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CULTURAL TOURISM
(A SPECIAL REFFERENCE OF TRIPURA)
TRIPURA UNIVERSITY
(A CENTRAL UNIVERSITY)
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
PRESENTED BY-
PINTU MONDAL
UTPAL BARMAN
JOSHUA KAIPENG
CHANCHALA REANG
CONTENT
• CULTURAL TOURISM
• DEFINITION OF TOURISM
• DEFINITION BY UNWTO
• TYPES OF TOURISM
• CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM
• BASIC COMPONENTS OF TOURISM
• NATURE AND CGARACTERISTICS
• CULTURAL TOURISM IN INDIA
• ULTURAL ATTRACTION IN INDIA
• MOST SIGNIFICANT CULTURAL PLACE IN INDIA
• AJANTA CAVES
• ELLORA CAVES
• TAJMAHAL
• KONARAK SUN TEMPLE
• PRAYAG KUMBH MELA
• CULTURAL TOURISM IN TRIPURA
• TRIPURA HERITAGE PARK
• UJJAYANTA PLACE
• FAIR AND FESTIVALS
• DANCE AND MUSIC IN TRIPURA
• ART AND CRAFTS OF TRIPURA
• CUISINES OF TRIPURA
• OBJECTIVE
• IMPORTANCE AND SIGNIFICANCE
• CONCLUSION
• REFFERENCE
TOURISM
Tourism is the movement of people from one
place to another place. It is the temporary short
term movements of people to destinations
outside the place where they normally live and
work includes the activities they indulge in at the
destinations as well as all facilities and services
create to meet their needs. Tourism des not
only mean travelling to particular destination but
also includes all activities undertaken during they
stay.
DEFINITION OF TOURISM
The word “Tourism” is related to “Tour” which is
derived from the Latin word ‘Tornus’ .Tornus means a
term for describing a circle or a wheel.
“Tourism is the sum of phenomena and
relationships arising from the interaction of
tourist ,business suppliers ,host governments and
host communities in the process of attracting and
hosting these tourist and others visitors “
By- Macintosh and Goeldner
The WTO defines” tourism as the activities of
persons travelling to and staying in places
outsides their usual environment for more
than one consecutive year for leisure ,business
and other purpose ”
TYPES OF TOURISM
Historical Tourism
Cultural Tourism
Eco Tourism
Natural Tourism
Religious Tourism
Ethnical Tourism
Cultural tourism defined by
tourism industry professionals
as Travel directed towards
experiencing the arts ,heritage
and special character of a
place
BASIC COMPONENT OF TOURISM
Destination Accessibility Accommodation
Monuments Air Hotel
Museums Railway Motel
Nature Waterway Guest house
Religion Roadway Resort
CULTURAL TOURISM
Cultural tourism is the subset of tourism
concerned with a country or religious culture,
specifically the lifestyle of the people in those
geographical areas the history of those people,
their art, architecture, religion and other
elements that helped their way of life.
Cultural tourism is defined by the WTO (Report
WTO) as trips, whose main or concomitant goal is
visiting the sites and events whose cultural and
historical value has turn them being a part of the
cultural heritage of a community.
NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM
The emergence of cultural tourism in
research practice as an object of study dates
back to the beginning of the 20th century, but
only in 2002 the International council for
cultural and historical monuments publish
formal characteristics. These are
1. The cultural tourism focused on cultural
environment of some places.
2. Its gives us information about art, crafts, traditions,
custom, and lifestyle of local places.
3. Cultural tourism is an instrument for economic
development by attracting visitors outside the
community.
4. By cultural tourism some peoples craft, custom,
traditions, lifestyle spread over.
5. Cultural tourism is an interaction between cultural,
ethnicity, and historical components of the society.
OBJECTIVE OF TOURISM
 To access the resources concerning cultural tourism.
 To study the linkage of culture and tourism development in the study
region.
 To highlight the problem and prospectus of cultural tourism in the region.
CULTURAL TOURISM IN INDIA
 Cultural tourism India is the predominant factors behind
Indians meteoric rise in the tourism segment in recent
years, because form the time immemorial India has been
considered the land of ancient, history, heritage, and
culture.
 India has many rules over the centuries and all of them
made an impact on Indians culture like Indian dance, music,
festivals, fairs, architecture, traditions, custom, food and
language.
 The Government of India has set up the ministry of tourism
and culture to boost cultural tourism in India. The ministry
in recent years has launched ‘Incredible India’
CULTURAL ATTRACTION IN INDIA
Music: The music of India includes multiple
Varieties of folk, pop, classical, music. For this
many of tourists want to know about these and
visit these particular cultural places.
Dance: The diversity of Indian culture is not
hidden from the rest of the world. The massive
celebration of the festivals of India, the traditions,
and rituals, the delectable food culture all calls in
for the tourists from all around the globe. Let us
tell you the traditional tale of one of the richest
traditions of India through the dance culture of
India
VARIOUS TYPES OF DANCE AS A CULTURE
Dance is India is much more than mere body
movements, from the very ancient times the
classical dance forms is considered as a
discipline and a way to devote yourself to the
God through art. India has many dances in
India coming from every state in the country.
Although, there are only six forms of the
classical dances recognised by the country on a
national level. They are Bharatnatyam, Kathak,
Kathakali, Manipuri, Kuchipudi, and Odissi
Bhartnatyam: Performed on the celestial
tunes of the Carnatic music, Bharatnatyam
comes from the state of Tamil Nadu in South.
The origins of Bharatnatyam can be traced
back to 1000 BC, and it originates from the
ancient temples of Tamil Nadu performed by
the women of the ancient period.The dance
form is known for its beautiful body
movements and gestures.
Kathak: Coming from the northern part of the
country from the state of Uttar Pradesh, Kathak
comes from the word 'Katha' which means "story"
in Hindi. It isn't a very smart guess for one to make
that Kathak is performed in the form of
storytelling through the body movements used by
the dancer. Kathak is often referred to as the
dance of love, and it can be performed by both by
the male and female dancer together. Ankle bells
or ‘gunghroos’ as they are called in the traditional
language is an important part of the discipline of
this dance form.
 Kathakali: Kathakali is
another traditional dance
form of India which relates
to the storytelling. Kathakali
translates to the 'storyteller'
in the country's language.
Coming from the
 Southern region of the
country from Kerala,
Kathakali is one of the most
renowned and religious
dances forms of India. It
originates from the tales of
Ramayana and Shiva stories.
KATHAKALI
 Manipuri:This dance form is
performed to narrate the
romantic relationship
between the Hindu gods
Radha and Krishna, which is
famously known as
RaasLeela. This art form is
performed in a team with the
traditional Manipuri
costumes and makeup to
narrate the tale of the two
gods.
The dance is performed on
the narrative chanting and
the music created by the
Indian classical instruments.
MANIPURI
 Bihu: Young men and women
mostly perform this joyous folk
dance from Assam during the
Bihu festival. The dancers
follow a pattern of rapid hand
movement, quick steps and a
rhythmic swaying of hips
wearing the traditional
Assamese clothing with
beautiful accessories. Marking
the beginning of spring season,
Bihu recites the happiness and
heritage of Assam and is
performed on the occasion of
Rangali Bihu. The dhol, Xutuli,
Toka, Baanhi, Gogona are the
instruments used to play the
traditional tunes for the
performance.
BIHU
Temple: In India have many temples which
have unique and great cultural characteristics
which attract many of tourist in India and also
outside of country. Most of them are –
Konark Sun Temple, Odisha
Temples of Hampi, Karnataka
Kailashnath Temple, Ellora
• Fair: Fair such as Kumbha mela ,Pushkar
mela, Makar sankranti mela ,Ganga sagar
mela ,Sonpur mela, Santiniketan Pous mela
,where people from all over the converge to
give a glimpse of it’s rich tradition.
• Beside these yoga, ayurveda , ancient library,
monasteries are also a part of Indian culture.
SIGNIFICANT CULTURAL SITESIN INDIA
India is a grand repository and ancient cultural treasures of exceptional
value .It was indeed a memorable day in 1972 in UNESCO include some
cultural places from india .These are –
 Ajanta Caves
 Ellora Caves
 Taj mahal
 Konark sun Temple
 Prayag Kumbh mela
• 1. Ajanta Caves:
• Location: Ajanta caves are located in the
northern part of the state Maharashtra ,
India. The place is situated in the district
Aurangabad, which is around 400 km from
Mumbai. The Aurangabad city is around 107
km from the caves.The nearby important
cities are Pune(232 km) Ellora(32 km)
Nasik(224 km) .
Coordinates: 20°33´12´´N TO 75°42´10´´E
• Characteristics:
• Ajanta offers a rich tapestry of images that
speak of royalty and culture of ancient India.
• Many of the Ajanta caves holds panels that
illustrate stories from jatakas. From
numerous images of Buddha to nymphs and
princess and various other character, The
Ajanta engraving are an unmatched visual
treat .
• It is a unique archaeological monument. It
has preserved unique specimen of painting
in ancient India.
• Ajanta tells us about the modes of Buddhist
temple architecture as well as the reflections
on other forms of architecture prevalent at
the time.
• 2. ELLORA CAVES
• Location: The Ellora caves are located in the
Indian state of Maharashtra about 29 kilometres
(18 miles) northwest from the city
of Aurangabad, 300 kilometres (190 miles) east-
northeast from Mumbai, and about 100
kilometres (62 miles) west from the Ajanta
Caves.
• Coordinates :20°02´68´´N TO 75°17´71´´E
• Characteristics:
• It is one of the largest rock-cut monastery-
temple cave complexes in the world,
featuring Buddhist, Hindu and Jain monuments,
and artwork, dating from the 600-1000 CE
period.
• The most remarkable of the cave Temples is
“Kailasa” (kailashnath cave16) named for the
mountain in the kailash range of the Himalaya
where the Hindu god resides.
• Erotic and voluptuous representation of hindu
divinities and mythological figures also grace the
temple.some features are demeage or destroyed
over the centuries such as a rock-hewn
footbridge that onces joint to upper story
thresholds
• The most impressive part of temple the three –
storeyed cave called “ tintala “.
• 3.TAJ MAHAL
• Location: The Taj Mahal is located in the city
of Agra ,a city of great importance located
176 km as the crofiles from New Delhi.It has
1.7 million inhabitates now a days .In Agra
,the Taj Mahal is in the east its on the bank
of Yamuna river 3 km from the city centre
and main train station.
• Cordinates: 27⁰10’30″N to 78⁰02’31″E.
• Characteristics:
• Taj mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan
in 1631 to be built in the memory of his wife
Mumtaz Mahal .
• Taj Mahal attract large no of tourist more
than 2 million visitors in 2001 which had
increased 7 -8 million in 2014 .
• Taj Mahal has been constructed on 313
square feet marble platform thats stand
above a sandstones.
• It is the symoblizes the hardwork and
dedications, it the monuments which is the
symbol of love and pure art and ancient
culture.
TAJ MAHAL
• 4.Konark Sun Temple
•
• Location: The Konark Sun Temple is located
in an eponymous village about 35 km
northeast of puri and 60 km southeast of
Bhubaneswar on the bay of Bengal coast
line in the Indian state of Odisa .
•
• Coordinates: 19⁰53’15″N to 86⁰05’41″E.
•
• Characteristics:
• The twelve stone – crved wheels of the
konark sun temple represent the twelve
month of a year.
• The temple is shaped in the form of a huge
sun chariot this chariot drawn by seven
horses which represents seven days of a
week.
• Konark temple is also known as Black
Pagora .
• It is constructed ferruginous sandstone
which is derived from marine or fresh water.
• 5.Prayag kumbh mela
(Allahabad)
• Location : Allahabad (Prayagraj)
Uttarpradesh, India
• Coordinates: 25⁰43’1″N to
81⁰88’5″ E
• Characteristics: Major cultural
attractions
• 1.Ritual Bathing( Seasonal bath)
• 2.Naga sanyasis
• 3.Triveni sangam( Its the junction
point where Ganga, Yamuna,
Saraswati, meet)
• UJJAYANTA PALACE
• Ujjayanta Palace, standing in the heart of the city,
is a famous royal house, covering an area of one
sq. km. Styled in Greek sculpture, Ujjayanta
Palace was built by Maharaja RadhakishoreIan
Manikaya in 1901 .
• Its well laid out gardens have two large tanks on
either side and the fountains are laid out in the
patterns of the Mughal gardens.
• Ujjayanta Palace Tour in Tripura:
• Airport : Agartala is connected by airlines flights
with Calcutta, Guwahati, Delhi.
• Railheads: The two nearest railway stations from
Agartala are Kumarghat (160 kms) and Dharama
Nagar (200 kms). Both the stations on the North-
East Frontier Railway, are connected with
Lumding & Guwahati, where as Lumding and
Guwahati are connected with Calcutta and other
major stations in India.
• Road Transport: Good motor able roads connect
Agartala with Silchar- 288 kms, Guwahati- 599
kms, Shillong 499 kms, Dharmanagar- 200 kms.
Tripura Road Transport Corporation buses
connect Silchar, Shillong and Dharma Nagar to
Agartala.
Accomodation: Ginger hotel ,Hotel sonata i,
Rajdhani etc which are available at Agartala
• FAIR AND FESTIVAL OF TRIPURA
• A unique feature of the socio-cultural
environment of the state is people of
both tribal and non-tribal communities
equally participate and enjoy various
festivals. Whether it is Garia, Durga Puja,
Buddha Purnima, Kharchi, Pous
Sankranti, Bijhu or Christmas festivity
floats in the social ambience throughout
the state, thus cementing the social
texture further. Some major festivals are;
• Garia Puja – It is one of the major
festivals of Tripuris and some other
Kakborok speaking communities.
Celebrated in the month of April it
symbolizes devotion and prosperity.
Garia is said to be the deity of
benevolent spirit of household. Garia
dance is based on this festival. The priest
known as Ochai performs puja while
festivity engulfs all during the festival.
Youngsters sing, dance and play drums
during the puja.
• 2.Durga Puja: In the month of Ashwin or
September- October, this auspicious Puja is
celebrated by the people of Tripura. In the
light of the waxing Moon the goddess
Durga comes to her father’s House from
the abode of her husband. In this month
the White Kaash Flowers adorns the
landscape with charm and hymn of the
flowers movement harmonizes with the
zeal of the people to see the Mother
Goddess Durga once more after a yearlong
separation.
•
• Bengalis celebrate this festival with great
pomp and show as it is their most
important festival. Goddess Durga is
worshipped during the festival which is
held in the month of September or
October. Dance, music and other cultural
activities are an integral part of this
festival.
• 3. Kharchi Puja –
• This festival has still linked the past with the
present. It is said that this festival or puja was
commenced by the royal family of Tripura when the
capital of princely Tripura was at Old Agartala. Now
it is a universal festival that sees the confluence of
people of different walks of life. Only head images
of fourteen deities are worshipped during Kharchi.
The government has come up with helping hand by
sponsoring this festival since last several years. Not
only religious worship and prayer, but cultural
programmes also become its attractions during
festival days falling in July.
•
• The Kharchi Puja continues for seven days and the
people of Tripura with full dedication offer worship
to the Fourteen Deities popularly known as Kharchi
Puja. All round the week offerings to the deity and
the ardent hope of the people to make her happy
and get her blessings carry on. It is a splendid
scene; people dance and Tribal and Non Tribal
fasten together to shell out honor to the great
Mother Goddess Earth
• 4.POUS SANGKRANTI MELA
• Pous Sankranti Mela is one of the exquisite
fairs held every year at Tripura. It comes
along with a festive mood to impart fervor
and attachment amongst the people of
Tripura with the rest of the world. Pous
Sankranti Mela is celebrated with maximum
zeal and enthusiasm at Tripura and is visited
by most people of the country.
•
• The Pous Sankranti Mela is usually held at
the source of the River Gomati, which is
regarded as the consecrated River in Tripura.
In this context mention may be made of the
Burbaria Fair which is held in Amarpur
subdivision and Mahamanipara Fair at
Belonia, Radhamadhavipura Fair at
Kanchanpur and Muhuripur Fair which are
celebrated with equal keenness and
commitment.
• 5. ORANGE FESTIVAL (JAMPUI HILL)
• Orange and Tourism Festival is held high above the Jampui Hills
which is said to be the highest Hill in the state. It is 3000 ft above
the sea level; you can have magnificent view from the downhill.
Gorges and parishes flush the entire landscape which is
otherwise lush olive. Splendid views of dawn and dusk
rejuvenates the Tourist and is thus an excellent tourist spot in
Tripura. From the Watchtower in Tripura one can survey the
abundance ‘
•
• The oranges blooming in the trees with pride remind the
beautiful lines of Keats “Season of mist and mellow fruitfulness/
Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; conspiring with him
how to load and bless/ With fruit the vines that round the thatch
–eaves run.”
• Time for the Orange and Tourism Festival in Tripura:
• In the month of November the Orange and Tourism Festival is
celebrated in Tripura with much zeal and fervor. It is the most
admired carnivals at Tripura and is visited by numerous people
across the country. The view of the splendid Oranges hanging in
the verdant trees hypnotizes them. To enjoy the bounty of nature
and have fun is the alternate meaning of the Orange and Tourism
Festival in Tripura.
• 6. BOAT RACE (NEERMAHAL)
• Boat Race is an important event in
Tripura and is held every year during the
month of August at Melaghara or
Gandhacherra. It is one of the famous
festivals which hold attraction not only
for the people of Tripura but also for the
rest of the world. It is a unique
ceremony when the people with boats
dive down the river and a competition is
held; prizes were given at the end of the
Boat Race.
•
• But the best feature of this Boat Festival
is that people irrespective of caste, class
and creed are equally given the
opportunity to participate in the event
and this makes the carnival all the more
appealing and amazing. Tripura is a land
with lush green landscape
Dance and Music in Tripura
• The state of Tripura is very rich in its culture and tradition. In Tripura dwell many tribal
communities. Each tribe of the state has its own cultural activities. They have their distinct dance
and music.
 Dance of Tripura
• The dance and music of the tribes of Tripura are mainly folk in nature. The folk songs are
accompanied by musical instruments like Sarinda, Chongpreng and Sumai. Folk songs and dance
are performed in occasions like weddings, religious occasion and other festivals. Among the
many folk dance and songs of the state of Tripura some of the very important are:
1.Tripura Bizu Dance
The Chakma community of Tripura performs the Bizu dance. It is an important dance of this
community. Bizu marks the end of the Bengali calendar. Bizu dance is performed in accordance
with songs to the rhythm of folk instruments like Dhol, Baajhi, Hengrang and Dhulak.
• 2.Tripura Lebang Boomani Dance
• Lebang dance is one kind of harvest festival of Tripura, which is observed before the monsoon
season. In this festival the dancers catch some colorful insects called Lebang. The male
participants of the dance use bamboo chips as a musical instrument and then clap them. The
women also accompany in the dance by circling them and waving colorful scarves.
• 3.Tripura Garia Dance
• Garia is the god of good harvest. Therefore it signifies that Garia dance is related to harvesting
festival. It is an integral part of Garia Puja. Garia Puja is celebrated after the sowing of seeds. In
this occasion people worship the god of good harvest by singing and dancing.
• Music of Tripura
• The Tripuri people are music lovers and they are highly involved
with their folk tales and music. Many myths and legendary stories
are attached to the Tripura music and these are accompanies by
wonderful musical instruments as well. Some of the musical
instruments used by the people here in order to make its music
more than soothing are as follows:
• Sumui
• This is a flute type instrument used by blowing air into it. It is made
up of bamboo and people make them locally.
• Uakhrap
• It is a very old traditional musical instrument and is made from the
trunk of trees. Skin membrans and strings are also required to
make the instrument a complete piece. One needs a lot of co
ordination in order to play this Uakhrap.
• Lebang-Lebangti
• A very strange kind of musical instrument which is also made of
bamboo and creates a noise like ‘claps’ and ‘twangs’.
• Kham
• The drum is an inevitable part of Tripura music. It is barrel shaped
with skin membranes of goat covered on both the ends which can
be beat in order to give out the music.
• Chongpreng
• Made of bamboo, the chongpreng is a hollowed wood block where
strings are attached in order to creat the music. One can imagine a
guitar to be similar to this.
Chongpreng
• 7.Hozagiri Dance
• The women of the Reang community
perform the Hozagiri dance. It is generally
performed during new harvest and the
people worship goddesses Laxmi. Hozagiri is
a dance of balance, dedication and subtle
expertise. In the dance the dancer stands on
an earthen pitcher with a bottle on her
head. A lighted lamp is balanced on the
bottle. The dancers bend and twist the
lower parts of their bodies in a rhythmic
fashion, without disturbing the bottle and
the lamp.
•
• 8.Rabindra Sangeet
• Rabindra sangeet and dance is famous
among the Bengalis and tribal communities
in Tripura. Rabindra sangeet and dance is
performed in the memory of the great poet
Rabindra Nath Tagore.
• 4.Tripura Hai Hak Dance
• Hai Hak dance is performed by the Halam tribe of Tripura. It is
another Jhum cultivation sector related dance of the state. It is
observed at the end of the season. The tribe organizes Hai Hak
festival to receive the blessings of goddesses Laxmi and performs
Hai Hak dance in accordance with songs.
• 5.Tripura Jhum Dance
• Jhum dance is performed in working place to forget hard labor for a
moment. Jhum dance displays life style, mode of cultivation, culture
and tradition of the people. It is performed to inspire people to
work harder. Folk songs are sung during the dance.
6.Tripura Sangrai – Mog Dance
• Sagrai is an important festival in Tripura. During this festival the
younger person of the Mog tribe move from every house and
carries the pious wish yielding tree on their heads. Dance and songs
are performed during this festival.
Art and craft
• Cane and bamboo products of Tripura
• Cane and bamboo product making is one
of the prime occupations of the skilled
workers of Tripura. Cane and bamboo
products like decorative items, lampshade,
containers, wall panels, mats, bags, hand
fan, furniture, and so on are made by the
people of Tripura. Ornaments are also
made of bamboo and cane.
• Tripura Handloom
• Handloom is a significant handicraft
industry of Tripura. The people weave
clothes in different looms. In Tripura the
lion loom is used for weaving. Places like
Khowai, Kailashahar, Belonia and so on are
known for their handloom products. The
main feature of the Tripura handloom is
vertical and horizontal stripes with
embroidery. The handloom include risha,
lungi, sari, chadar, bedspreads, furnishing
clothes, and scarves with Tripuri motives.
 Tripura Textile
• The tribals of Tripura wear clothes made by them. Riha and
risha are the traditional items fabricated by the people. The
men wear turbans and a narrow piece of cloth as garments.
The women wear pachchra and risha
 Tripura Jewellery
• People of Tripura are very skilled in making traditional
jewellery. The artists make jewellery made of bronze, silver
and copper. Jewellery such as necklace, earrings, bangles,
are made by the skilled craftsmen of Tripura. The coin
shaped design necklace of Tripura is in much demand in the
state and in the northeast also
Cuisines of tripura
• Tripura’s cultural diversity is reflected
in the food habits of the indigenous
and non-tribal people. Leaving aside
the rich spicy food or even two or
three varieties of Chinese cuisine
served in restaurants in urban
centers, the non-tribal Bengalis of
Tripura live on rice, fish, chicken,
mutton and pork though a small
section of Muslims consume beef
which is not easily available in the
state. However, the non-tribal’s take
great pains in preparing spicy curries
of a large variety of fishes available in
plenty within the state and also
imported from Bangladesh. The most
popular and delicious preparation of
fish is, however, the boiled ‘Hilsa’
punched with mustard seed and
green chilly. TRADITIONAL WINE
• Muya Awandru is a
Tripuri food item which
contains bamboo shoot,
rice flour and Berma .The
Kosoi Bwtwi is made of
Beans and Berma. Muya
bai Wahan is another
food item of bamboo
shoots, jackfruit,
papaya, and pork Gudok
is prepared by bamboo
pipes. It has special
aroma and taste. It is also
made in pan now-a-days.
GUDAK
BANGWI
Importance /Significance of Cultural
Tourism
 Cultural Tourism helps to establish and reinforce an
identity.This is an essential elements in preserving and
enhancing national and local pride and spirit.
 Cultural tourism help preserve the cultural and historical
heritage .
 The economic and social impact by the incomes created by
the cultural tourism business and supporting business.
 Cultural tourism is employment demanding . it can help
increase in employment oppurtinities.
 Cultural tourism help us for knowing about different
communities culture and helps to understand them which
is more important to communicate with them.
 Cultural tourism brings extra income to culture .
Conclusion
 Cultural tourism if well planned could be raised to an
important income and employment generating sector
and could also provide an incentive for increasing
cultural awareness and activity and therefore produce
a wide range of social benefits too. The indigenous
cultural tourism of India requires integration of the
components, like, the desire of the community to share
cultural legacy with the tourists, an intact cultural
resource base which could provide the foundation for a
community‟s cultural heritage product and also an
accessible travel market for its growth and
development.
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Cultural tourism a special reference of Tripura

  • 1. CULTURAL TOURISM (A SPECIAL REFFERENCE OF TRIPURA) TRIPURA UNIVERSITY (A CENTRAL UNIVERSITY) DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PRESENTED BY- PINTU MONDAL UTPAL BARMAN JOSHUA KAIPENG CHANCHALA REANG
  • 2. CONTENT • CULTURAL TOURISM • DEFINITION OF TOURISM • DEFINITION BY UNWTO • TYPES OF TOURISM • CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM • BASIC COMPONENTS OF TOURISM • NATURE AND CGARACTERISTICS • CULTURAL TOURISM IN INDIA • ULTURAL ATTRACTION IN INDIA • MOST SIGNIFICANT CULTURAL PLACE IN INDIA • AJANTA CAVES • ELLORA CAVES • TAJMAHAL • KONARAK SUN TEMPLE • PRAYAG KUMBH MELA • CULTURAL TOURISM IN TRIPURA • TRIPURA HERITAGE PARK • UJJAYANTA PLACE • FAIR AND FESTIVALS • DANCE AND MUSIC IN TRIPURA • ART AND CRAFTS OF TRIPURA • CUISINES OF TRIPURA • OBJECTIVE • IMPORTANCE AND SIGNIFICANCE • CONCLUSION • REFFERENCE
  • 3. TOURISM Tourism is the movement of people from one place to another place. It is the temporary short term movements of people to destinations outside the place where they normally live and work includes the activities they indulge in at the destinations as well as all facilities and services create to meet their needs. Tourism des not only mean travelling to particular destination but also includes all activities undertaken during they stay.
  • 4. DEFINITION OF TOURISM The word “Tourism” is related to “Tour” which is derived from the Latin word ‘Tornus’ .Tornus means a term for describing a circle or a wheel. “Tourism is the sum of phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction of tourist ,business suppliers ,host governments and host communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourist and others visitors “ By- Macintosh and Goeldner
  • 5. The WTO defines” tourism as the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outsides their usual environment for more than one consecutive year for leisure ,business and other purpose ”
  • 6. TYPES OF TOURISM Historical Tourism Cultural Tourism Eco Tourism Natural Tourism Religious Tourism Ethnical Tourism Cultural tourism defined by tourism industry professionals as Travel directed towards experiencing the arts ,heritage and special character of a place
  • 7. BASIC COMPONENT OF TOURISM Destination Accessibility Accommodation Monuments Air Hotel Museums Railway Motel Nature Waterway Guest house Religion Roadway Resort
  • 8. CULTURAL TOURISM Cultural tourism is the subset of tourism concerned with a country or religious culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas the history of those people, their art, architecture, religion and other elements that helped their way of life. Cultural tourism is defined by the WTO (Report WTO) as trips, whose main or concomitant goal is visiting the sites and events whose cultural and historical value has turn them being a part of the cultural heritage of a community.
  • 9. NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM The emergence of cultural tourism in research practice as an object of study dates back to the beginning of the 20th century, but only in 2002 the International council for cultural and historical monuments publish formal characteristics. These are
  • 10. 1. The cultural tourism focused on cultural environment of some places. 2. Its gives us information about art, crafts, traditions, custom, and lifestyle of local places. 3. Cultural tourism is an instrument for economic development by attracting visitors outside the community. 4. By cultural tourism some peoples craft, custom, traditions, lifestyle spread over. 5. Cultural tourism is an interaction between cultural, ethnicity, and historical components of the society.
  • 11. OBJECTIVE OF TOURISM  To access the resources concerning cultural tourism.  To study the linkage of culture and tourism development in the study region.  To highlight the problem and prospectus of cultural tourism in the region.
  • 12. CULTURAL TOURISM IN INDIA  Cultural tourism India is the predominant factors behind Indians meteoric rise in the tourism segment in recent years, because form the time immemorial India has been considered the land of ancient, history, heritage, and culture.  India has many rules over the centuries and all of them made an impact on Indians culture like Indian dance, music, festivals, fairs, architecture, traditions, custom, food and language.  The Government of India has set up the ministry of tourism and culture to boost cultural tourism in India. The ministry in recent years has launched ‘Incredible India’
  • 13. CULTURAL ATTRACTION IN INDIA Music: The music of India includes multiple Varieties of folk, pop, classical, music. For this many of tourists want to know about these and visit these particular cultural places. Dance: The diversity of Indian culture is not hidden from the rest of the world. The massive celebration of the festivals of India, the traditions, and rituals, the delectable food culture all calls in for the tourists from all around the globe. Let us tell you the traditional tale of one of the richest traditions of India through the dance culture of India
  • 14. VARIOUS TYPES OF DANCE AS A CULTURE Dance is India is much more than mere body movements, from the very ancient times the classical dance forms is considered as a discipline and a way to devote yourself to the God through art. India has many dances in India coming from every state in the country. Although, there are only six forms of the classical dances recognised by the country on a national level. They are Bharatnatyam, Kathak, Kathakali, Manipuri, Kuchipudi, and Odissi
  • 15. Bhartnatyam: Performed on the celestial tunes of the Carnatic music, Bharatnatyam comes from the state of Tamil Nadu in South. The origins of Bharatnatyam can be traced back to 1000 BC, and it originates from the ancient temples of Tamil Nadu performed by the women of the ancient period.The dance form is known for its beautiful body movements and gestures.
  • 16. Kathak: Coming from the northern part of the country from the state of Uttar Pradesh, Kathak comes from the word 'Katha' which means "story" in Hindi. It isn't a very smart guess for one to make that Kathak is performed in the form of storytelling through the body movements used by the dancer. Kathak is often referred to as the dance of love, and it can be performed by both by the male and female dancer together. Ankle bells or ‘gunghroos’ as they are called in the traditional language is an important part of the discipline of this dance form.
  • 17.  Kathakali: Kathakali is another traditional dance form of India which relates to the storytelling. Kathakali translates to the 'storyteller' in the country's language. Coming from the  Southern region of the country from Kerala, Kathakali is one of the most renowned and religious dances forms of India. It originates from the tales of Ramayana and Shiva stories. KATHAKALI
  • 18.  Manipuri:This dance form is performed to narrate the romantic relationship between the Hindu gods Radha and Krishna, which is famously known as RaasLeela. This art form is performed in a team with the traditional Manipuri costumes and makeup to narrate the tale of the two gods. The dance is performed on the narrative chanting and the music created by the Indian classical instruments. MANIPURI
  • 19.  Bihu: Young men and women mostly perform this joyous folk dance from Assam during the Bihu festival. The dancers follow a pattern of rapid hand movement, quick steps and a rhythmic swaying of hips wearing the traditional Assamese clothing with beautiful accessories. Marking the beginning of spring season, Bihu recites the happiness and heritage of Assam and is performed on the occasion of Rangali Bihu. The dhol, Xutuli, Toka, Baanhi, Gogona are the instruments used to play the traditional tunes for the performance. BIHU
  • 20. Temple: In India have many temples which have unique and great cultural characteristics which attract many of tourist in India and also outside of country. Most of them are – Konark Sun Temple, Odisha Temples of Hampi, Karnataka Kailashnath Temple, Ellora
  • 21. • Fair: Fair such as Kumbha mela ,Pushkar mela, Makar sankranti mela ,Ganga sagar mela ,Sonpur mela, Santiniketan Pous mela ,where people from all over the converge to give a glimpse of it’s rich tradition. • Beside these yoga, ayurveda , ancient library, monasteries are also a part of Indian culture.
  • 22. SIGNIFICANT CULTURAL SITESIN INDIA India is a grand repository and ancient cultural treasures of exceptional value .It was indeed a memorable day in 1972 in UNESCO include some cultural places from india .These are –  Ajanta Caves  Ellora Caves  Taj mahal  Konark sun Temple  Prayag Kumbh mela
  • 23. • 1. Ajanta Caves: • Location: Ajanta caves are located in the northern part of the state Maharashtra , India. The place is situated in the district Aurangabad, which is around 400 km from Mumbai. The Aurangabad city is around 107 km from the caves.The nearby important cities are Pune(232 km) Ellora(32 km) Nasik(224 km) . Coordinates: 20°33´12´´N TO 75°42´10´´E • Characteristics: • Ajanta offers a rich tapestry of images that speak of royalty and culture of ancient India. • Many of the Ajanta caves holds panels that illustrate stories from jatakas. From numerous images of Buddha to nymphs and princess and various other character, The Ajanta engraving are an unmatched visual treat . • It is a unique archaeological monument. It has preserved unique specimen of painting in ancient India. • Ajanta tells us about the modes of Buddhist temple architecture as well as the reflections on other forms of architecture prevalent at the time.
  • 24. • 2. ELLORA CAVES • Location: The Ellora caves are located in the Indian state of Maharashtra about 29 kilometres (18 miles) northwest from the city of Aurangabad, 300 kilometres (190 miles) east- northeast from Mumbai, and about 100 kilometres (62 miles) west from the Ajanta Caves. • Coordinates :20°02´68´´N TO 75°17´71´´E • Characteristics: • It is one of the largest rock-cut monastery- temple cave complexes in the world, featuring Buddhist, Hindu and Jain monuments, and artwork, dating from the 600-1000 CE period. • The most remarkable of the cave Temples is “Kailasa” (kailashnath cave16) named for the mountain in the kailash range of the Himalaya where the Hindu god resides. • Erotic and voluptuous representation of hindu divinities and mythological figures also grace the temple.some features are demeage or destroyed over the centuries such as a rock-hewn footbridge that onces joint to upper story thresholds • The most impressive part of temple the three – storeyed cave called “ tintala “.
  • 25. • 3.TAJ MAHAL • Location: The Taj Mahal is located in the city of Agra ,a city of great importance located 176 km as the crofiles from New Delhi.It has 1.7 million inhabitates now a days .In Agra ,the Taj Mahal is in the east its on the bank of Yamuna river 3 km from the city centre and main train station. • Cordinates: 27⁰10’30″N to 78⁰02’31″E. • Characteristics: • Taj mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan in 1631 to be built in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal . • Taj Mahal attract large no of tourist more than 2 million visitors in 2001 which had increased 7 -8 million in 2014 . • Taj Mahal has been constructed on 313 square feet marble platform thats stand above a sandstones. • It is the symoblizes the hardwork and dedications, it the monuments which is the symbol of love and pure art and ancient culture. TAJ MAHAL
  • 26. • 4.Konark Sun Temple • • Location: The Konark Sun Temple is located in an eponymous village about 35 km northeast of puri and 60 km southeast of Bhubaneswar on the bay of Bengal coast line in the Indian state of Odisa . • • Coordinates: 19⁰53’15″N to 86⁰05’41″E. • • Characteristics: • The twelve stone – crved wheels of the konark sun temple represent the twelve month of a year. • The temple is shaped in the form of a huge sun chariot this chariot drawn by seven horses which represents seven days of a week. • Konark temple is also known as Black Pagora . • It is constructed ferruginous sandstone which is derived from marine or fresh water.
  • 27. • 5.Prayag kumbh mela (Allahabad) • Location : Allahabad (Prayagraj) Uttarpradesh, India • Coordinates: 25⁰43’1″N to 81⁰88’5″ E • Characteristics: Major cultural attractions • 1.Ritual Bathing( Seasonal bath) • 2.Naga sanyasis • 3.Triveni sangam( Its the junction point where Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati, meet)
  • 28. • UJJAYANTA PALACE • Ujjayanta Palace, standing in the heart of the city, is a famous royal house, covering an area of one sq. km. Styled in Greek sculpture, Ujjayanta Palace was built by Maharaja RadhakishoreIan Manikaya in 1901 . • Its well laid out gardens have two large tanks on either side and the fountains are laid out in the patterns of the Mughal gardens. • Ujjayanta Palace Tour in Tripura: • Airport : Agartala is connected by airlines flights with Calcutta, Guwahati, Delhi. • Railheads: The two nearest railway stations from Agartala are Kumarghat (160 kms) and Dharama Nagar (200 kms). Both the stations on the North- East Frontier Railway, are connected with Lumding & Guwahati, where as Lumding and Guwahati are connected with Calcutta and other major stations in India. • Road Transport: Good motor able roads connect Agartala with Silchar- 288 kms, Guwahati- 599 kms, Shillong 499 kms, Dharmanagar- 200 kms. Tripura Road Transport Corporation buses connect Silchar, Shillong and Dharma Nagar to Agartala. Accomodation: Ginger hotel ,Hotel sonata i, Rajdhani etc which are available at Agartala
  • 29. • FAIR AND FESTIVAL OF TRIPURA • A unique feature of the socio-cultural environment of the state is people of both tribal and non-tribal communities equally participate and enjoy various festivals. Whether it is Garia, Durga Puja, Buddha Purnima, Kharchi, Pous Sankranti, Bijhu or Christmas festivity floats in the social ambience throughout the state, thus cementing the social texture further. Some major festivals are; • Garia Puja – It is one of the major festivals of Tripuris and some other Kakborok speaking communities. Celebrated in the month of April it symbolizes devotion and prosperity. Garia is said to be the deity of benevolent spirit of household. Garia dance is based on this festival. The priest known as Ochai performs puja while festivity engulfs all during the festival. Youngsters sing, dance and play drums during the puja.
  • 30. • 2.Durga Puja: In the month of Ashwin or September- October, this auspicious Puja is celebrated by the people of Tripura. In the light of the waxing Moon the goddess Durga comes to her father’s House from the abode of her husband. In this month the White Kaash Flowers adorns the landscape with charm and hymn of the flowers movement harmonizes with the zeal of the people to see the Mother Goddess Durga once more after a yearlong separation. • • Bengalis celebrate this festival with great pomp and show as it is their most important festival. Goddess Durga is worshipped during the festival which is held in the month of September or October. Dance, music and other cultural activities are an integral part of this festival.
  • 31. • 3. Kharchi Puja – • This festival has still linked the past with the present. It is said that this festival or puja was commenced by the royal family of Tripura when the capital of princely Tripura was at Old Agartala. Now it is a universal festival that sees the confluence of people of different walks of life. Only head images of fourteen deities are worshipped during Kharchi. The government has come up with helping hand by sponsoring this festival since last several years. Not only religious worship and prayer, but cultural programmes also become its attractions during festival days falling in July. • • The Kharchi Puja continues for seven days and the people of Tripura with full dedication offer worship to the Fourteen Deities popularly known as Kharchi Puja. All round the week offerings to the deity and the ardent hope of the people to make her happy and get her blessings carry on. It is a splendid scene; people dance and Tribal and Non Tribal fasten together to shell out honor to the great Mother Goddess Earth
  • 32. • 4.POUS SANGKRANTI MELA • Pous Sankranti Mela is one of the exquisite fairs held every year at Tripura. It comes along with a festive mood to impart fervor and attachment amongst the people of Tripura with the rest of the world. Pous Sankranti Mela is celebrated with maximum zeal and enthusiasm at Tripura and is visited by most people of the country. • • The Pous Sankranti Mela is usually held at the source of the River Gomati, which is regarded as the consecrated River in Tripura. In this context mention may be made of the Burbaria Fair which is held in Amarpur subdivision and Mahamanipara Fair at Belonia, Radhamadhavipura Fair at Kanchanpur and Muhuripur Fair which are celebrated with equal keenness and commitment.
  • 33. • 5. ORANGE FESTIVAL (JAMPUI HILL) • Orange and Tourism Festival is held high above the Jampui Hills which is said to be the highest Hill in the state. It is 3000 ft above the sea level; you can have magnificent view from the downhill. Gorges and parishes flush the entire landscape which is otherwise lush olive. Splendid views of dawn and dusk rejuvenates the Tourist and is thus an excellent tourist spot in Tripura. From the Watchtower in Tripura one can survey the abundance ‘ • • The oranges blooming in the trees with pride remind the beautiful lines of Keats “Season of mist and mellow fruitfulness/ Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; conspiring with him how to load and bless/ With fruit the vines that round the thatch –eaves run.” • Time for the Orange and Tourism Festival in Tripura: • In the month of November the Orange and Tourism Festival is celebrated in Tripura with much zeal and fervor. It is the most admired carnivals at Tripura and is visited by numerous people across the country. The view of the splendid Oranges hanging in the verdant trees hypnotizes them. To enjoy the bounty of nature and have fun is the alternate meaning of the Orange and Tourism Festival in Tripura.
  • 34. • 6. BOAT RACE (NEERMAHAL) • Boat Race is an important event in Tripura and is held every year during the month of August at Melaghara or Gandhacherra. It is one of the famous festivals which hold attraction not only for the people of Tripura but also for the rest of the world. It is a unique ceremony when the people with boats dive down the river and a competition is held; prizes were given at the end of the Boat Race. • • But the best feature of this Boat Festival is that people irrespective of caste, class and creed are equally given the opportunity to participate in the event and this makes the carnival all the more appealing and amazing. Tripura is a land with lush green landscape
  • 35. Dance and Music in Tripura • The state of Tripura is very rich in its culture and tradition. In Tripura dwell many tribal communities. Each tribe of the state has its own cultural activities. They have their distinct dance and music.  Dance of Tripura • The dance and music of the tribes of Tripura are mainly folk in nature. The folk songs are accompanied by musical instruments like Sarinda, Chongpreng and Sumai. Folk songs and dance are performed in occasions like weddings, religious occasion and other festivals. Among the many folk dance and songs of the state of Tripura some of the very important are: 1.Tripura Bizu Dance The Chakma community of Tripura performs the Bizu dance. It is an important dance of this community. Bizu marks the end of the Bengali calendar. Bizu dance is performed in accordance with songs to the rhythm of folk instruments like Dhol, Baajhi, Hengrang and Dhulak. • 2.Tripura Lebang Boomani Dance • Lebang dance is one kind of harvest festival of Tripura, which is observed before the monsoon season. In this festival the dancers catch some colorful insects called Lebang. The male participants of the dance use bamboo chips as a musical instrument and then clap them. The women also accompany in the dance by circling them and waving colorful scarves. • 3.Tripura Garia Dance • Garia is the god of good harvest. Therefore it signifies that Garia dance is related to harvesting festival. It is an integral part of Garia Puja. Garia Puja is celebrated after the sowing of seeds. In this occasion people worship the god of good harvest by singing and dancing.
  • 36. • Music of Tripura • The Tripuri people are music lovers and they are highly involved with their folk tales and music. Many myths and legendary stories are attached to the Tripura music and these are accompanies by wonderful musical instruments as well. Some of the musical instruments used by the people here in order to make its music more than soothing are as follows: • Sumui • This is a flute type instrument used by blowing air into it. It is made up of bamboo and people make them locally. • Uakhrap • It is a very old traditional musical instrument and is made from the trunk of trees. Skin membrans and strings are also required to make the instrument a complete piece. One needs a lot of co ordination in order to play this Uakhrap. • Lebang-Lebangti • A very strange kind of musical instrument which is also made of bamboo and creates a noise like ‘claps’ and ‘twangs’. • Kham • The drum is an inevitable part of Tripura music. It is barrel shaped with skin membranes of goat covered on both the ends which can be beat in order to give out the music. • Chongpreng • Made of bamboo, the chongpreng is a hollowed wood block where strings are attached in order to creat the music. One can imagine a guitar to be similar to this. Chongpreng
  • 37. • 7.Hozagiri Dance • The women of the Reang community perform the Hozagiri dance. It is generally performed during new harvest and the people worship goddesses Laxmi. Hozagiri is a dance of balance, dedication and subtle expertise. In the dance the dancer stands on an earthen pitcher with a bottle on her head. A lighted lamp is balanced on the bottle. The dancers bend and twist the lower parts of their bodies in a rhythmic fashion, without disturbing the bottle and the lamp. • • 8.Rabindra Sangeet • Rabindra sangeet and dance is famous among the Bengalis and tribal communities in Tripura. Rabindra sangeet and dance is performed in the memory of the great poet Rabindra Nath Tagore.
  • 38. • 4.Tripura Hai Hak Dance • Hai Hak dance is performed by the Halam tribe of Tripura. It is another Jhum cultivation sector related dance of the state. It is observed at the end of the season. The tribe organizes Hai Hak festival to receive the blessings of goddesses Laxmi and performs Hai Hak dance in accordance with songs. • 5.Tripura Jhum Dance • Jhum dance is performed in working place to forget hard labor for a moment. Jhum dance displays life style, mode of cultivation, culture and tradition of the people. It is performed to inspire people to work harder. Folk songs are sung during the dance. 6.Tripura Sangrai – Mog Dance • Sagrai is an important festival in Tripura. During this festival the younger person of the Mog tribe move from every house and carries the pious wish yielding tree on their heads. Dance and songs are performed during this festival.
  • 39. Art and craft • Cane and bamboo products of Tripura • Cane and bamboo product making is one of the prime occupations of the skilled workers of Tripura. Cane and bamboo products like decorative items, lampshade, containers, wall panels, mats, bags, hand fan, furniture, and so on are made by the people of Tripura. Ornaments are also made of bamboo and cane. • Tripura Handloom • Handloom is a significant handicraft industry of Tripura. The people weave clothes in different looms. In Tripura the lion loom is used for weaving. Places like Khowai, Kailashahar, Belonia and so on are known for their handloom products. The main feature of the Tripura handloom is vertical and horizontal stripes with embroidery. The handloom include risha, lungi, sari, chadar, bedspreads, furnishing clothes, and scarves with Tripuri motives.
  • 40.  Tripura Textile • The tribals of Tripura wear clothes made by them. Riha and risha are the traditional items fabricated by the people. The men wear turbans and a narrow piece of cloth as garments. The women wear pachchra and risha  Tripura Jewellery • People of Tripura are very skilled in making traditional jewellery. The artists make jewellery made of bronze, silver and copper. Jewellery such as necklace, earrings, bangles, are made by the skilled craftsmen of Tripura. The coin shaped design necklace of Tripura is in much demand in the state and in the northeast also
  • 41. Cuisines of tripura • Tripura’s cultural diversity is reflected in the food habits of the indigenous and non-tribal people. Leaving aside the rich spicy food or even two or three varieties of Chinese cuisine served in restaurants in urban centers, the non-tribal Bengalis of Tripura live on rice, fish, chicken, mutton and pork though a small section of Muslims consume beef which is not easily available in the state. However, the non-tribal’s take great pains in preparing spicy curries of a large variety of fishes available in plenty within the state and also imported from Bangladesh. The most popular and delicious preparation of fish is, however, the boiled ‘Hilsa’ punched with mustard seed and green chilly. TRADITIONAL WINE
  • 42. • Muya Awandru is a Tripuri food item which contains bamboo shoot, rice flour and Berma .The Kosoi Bwtwi is made of Beans and Berma. Muya bai Wahan is another food item of bamboo shoots, jackfruit, papaya, and pork Gudok is prepared by bamboo pipes. It has special aroma and taste. It is also made in pan now-a-days. GUDAK BANGWI
  • 43. Importance /Significance of Cultural Tourism  Cultural Tourism helps to establish and reinforce an identity.This is an essential elements in preserving and enhancing national and local pride and spirit.  Cultural tourism help preserve the cultural and historical heritage .  The economic and social impact by the incomes created by the cultural tourism business and supporting business.  Cultural tourism is employment demanding . it can help increase in employment oppurtinities.  Cultural tourism help us for knowing about different communities culture and helps to understand them which is more important to communicate with them.  Cultural tourism brings extra income to culture .
  • 44. Conclusion  Cultural tourism if well planned could be raised to an important income and employment generating sector and could also provide an incentive for increasing cultural awareness and activity and therefore produce a wide range of social benefits too. The indigenous cultural tourism of India requires integration of the components, like, the desire of the community to share cultural legacy with the tourists, an intact cultural resource base which could provide the foundation for a community‟s cultural heritage product and also an accessible travel market for its growth and development.
  • 45. REFERENCES Krishan k kamra ,, First Published 2014, The tpurism 4 as, Kaniska publisher, New delhi. Jacob,Josheph,Philip,,2007, Indian tourism products,Abhijit publication,Delhi. "How Acid Rain Works". HowStuffWorks. 5 August 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2019. Asher, Catherine B. (1992). Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26728-1. "ASI". Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015. Ahuja, Dilip R.; Rajani, M.B. (2016). "On the symmetry of the central dome of the Taj Mahal" (PDF). Current Science. 110 (6): 996–997. "Tripura data highlights: the scheduled tribes" (PDF). Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 20 April 2012.