Smart irrigation system

SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Project Report
Submitted to
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
B. Tech.
In
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Submitted by
VISHAL DWIVEDI (1616521016)
AKHILESH PRAJAPATI (1716521901)
DEEPAK KUMAR (1616521005)
HIMANSHU SINGH (1616521007)
Under the Supervision of
MR. ABHISHEK VISHNOI
KANPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY A-1, UPSIDC
Industrial Area, Rooma, Kanpur, 208001, U. P. (INDIA)
AUGUST, 2020

KANPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 2
CERTIFICATE
This is to certified that Vishal Dwivedi (1616521016), Akhilesh Prajapati
(1716521901), Deepak Kumar (1616521005), Himanshu Singh (1616521005)
has carried out the project work presented in this report entitled “Smart Irrigation
System” for the award of Bachelor of Technology in the stream of Electricals &
Electronics Engineering from Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University,
Lucknow under supervision of Mr. Abhishek Vishnoi. The thesis embodies
results of work, and studies are carried out by the student himself and it is an
authentic report.
Dr. Noorul Islam Mr. Abhishek Vishnoi
Head Of Dept. Asst. Professor
Electrical and Electronics Dept. Electrical and Electronics Dept.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is my great fortune that I have got opportunity to carry out this project work
under the supervision of Mr. Abhishek Vishnoi, in the Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering, Kanpur Institute of Technology (KIT), Kanpur affiliated
to Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University (AKTU) , Uttar Pradesh. I express
my sincere thanks and deepest sense of gratitude to my guide for his constant
support, unparalleled guidance and limitless encouragement.
I wish to convey my gratitude to Prof. (Dr.) Noorul Islam, HOD, Department of
Electrical Engineering, KIT and to the authority of KIT for providing all kinds of
infrastructural facility towards the research work.
I would also like to convey my gratitude to all the faculty members and staffs of
the Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, KIT for their whole
hearted cooperation to make this work turn into reality.

DECLARATION
We hereby declares that this submission is our own work and that to the best of
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which is to a substantial extent has been accepted for
the award of any degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning except where due acknowledge has been made in the text.
This project is being carried out as a compulsory as an annual project a part of
B.Tech.
Vishal Dwivedi (1616521016)
Akhilesh Prajapati (1716521901)
Deepak Kumar (1616521005)
Himanshu Singh (1616521007)

ABSTRACT
Indian agriculture is diverse ranging from impoverished farm villages to developed
farms utilizing modern agricultural technologies. Facility agriculture area in China
is expanding and is leading the world. However, its ecosystem control technology
is still immature, with low level of intelligence. Promoting application of modern
information technology in agriculture will solve a series of problems facing by
farmers. Lack of exact information and communication leads to the loss in
production. This system provides an intelligent monitoring platform framework
and system structure for facility agriculture ecosystem based on IOT. The Internet
of Things makes everything connected.
Over 50 years since independence, India has made immense progress towards food
productivity. Modern agriculture practices have a great promise for the economic
development of a nation. So we have brought-in an innovative project for the
welfare of farmers and also for the farms. There are no day or night restrictions.
This is helpful at any time.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO
CERTIFICATE 1
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 2
DECLARATION 3
ABSTRACT 4
CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS SMART IRRIGATION 11
1.1 INTRODUCTION 11
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY 14
1.3 MOTIVATION 15
CHAPTER 2 IRRIGATION CONTROL SYSTEM 16
2.1 IRRIGATION CONTROL SYSTEM FUNCTION 16
2.2 FLOW CHART 17
CHAPTER 3 PROPOSED SYSTEM HARDWARE 18
3.1 NODE MCU 18
3.1.1 NODEMCU ESP8266 SPECIFICATIONS & FEATURES 21
3.1.2 BRIEF ABOUT NODEMCU ESP8266 21
3.1.3 PROGRAMMING NODEMCU ESP8266 WITH ARDUINO IDE 22

3.1.4 APPLICATIONS OF NODEMCU 22
3.2 DHT11 TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR 23
3.3 RELAY MODULE 24
3.4 DC PUMP 26
3.5 I2C MODULE 27
3.6 LCD MODULE 28
3.7 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR 30
3.8 RECTIFIER CIRCUIT 31
3.8.1 COMPONENTS OF RECTIFIER 34
3.9 BATTERY 36
CHAPTER 4 PROPOSED ALOGORITHM 39
4.1 CODE FOR BLYNK APP 39
4.2 CODE OF SMART IRRIGATION 40
CHAPTER 5 SOFTWARE 42
5.1 BLYNK 42
CHAPTER 6 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 47
6.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 47
6.2 RESULT 48

CHAPTER 7 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 49
7.1 ADVANTAGES 49
7.2 DISADVANTAGES 50
CHAPTER 8 FUTURE SCOPE 51
CONCLUSION 52
REFERENCES 53

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE NO.
Fig. 1.1.1 Prototype of smart irrigation system 12
Fig. 2.1.1 Flow Chart 17
Fig. 3.1.1 Node MCU 18
Fig. 3.1.2 Pin diagram of Node MCU 20
Fig. 3.2.1 DHT11 Sensor 24
Fig. 3.3.1 Relay Module 25
Fig. 3.3.2 Circuit of Relay Module 25
Fig. 3.4.1 Pump 9 volt 26
Fig. 3.5.1 I2C Module 27
Fig. 3.6.1 LCD Display 29
Fig. 3.7.1 Soil moisture sensor 31
Fig. 3.8.1 Rectifier 32
Fig. 3.8.2 Circuit Diagram 1 33
Fig. 3.8.3 Circuit Diagram 2 33
Fig. 3.8.1.1. Transformer 34
Fig. 3.8.1.2 Capacitor 34
Fig. 3.8.1.3 Diode 1N4007 35

Fig. 3.8.1.4. Voltage regulator 35
Fig. 3.8.1.5 Resistor 1.2 k ohm 36
Fig. 3.8.1.6 LED 36
Fig. 3.9.1 Battery 37
Fig. 5.1.1 Blynk Sign Up 42
Fig. 5.1.2 Blynk Concept 43
Fig. 5.2.3 Blynk Uploading 45
Fig. 5.1.4. Blynk Operation 46
Fig. 6.1.1 Schematic Diagram 47
Fig. 6.2.1 Blynk Output 48

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 WHAT IS SMART IRRIGATION
Agriculture is the major source of income for the largest population in India and is
major contributor to Indian economy. However, technological involvement and its
usability have to be grown still and cultivated for agro sector in India. Although
few initiatives have also been taken by the Indian Government for providing online
and mobile messaging services to farmers related to agricultural queries and agro
vendor’s information to farmers. Based on the survey it is observed that agriculture
contributes 27% to GDP, and Provides employment to 70% of Indian population.
IoT is changing the agriculture domain and empowering farmers to fight with the
huge difficulties they face. The agriculture must overcome expanding water
deficiencies, restricted availability of lands, while meeting the expanding
consumption needs of a world population. New innovative IoT applications are
addressing these issues and increasing the quality, quantity, sustainability and cost
effectiveness of agricultural production.
Agriculture is the backbone of Indian Economy. In today’s world, as we see rapid
growth in global population, agriculture becomes more important to meet the needs
of the human race. However, agriculture requires irrigation and with every year we
have more water consumption than rainfall, it becomes critical for growers to find
ways to conserve water while still achieving the highest yield. But in the present
era, the farmers have been using irrigation technique through the manual control in
which they irrigate the land at the regular interval.

According to statistics, agriculture uses 85% of available freshwater resources
worldwide, and this percentage will continue to be dominant in water consumption
because of population growth and increased food demand. There is an urgent need
to create strategies based on science and technology for sustainable use of water,
including technical, agronomic, managerial and institutional improvements. By
using Internet technology and sensor network technology we can control water
wastage and to maximize the scientific technologies in irrigation methods.
Fig. 1.1.1 Prototype of smart irrigation system
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology where in a mobile device can be used
to monitor the function of a device. The Internet of Things (IoT) is concerned with

interconnecting communicating objects that are installed at different locations that
are possibly distant from each other. Internet of Things (IoT) is a type of network
technology, which senses the information from different sensors and makes
anything to join the Internet to exchange information.
It can also be used to modify the status of the device. The central processing unit
will also include communication device to receive data from the sensors and to be
relayed to the user’s device. This will be done using a higher communication
device such as a Wi-Fi module. The data processed by the central module is
converted to meaningful data and relayed to the user.
The user can view the data with the help of a handheld device such as a mobile
phone or a tablet. Nowadays water scarcity is a big concern for farming. This
project helps the farmers to irrigate the farmland in an efficient manner with
automated irrigation system based on soil moisture.
The proposed system has been designed to overcome the unnecessary water flow
into the agricultural lands. Temperature, moisture and humidity readings are
continuously monitored by using temperature, moisture and humidity sensor and
send these values to the assigned IP address. Android application continuously
collects the data from that assigned IP address. Once the soil moisture values are
exceeded the particular limit then the relay, which is connected to the arduino
microcontroller controls the motor. The android application is a simple menu
driven application, with 4 options. This includes motor status, moisture,
temperature and humidity values. The motor status indicates the current status of
the pump.

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY
Primary investigation is carried out under the following stages, such as
Understanding the existing approaches, Understanding the requirements,
developing an abstract for the system.
In this paper, soil moisture sensor, temperature and humidity sensors placed in root
zone of plant and transmit data to android application. Threshold value of soil
moisture sensor that was programmed into a microcontroller to control water
quantity. Temperature, humidity and soil moisture values are displayed on the
android application.
This paper on "Automatic Irrigation System on Sensing Soil Moisture Content" is
intended to create an automated irrigation mechanism which turns the pumping
motor ON and OFF on detecting the dampness content of the earth. In this paper
only soil moisture value is considered but proposed project provided extension to
this existed project by adding temperature and humidity values.
Remote Monitoring in Agricultural Greenhouse Using Wireless Sensor and Short
Message Service (SMS).In this paper they are sending data via sms but proposed
system sends the values to mobile application.
This proposed paper is arduino based remote irrigation system developed for the
agricultural plantation, which is placed at the remote location and required water
provides for plantation when the humidity of the soil goes below the set-point
value. But in this we did not aware about the soil moisture level so to overcome
this drawback proposed system included with extra feature soil moisture value and
temperature value which displayed on the farmer mobile application .

“Irrigation Control System Using Android and GSM for Efficient Use of Water
and Power” this system made use of GSM to control the system which may cost
more so to overcome that proposed system used arduino yun board which already
consist of in build wifi module.
“Microcontroller based Controlled Irrigation System for Plantation” In this paper
old generation with lesser memory microcontroller is used to control the system
but proposed system made use of arduino yun board which is user friendly and it
helps to dump the programs easily.
“A wireless application of drip irrigation automation supported by soil moisture
sensors” in this paper irrigation is carried out using soil moisture values but extend
to this proposed system displays temperature and humidity values.
By referring all above papers it is found that no such systems are existed with all
integrated features but proposed system includes these all features such as
displaying temperature, humidity and soil moisture values and also automatic
switching on and off of motor by considering soil moisture values.
1.3 MOTIVATION
For continuously increasing demand and decrease in supply of food necessities, it’s
important to rapid improvement in production of food technology. Agriculture is
only the source to provide this. This is the important factor in human societies to
growing and dynamic demand in food production.
Agriculture plays the important role in the economy and development, like India.
Due to lack of water and scarcity of land water result the decreasing volume of
water on earth, the farmer use irrigation.

CHAPTER 2
IRRIGATION CONTROL SYSTEM
2.1 IRRIGATION CONTROL SYSTEM FUNCTION
User Interface:
User interface allow the user to inter act with the system by ending information to
the controller by presenting information to user about the system. Its generally a
computer or a smartphone
Controlled Devices:
Controlled devices include a wide range of equipment that this Node MCU and
sensor is capable of. Here in our project it is a motor.
Programming Computer:
Some system controllers allow the user to program the system with the systems
own user interface. Other system require PC to program. Here we are accessing
arduino IDE with the help of a PC.
Controllers:
Relay controllers provide the intelligent control functions in automatic irrigation
control.
Sensing Devices:
Sensing devices can report values, such a temperature and humidity etc or states.

I/O Interface Devices:
These devices provide the logical communication link between the controllers and
the controlled device systems.
2.2 FLOW CHART
Fig. 2.1.1 Flow Chart

CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED SYSTEM HARDWARE
3.1 NODE MCU
NodeMCU is an open-source Lua based firmware and development board specially
targeted for IoT based Applications. It includes firmware that runs on the ESP8266
Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12
module.
Fig. 3.1.1 Node MCU
NodeMCU Development Board Pinout Configuration
Pin
Category
Name Description
Power Micro- Micro-USB: NodeMCU can be powered through the USB

USB,
3.3V,
GND,
Vin
port
3.3V: Regulated 3.3V can be supplied to this pin to power
the board
GND: Ground pins
Vin: External Power Supply
Control
Pins
EN,
RST
The pin and the button resets the microcontroller
Analog
Pin
A0 Used to measure analog voltage in the range of 0-3.3V
GPIO
Pins
GPIO1
to
GPIO16
NodeMCU has 16 general purpose input-output pins on its
board
SPI Pins SD1,
CMD,
SD0,
CLK
NodeMCU has four pins available for SPI communication.
UART
Pins
TXD0,
RXD0,
TXD2,
RXD2
NodeMCU has two UART interfaces, UART0 (RXD0
&TXD0) and UART1 (RXD1 & TXD1). UART1 is used to
upload the firmware/program.

I2C Pins NodeMCU has I2C functionality support but due to the
internal functionality of these pins, you have to find which
pin is I2C.
Fig. 3.1.2 Pin diagram of Node MCU

3.1.1 NodeMCU ESP8266 Specifications & Features
• Microcontroller: Tensilica 32-bit RISC CPU Xtensa LX106
• Operating Voltage: 3.3V
• Input Voltage: 7-12V
• Digital I/O Pins (DIO): 16
• Analog Input Pins (ADC): 1
• UARTs: 1
• SPIs: 1
• I2Cs: 1
• Flash Memory: 4 MB
• SRAM: 64 KB
• Clock Speed: 80 MHz
• USB-TTL based on CP2102 is included onboard, Enabling Plug n Play
• PCB Antenna
• Small Sized module to fit smartly inside your IoT projects
3.1.2 Brief About NodeMCU ESP8266
The NodeMCU ESP8266 development board comes with the ESP-12E module
containing ESP8266 chip having TensilicaXtensa 32-bit LX106 RISC
microprocessor. This microprocessor supports RTOS and operates at 80MHz to
160 MHz adjustable clock frequency. NodeMCU has 128 KB RAM and 4MB of
Flash memory to store data and programs. Its high processing power with in-built
Wi-Fi / Bluetooth and Deep Sleep Operating features make it ideal for IoT
projects. NodeMCU can be powered using Micro USB jack and VIN pin (External
Supply Pin). It supports UART, SPI, and I2C interface.

3.1.3 Programming NodeMCU ESP8266 with Arduino IDE
The NodeMCU Development Board can be easily programmed with Arduino IDE
since it is easy to use. Programming NodeMCU with the Arduino IDE will hardly
take 5-10 minutes. All you need is the Arduino IDE, a USB cable and the
NodeMCU board itself.
Uploading your first program
Once Arduino IDE is installed on the computer, connect the board with the
computer using the USB cable. Now open the Arduino IDE and choose the correct
board by selecting Tools>Boards>NodeMCU1.0 (ESP-12E Module), and choose
the correct Port by selecting Tools>Port.
To get it started with the NodeMCU board and blink the built-in LED, load the
example code by selecting Files>Examples>Basics>Blink. Once the example code
is loaded into your IDE, click on the ‘upload’ button given on the top bar. Once the
upload is finished, you should see the built-in LED of the board blinking.
3.1.4 Applications of NodeMCU
• Prototyping of IoT devices
• Low power battery operated applications
• Network projects
• Projects requiring multiple I/O interfaces with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
functionalities

3.2 DHT11 TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR
DHT11 digital temperature and humidity sensor is a composite Sensor contains a
calibrated digital signal output of the temperature and humidity. Application of a
dedicated digital modules collection technology and the temperature and humidity
sensing technology, to ensure that the product has high reliability and excellent
long-term stability. The sensor includes a resistive sense of wet components and an
NTC temperature measurement devices, and connected with a high-performance 8-
bit microcontroller.
They consist of a humidity sensing component, a NTC temperature sensor (or
thermistor) and an IC on the back side of the sensor. For measuring humidity they
use the humidity sensing component which has two electrodes with moisture
holding substrate between them. So as the humidity changes, the conductivity of
the substrate changes or the resistance between these electrodes changes. This
change in resistance is measured and processed by the IC which makes it ready to
be read by a microcontroller.
On the other hand, for measuring temperature these sensors use a NTC temperature
sensor or a thermistor. A thermistor is actually a variable resistor that changes its
resistance with change of the temperature. These sensors are made by sintering of
semi conductive materials such as ceramics or polymers in order to provide larger
changes in the resistance with just small changes in temperature. The term “NTC”
means “Negative Temperature Coefficient”, which means that the resistance
decreases with increase of the temperature.

Fig. 3.2.1 DHT11 Sensor
Features of DHT11
• It measures both air temperature and moisture.
• Relative humidity expressed as a percentage.
• HS1100 is used for sensing humidity.
• The output in terms of frequency range 5 kHz to 10 kHz.
3.3 RELAY MODULE
Relay is an electromagnetic device which is used to isolate two circuits electrically
and connect them magnetically. They are very useful devices and allow one circuit
to switch another one while they are completely separate. They are often used to
interface an electronic circuit (working at a low voltage) to an electrical circuit
which works at very high voltage. For example, a relay can make a 5V DC battery
circuit to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. Thus a small sensor circuit can drive,
say, a fan or an electric bulb.

Fig. 3.3.1 Relay Module
Fig. 3.3.2 Circuit of Relay Module
A relay switch can be divided into two parts: input and output. The output section
has a coil which generates magnetic field when a small voltage from an electronic
circuit is applied to it. This voltage is called the operating voltage. Commonly used
relays are available in different configuration of operating voltages like 6V, 9V,
12V, 24V etc. the output section consists of contactors which connect or
disconnect mechanically. In a basic relay there are three contactors: normally open
(NO), normally closed (NC) and common (COM). At no point state, the COM is

connected to NC. When the operating voltage is applied the relay coil gets
energized and the COM changes contact to NO.
3.4 DC PUMP
A 9 volt DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts
direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types
rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC Pumps have
some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically
change the direction of current flow in part of the motor.
DC Pumps were the first type widely used, since they could be powered from
existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC Pump's speed
can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by
changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in
tools, toys, and appliances.
Fig. 3.4.1 Pump 9 volt

3.5 I2C Module
Whenever we work with embedded system we need a reliable output device with
the help of which we get the required information, now this problem is solved with
the introduction of 16 character by 2 (16x2) LCD. Uses like Alphanumeric output,
Information Display, Process status, in short we can keep eye on every move of
our microcontroller.Thisalphanumerics display can be easily interfaced with any
host controller such as 8051 derivatives, PIC Series, AVR, ARM series of
controllers or using development boards such as Arduino or Raspberry Pi. With
this I2C interface LCD module, you only need 2 lines (I2C) to display the
information.If you already have I2C devices in your project, this LCD module
actually cost no more resources at all. The address can be set from 0x20-0x27.
Fantastic for Arduino or gadgeteer based projects.
Fig. 3.5.1 I2C Module
I2C Module has an inbuilt PCF8574 I2C chip that converts I2C serial data to
parallel data for the LCD display. These modules are currently supplied with a

default I2C address of either 0x27 or 0x3F. To determine which version you have
check the black I2C adaptor board on the underside of the module. If there a 3 sets
of pads labelled A0, A1, & A2 then the default address will be 0x3F. If there are
no pads the default address will be 0x27. The module has a contrast adjustment pot
on the underside of the display. This may require adjusting for the screen to display
text correctly.
Features:
• Display Mode: STN
• Display Format: 16 Character x 2 Line
• Viewing Direction: 6 O’Clock
• Input Data: 4-Bits or 8-Bits interface available
• Display Font : 5 x 8 Dots
• Power Supply : Single Power Supply (5V±10%)
• Driving Scheme : 1/16Duty,1/5Bias
• Backlight (Side) : LED (Yellow)
• I2C Address:0x20-0x27(0x20 default)
• Supply voltage: 5V
• Adjustable contrast
3.6 LCD MODULE
LCD modules are very commonly used in most embedded projects, the reason
being its cheap price, availability and programmer friendly. Most of us would have
come across these displays in our day to day life, either at PCO’s or calculators.

The appearance and the pinouts have already been visualized above now let us get
a bit technical.
16×2 LCD is named so because; it has 16 Columns and 2 Rows. There are a lot of
combinations available like, 8×1, 8×2, 10×2, 16×1, etc. but the most used one is
the 16×2 LCD. So, it will have (16×2=32) 32 characters in total and each character
will be made of 5×8 Pixel Dots. A Single character with all its Pixels is shown in
the below picture.
Fig. 3.6.1 LCD Display
Now, we know that each character has (5×8=40) 40 Pixels and for 32 Characters
we will have (32×40) 1280 Pixels. Further, the LCD should also be instructed
about the Position of the Pixels. Hence it will be a hectic task to handle everything
with the help of MCU, hence an Interface IC like HD44780is used, which is
mounted on the backside of the LCD Module itself. The function of this IC is to

get the Commands and Data from the MCU and process them to display
meaningful information onto our LCD Screen.
You can learn how to interface an LCD using the above mentioned links. If you are
an advanced programmer and would like to create your own library for interfacing
your Microcontroller with this LCD module then you have to understand the
HD44780 IC is working and commands which can be found its datasheet.
3.7 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR
This is Soil Moisture Meter, Soil Humidity Sensor, Water Sensor, Soil Hygrometer
for NODE MCU. With this module, you can tell when your plants need watering
by how moist the soil is in your pot, garden, or yard. The two probes on the sensor
act as variable resistors. Use it in a home automated watering system, hook it up to
IoT, or just use it to find out when your plant needs a little love. Installing this
sensor and its PCB will have you on your way to growing a green thumb!
The soil moisture sensor consists of two probes which are used to measure the
volumetric content of water. The two probes allow the current to pass through the
soil and then it gets the resistance value to measure the moisture value.

Fig. 3.7.1 Soil moisture sensor
When there is more water, the soil will conduct more electricity which means that
there will be less resistance. Therefore, the moisture level will be higher. Dry soil
conducts electricity poorly, so when there will be less water, then the soil will
conduct less electricity which means that there will be more resistance. Therefore,
the moisture level will be lower.
Features :
1. Dual output mode, analog output more accurate
2. A fixed bolt hole for easy installation
3. With power indicator (red) and digital switching output indicator (green)
4. Having LM393 comparator chip, stable.

3.8 RECTIFIER CIRCUIT
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which
periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one
direction.
The process is known as rectification, since it "straightens" the direction of current.
Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, wet
chemical cells, mercury-arc valves, stacks of copper and selenium oxide
plates, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based
semiconductor switches.
Fig. 3.8.1 Rectifier
Historically, even synchronous electromechanical switches and motors have been
used. Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker" of fine wire
pressing on a crystal of galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or
"crystal detector".
Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of
DC power supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems.

Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a
source of power. As noted, detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers. In gas
heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of a flame.
Fig. 3.8.2 Circuit Diagram 1
Fig. 3.8.3 Circuit Diagram 2
Depending on the type of alternating current supply and the arrangement of the
rectifier circuit, the output voltage may require additional smoothing to produce a
uniform steady voltage. Many applications of rectifiers, such as power supplies for
radio, television and computer equipment, require a steady constant DC voltage (as
would be produced by a battery). In these applications the output of the rectifier is
smoothed by an electronic filter, which may be a capacitor, choke, or set of

capacitors, chokes and resistors, possibly followed by a voltage regulator to
produce a steady voltage.
3.8.1 COMPONENTS OF RECTIFIER
Transformer
Transformer is a device based on the electromagnetic induction which is used for
either step up or either step down voltage. Here we have used 12-0-12 volt
transformer which converts the 220 ac to 12 volt ac supply.
Fig. 3.8.1.1. Transformer
Capacitor
Capacitors in rectifier is used only for converting the pulsating DC to pure DC as
rectifier don’t gives the proper DC. Here capacitors is simply used as filter for
output DC supply. We have used 1000uf,1500uf,16uf ,1uf and 0.1 uf in the circuit.
Fig. 3.8.1.2 Capacitor

Diode
It is a device in which current flows only in one direction. In our we have used
diode for making the bridge rectifier which is used in the process of converting AC
to DC volts
Fig. 3.8.1.3 Diode 1N4007
Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain constant
voltage in a circuit. We have used 3 types of voltage regulator which are LM7812,
LM7809, LM7805.
Fig. 3.8.1.4. Voltage regulator
Resistor
Resistor is constructed to have a specific amount of resistance to current flow. We
have used 1.2 k ohm resistors in circuits.

Fig. 3.8.1.5 Resistor 1.2 k ohm
LED
LED stands for light emitting diode it is a semiconductor light source that emits
light when currents flows through it. We just used leds as a indicators in the
circuits
Fig. 3.8.1.6 LED
3.9 BATTERY
Battery, in electricity and electrochemistry, any of a class of devices that
convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy. Although the term battery,
in strict usage, designates an assembly of two or more galvanic cells capable of
such energy conversion, it is commonly applied to a single cell of this kind.

Fig. 3.9.1 Battery
Every battery (or cell) has a cathode, or positive plate, and an anode, or negative
plate. These electrodes must be separated by and are often immersed in
an electrolyte that permits the passage of ions between the electrodes.
The electrode materials and the electrolyte are chosen and arranged so that
sufficient electromotive force (measured in volts) and electric current (measured
in amperes) can be developed between the terminals of a battery to operate lights,
machines, or other devices.
Since an electrode contains only a limited number of units of
chemical energy convertible to electrical energy, it follows that a battery of a given
size has only a certain capacity to operate devices and will eventually become
exhausted. The active parts of a battery are usually encased in a box with a cover
system (or jacket) that keeps air outside and the electrolyte solvent inside and that
provides a structure for the assembly.

We have used 12 volt DC battery for our Overall project as a backup Supply in
case main supply is not active then overall operation can takes place with the help
of battery.

CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED ALOGORITHM
4.1 CODE FOR BLYNK APP
#include<Blynk.h>
#include<ESP8266WiFi.h>
# define LED 16
#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial
#include<BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
char auth[] ="c408aa477b30498cbb29c8a5f26696e9 ";
char ssid[] = "AndroidAP";
char pass[] ="12345678";
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
Blynk.begin(auth,ssid,pass);
pinMode(LED,OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
Blynk.run();
}

4.2 CODE OF SMART IRRIGATION
#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial
System
#include<ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include<BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
char auth[] ="G0qFaAvAeW5_bU5JWUDT-fqEMhWWAPXr";
constintsensorPin = 4;
intsensorState = 0;
intlastState =0;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
Blynk.begin(auth,"AndroidAP","12345678");
pinMode(sensorPin,INPUT);
}
void loop() {
Blynk.run();
sensorState = digitalWrite(sensorPin);
Serial.println(sensorState);
if(sensorState==1 &&lastState == 0 )

{
Serial.println("needs water, send notification");
Blynk.notify("Water Required");
lastState = 1;
delay(1000);
}
else if(sensorState == 1 &&lastState==1 )
{
Serial.println("has not watered yet");
delay(1000);
}
else{
Serial.println("I am Full");
lastState=0;
delay(1000);
}
delay(1000);
}

CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE
5.1 BLYNK
Blynk is a Platform with IOS and Android apps to control Arduino, Raspberry Pi
and the likes over the Internet. It’s a digital dashboard where you can build a
graphic interface for your project by simply dragging and dropping widgets.
Fig. 5.1.1 Blynk Sign Up
Blynk application can be found from the following links –
1. Android Blynk App
2. IOS Blynk App

After downloading the app, create an account and log in. (If possible than log in
with your real mail id for better connectivity later.)
You’ll also need to install the Blynk Arduino Library, which helps generate the
firmware running on your ESP8266. Download the latest release
from https://github.com/blynkkk/blynk-library/releases , and follow along with the
directions there to install the required libraries.
Fig. 5.1.2 Blynk Concept
2. Create a Blynk Project Click the “Create New Project” in the app to create a new
Blynk app. Give it any name Blynk works with hundreds of hardware models and
connection types. Select the Hardware type. After this, select connection type. In
this project we have select WiFi connectivity.

The Auth Token is very important – you’ll need to stick it into your ESP8266’s
firmware. For now, copy it down or use the “E-mail” button to send it to yourself.
3. Add Widgets To The Project
Then you’ll be presented with a blank new project. To open the widget box, click
in the project window to open.
We are selecting a button to control Led connected with NodeMCU.
1.Click on Button.
2.Give name to Button say led.
3.Under OUTPUT tab- Click pin and select the pin to which led is connected to
NodeMCU, here it is digital pin 2, hence select digital and under pin D2. And
Click continue.
Under MODE tab- Select whether you want this button as “push button” or
“Switch”.You have successfully created a GUI for Arduino.
4. Upload The Firmware
Now that your Blynk project is set-up, open Arduino and navigate to the
ESP8266_Standalone example in the File > Examples >Blynk>Boards_WiFi>
ESP8266_Standalone menu.

Fig. 5.2.3 Blynk Uploading
5. Stand Alone Programming Code:
Before uploading, make sure to paste your authorization token into the auth []
variable. Also make sure to load your Wifi network settings into the
Blynk.begin(auth, “ssid”, “pass”) function.
6. Execution
After the app has uploaded, open the serial monitor, setting the baud rate to 9600.
Wait for the “Ready” message. Then click the “Run” button in the top right corner
of the Blynk app. Press the button and watch the LED Then add more widgets to

the project. They should immediately work on the ESP8266 without uploading any
new firmware.
Fig. 5.1.4. Blynk Operation

CHAPTER 6
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
6.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Fig. 6.1.1 Schematic Diagram

6.2 RESULT
Mechanism of the system starts with switching on of the power supply followed by
resetting the microcontroller then the copper wires (which act as sensing
arrangement) which will be connected to comparator will sense the dampness of
the soil.
The output of the comparator will control the operation of the system. If the output
of the comparator is logic low then the motor will be turned on and the status of the
motor as on and that of the soil as dry will be displayed on the 1st and 2nd line of
the LCD respectively.
Else if the output of the comparator is logic high then the motor will be turned off
and the status of the motor as off and that of the soil as wet will be displayed on the
1st and 2nd line of the LCD respectively.
Fig. 6.2.1 Blynk Output

CHAPTER 7
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
7.1 ADVANTAGES
Prevents Disease and Weeds
Specialized drip irrigation systems direct water specifically to each plant's root
ball, rather than sprinkling the entire garden like a typical rainstorm. As a result,
surrounding weed seeds cannot germinate, so you'll have less weeding to do. Water
at the roots also prevents leaf diseases caused by standing droplets on the foliage.
Because the water does not strike the leaves or flowers, blight diseases have no
chance of proliferating.
Conserves Water and Time
Hand watering with a hose or watering can takes substantial time and early
morning and evening watering rituals take away from family and work. Both drip
and sprinkler irrigation systems have timers that can be preset for daily or weekly
watering so you do not need to monitor the watering because the timer shuts the
water off when it has finished. Your water bill should be lower if the irrigation
system is effective.
Preserves Soil Structure and Nutrients
Watering with a wide open garden hose may allow too much water to seep into the
soil. As a result, nutrients leach out with the water runoff, leaving the plants with
fewer nutrients available. The soil may also become compacted when you water
with a hose. Plants may show signs of withering or root disease with suffocating,
compacted soil. Using either drip or sprinkler irrigation produces smaller droplets,

helping to preserve nutrients and reducing soil compaction.
Gardening Flexibility
If you have a busy schedule, you'll appreciate being able to work in the garden at
the same time as the plants are being watered. While one garden section is being
watered, you can plant and prune in another area.
7.2 DISADVANTAGES
1. Agriculture being a natural phenomenon relies mostly on nature, and man
predict or control nature let it be rain drought sunlight availability. pests control
etc. So ever implementation IoT system agriculture.
2. The smart agriculture need availability on internet continuously. Rural part of
the developing countries did not fulfill this requirements. Moreover internet is
slower.
3. Fault sensor or data processing engines can cause faulty l decisions which may
lead to over use of water, fertilizers and other wastage of resources.
4. The smart farming based equipment require farmer to understand and learn the
use of technology. This is the major challenge in adopting smart agriculture
framing at large scale across the continues.
5. It also has some issues which have to be tracked properly in order to attain the
full benefit of it.
6. The current IoT systems are not scalable or reliable and the initial costs are high
which the farmers cannot afford.

CHAPTER 8
FUTURE SCOPE
Using this system as framework, the system can be expanded to include various
other options which could include mobile application control of motor and wifi
controlled monitoring. These will expand the working capability and efficiency of
this prototype. It can be implemented not in agriculture but in gardens in any
places using the sprinkler concept. It has a vast scope when it is mixed with IOT
.Automation will get a new dimension through this.

CONCLUSION
The automatic irrigation control using NODE MCU has been experimentally
proven to work satisfactorily and we could successfully set the timer and managed
to control the motor over time. This process not only records values of temperature
and humidity it also controls the motor accordingly. Analyzing the weather
condition motor will automatically maintain water supply making it possible to
maintain greenery without human intervention.

REFERENCES
1..Awasthi, A., & Reddy, S. R. N. (2013). Monitoring for Precision Agriculture
using Wireless Sensor Network-A review. GJCST-E: Network, Web & Security.
2. Bhadane, G., Sharma, S., & Nerkar, V. B. (2013). Early Pest Identification in
Agricultural Crops using Image Processing Techniques. International Journal of
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering.
3. Bhasha, S. J., & Hussain, S. M. Agricultural field monitoring and automation
using PIC16F877A microcontroller and GSM. International Journal of Advanced
Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume.
4.. Blackmore, S., Stout, B., Wang, M., & Runov, B. (2005, June). Robotic
agriculture–the future of agricultural mechanisation. In Proceedings of the 5th
European Conference on Precision Agriculture.
5. Bulanon, D. M., Kataoka, T., Ota, Y., & Hiroma, T. (2002). AE—automation
and emerging technologies: a segmentation algorithm for the automatic recognition
of Fuji apples at harvest. Biosystems Engineering.
6. Dahikar, M. S. S., & Rode, S. V. (2014). Agricultural crop yield prediction
using artificial neural network approach. International Journal of Innovative
Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering.

Smart irrigation system

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Ähnlich wie Smart irrigation system

Ähnlich wie Smart irrigation system (20)

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Smart irrigation system