t/ha