1. (Insulin receptor substrate)(Insulin receptor substrate)
InsulinInsulin 活化活化 GlycogenGlycogen
synthase kinasesynthase kinase 活性以促活性以促
進進 Glycogen synthesisGlycogen synthesis
作用在使作用在使 GlycogenGlycogen
synthesissynthesis 維持在不維持在不
活化的狀態活化的狀態
不活化狀態不活化狀態
活化狀態活化狀態
活化狀態活化狀態 不活化狀態不活化狀態

2. 活化狀態活化狀態
(Insulin receptor substrate)(Insulin receptor substrate)
InsulinInsulin 活化活化 GlycogenGlycogen
sythase kinasesythase kinase 活性以促進活性以促進
Glycogen synthesisGlycogen synthesis
不活化狀態不活化狀態
活化狀態活化狀態 不活化狀態不活化狀態
作用在使作用在使 GlycogenGlycogen
synthesissynthesis 維持在不維持在不
活化的狀態活化的狀態

3. Pamitate (16:0)
生產 Acetyl
CoA
耗掉 1 ATP
生產 7 FADH2 = 7*1.5 ATP
生產 7 NADH = 7*2.5 ATP
生產 7 Acetyl CoA  TCA
cycle
7 cycles of
β-oxidation
TCA cycle

4. β-oxidation of unsaturated
fatty acid
1 Double bond1 Double bond

5. 2 Double bond2 Double bond

6. The final metabolite of β-oxidation
of Odd-Chain fatty acid
TCA cycle?

7. TCA cycle
The metabolism of Propionyl CoA
Propionyl CoA
Carboxylase
Methylmalonyl
CoA mutase
Methylmalonyl
CoA mutaseCoenzyme : Vit B12

9. PeroxisomeMitochondrial
β-oxidation

10. β-oxidation of Eukaryotic cellβ-oxidation of Eukaryotic cell
Long chain fatty acid
Octanoyl CoA
Acetyl CoA

11. The first step of β-oxidation in
peroxisome of Eukaryotic cell

12. From acetyl CoA to Ketone body

13. Lack of Glucose
Acetyl CoA formed from
β-oxidation would not be
metabolized into TCA
cycle
Acetyl CoA formed from
β-oxidation would not be
metabolized into TCA
cycle
Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA
The accumulated
Acetyl CoA
metabolized into
ketone body pathway
The accumulated
Acetyl CoA
metabolized into
ketone body pathway

15. Ketone body biosynthesis pathwayKetone body biosynthesis pathway
Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA
Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA
Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA

16. Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA
Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA

17. Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA
HMG CoAHMG CoA

18. Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA

19. Rich in NADHRich in NADH
Lack of NADHLack of NADH

21. TCA cycleTCA cycle
GlycolysisGlycolysis
GlucoseGlucose
TCA cycleTCA cycle
COCO22 + H+ H22OO

22. Lack of Glucose
Acetyl CoA formed from
β-oxidation would not be
metabolized into TCA
cycle
Acetyl CoA formed from
β-oxidation would not be
metabolized into TCA
cycle
Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA
The accumulated
Acetyl CoA
metabolized into
ketone body pathway
The accumulated
Acetyl CoA
metabolized into
ketone body pathway

23. Biosynthesis of Fatty Acid
1. Biosynthesis in cytoplasm
2. Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP)
3. Fatty acid synthase
4. Adding by 2 carbons per cycle
5. NADPH
6. Elongation until palmitate (16:0) with Fatty
acid synthase complex

24. The committed step of synthesis of
Fatty Acid
Acetyl CoA CarboxylaseAcetyl CoA Carboxylase

25. Acetyl ACPAcetyl ACP
& Malonyl ACP& Malonyl ACP
Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA
&&
Malonyl CoAMalonyl CoA
Binding with ACPBinding with ACP

29. Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA should be transported toshould be transported to
cytoplasm via citrate for fatty acid synthesiscytoplasm via citrate for fatty acid synthesis
ATP-citrate lysaseATP-citrate lysase
Malate DHaseMalate DHase
Malate enzymeMalate enzyme

30. Sources of NADPHSources of NADPH

31. Regulation of Acetyl CoA carboxylaseRegulation of Acetyl CoA carboxylase

37. Biochemistry
Sixth Edition
Chapter 26
The Biosynthesis of Membrane
Lipids and Steroids
Copyright © 2007 by W. H. Freeman and Company
Berg • Tymoczko • Stryer

42. HMG- CoAHMG- CoA
reductasereductase