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Cogeneration
1.
2. ABSTRACT
A major focus of the current energy debate is how to meet the future
demand for electricity while reducing the nation’s dependency on
imported oil.
Conversion in buildings and industry, and conversion of utility central
station capacity to alternate fuels will play a major role in reducing oil
use in these sectors.
Industrial and commercial sector ultimately will have to seek
alternative sources of energy.
Benefits of co-generation are much higher like fuel efficiency and
lower environmental load compared with other levels.
3. INTRODUCTION
We have one of the most promising commercially available
technologies is Co-Generation.
Co-Generation is the simultaneous generation of heat and
power, both of which are used.
Co-Generation is also known as ‘combined heat and
power(CHP)’ and ‘Total Energy’.
Traditionally steam and electricity have been produced
separately; steam at industrial plants and electricity by utilities.
4. DEFINITION OF CO-GENERATION:
The principal behind co-generation is simple.
In Conventional power generation, on average is only 35%
electricity is used and remaining 65% of the energy is released
as waste heat.
More recent combined cycle generation can improve this to
55%,excluding losses for the transmission and distribution of
electricity.
co-generation reduces loss in industry by using the for
industry.
In conventional power generation further losses of around 5-
10% & co-generation offers energy saving range between 15-
8. BENEFITS OF CO-GENERATION SYSTEM
Improved efficiency of fuel energy use:
The production of both electricity and thermal energy from a cogeneration system
leads to energy use efficiencies of 80 to 85%
A typical cogeneration system can convert 30 to 35% of energy in the fuel to
electricity with another 50 to 55% produces as steam or hot water.
Reduced emission of pollutants and Greenhouse Gases:
Improving the over all efficiency of fuel energy also leads to
reduced emission of pollutants and greenhouse gases into atmosphere.
The cogeneration system supplies both electricity and thermal energy, in
place of purchasing electricity from the grid and firing natural gas in a
separate boiler to the generator thermal energy for plant use .
9. Development of Competition within the Electricity supply
Industry:
Cogeneration plants are usually small plants sized to either the user’s
electricity demand or thermal demand.
Often they are operated by small independent power producer
rather than the utilities controlling the transmission grid.
Low cost of coal:
Locally available coal is typically the lowest cost fuel, within site
power plants producing the lowest fuel costs.
Coal-fired Power plants located at the mine site benefit from low fuel
costs and decreasing cost per kWh with increasing size of power
plant.
10. Applications of co-generation :
Co-generation may be implemented in four main sectors:
1.Public power system
2.Industrial sector
3.Commercial-building sector
4.Agricultural sector
Data for each of these sectors are presented in detail below.
1) Public Power System:
Power generation plants may be converted into co-generation
stations in order to cover heat needs of cities or settlements,
industries, water desalination plants, greenhouses, fisheries etc.
located in their region.
Ensuring proper distance and dispersion of heat consumers
around the plant is essential for the feasibility of the overall
installation.
11. 2)Industrial Sector
In the industrial sector, many processes require heat and
power at the same time. Depending upon the temperature required
the following classification applies:
a) Low temperature processes (below 100°C) e.g. drying of agricultural
products, heating or cooling of areas, utility hot water.
b) Medium temperature processes (100-300°C) e.g. processes in paper
industry, in spinning mills, in sugar industry, in some chemical
industries etc. Typically, these processes require heat in the form of
steam.
c) High temperature processes (300-700°C) e.g. in some chemical
industries.
12. 3)Commercial- Building Sector
This sector includes hotels, hospitals, shopping malls, schools, office
buildings, residences etc. Co-generation covers power and heating
needs of the buildings .
The commercial- building sector may be divided in three main sub-
sectors:
a) hospitals and hotels;
b) multi-apartment complexes; and
c) Office buildings.
4)Agricultural Sector
Co-generation is not widely spread in the agricultural sector; however,
its implementation may lead to fuel savings and positive financial
effect on rural communities
13. Impacts of Co-generation:
Through co-generation systems, efficiencies may be boosted to
70-80%. In contrast, power generation plants have an average
efficiency of 31%, while combined-cycle plants new with gas turbines
may achieve efficiencies of 40-50% ( as shown in Figure ) .
The inefficiency of our power generation infrastructure is due
to poor industry performance but to the lack of policies necessary to
extensively implement co-generation.
15. Fuel Consumption Effects:
All co-generation systems save fuel because they exhibit
higher efficiencies compared to separate power and heat
generation.
For example, using a co-generation system with steam
turbines, fuel consumption is reduced by 15% , whereas using a
co-generation system with diesel engine, fuel consumption is
reduced by 25%.
The co-generation systems to be installed and the fuels they
operate on should be selected in accordance with the national energy.
16. Environmental Effects:
When many small and widely dispersed co-generation units
replace large central plants with high stacks, then the following are
necessary:
– Elastic seating and sound insulation of the system
– Construction of a stack higher than the adjacent buildings and
– Installation of systems for collecting and removing solid and liquid
residuals.
17. Future scope:
In an attempt to create the conditions in which the energy sectors
would be able to contribute as much as possible to a financial
development and prosperity of the nations, protecting the
environment at the same time, they put the following common
objectives:
1. Diversity, efficiency and flexibility in the energy sector, these being
the basic conditions for a long term energy safety.
2. Capability for a timely and flexible response in case of emergency
energy needs.
3. Environmentally accepted (viable) disposal and usage of energy.
4. Encouragement and development of more environmentally
acceptable energy sources.
5. Improvement of energy efficiency, contributing to environmental
protection and energy safety in a more efficient manner.