Oslo Green City Forum 2013: Einar Braathens presentasjon

Hva kan Oslo‐OL
lære av Rio de Janeiro,
OL‐arrangør i 2016?
Einar Braathen,
Norsk institutt for by– og regionforskning (NIBR)
einar.braathen@nibr.no

Grønn Byvekst, Oslo 7.juni 2013

1. OL-søknadene Lillehammer og Oslo:
Hva har forandret seg fra 1981 til i dag?
2. Paradigmeskiftene 1992-1994
(Barcelona-Lillehammer). Hvordan har
OL’ene etterpå blitt?
3. OL-forberedelsene i Rio: de viktigste
brennpunktene og debattene
(akademiske, offentlige)
4. Hvilke tilsvarende utfordringer vil Oslo stå
overfor?

1.OL-søknadene Lillehammer og Oslo:
Hva har forandret seg fra 1981 til i dag?
• Verden: ny-liberalisert.
• OL: mega-lisert.
• IOC: Profesjonalisert.

IOC: profesjonalisert

It’s business time (Gilmar
Mascarenhas)
• 1980 – Juan Samaranch is elected President of
the IOC
• 1981 – Amateurism is revoked
• 1986 - The impediment of commercially
exploiting the Olympic emblems is abolished: the
flag, the symbol, the motto, the anthem etc.. are
considered to be "properties" of the Olympic
Movement.
• The powerful alliance media-sport-business.
• New international corporation.

Impact on the Games’ organization
• A new "Olympic urbanism," which
distances itself from the welfare state
(social housing and community sport
practices)
• Seoul 1988: the large urban project
affected 15% of the population, who had to
find new places to live - 48 000 buildings
were destroyed (Rolnik, 2011).

2.Paradigmeskiftene 1992-1994:
Hvordan har OL’ene etterpå blitt?

Olympic Village– Barcelona
Renovation of the Harbor Area

Beijing 2008 : the spectacle
Interventions cover the different areas of the city, mainly north, west and east.
Associated to the Games, a great plan to expand the subway network is
developed. On the other hand, it focused on monumentality rather than the real
sports legacy.

Beijing 2008
Powerful landmarks, the Bird’s Nest and the Water Cub are very expensive.

Beijing 2008: U$ 40 billion on
the“Olympic Make-Up”
• China has 16 of the 20 most polluted cities in the world,
Beijing being one of the worst (World Bank).
• Temporary closure of factories, prohibition on
movements of trucks, as well as the suspension of
construction works around the city
• Intense political repression during the Games
• Forced displacement: 3 million people were relocated
and had no rights

Ongoing trends: 1992 to 2016
• High investment in urban patriotism and stifling dissent;
• Construction of monumental architectural icons of
expensive maintenance and low social returns;
• Creation of temporary decision-making bodies which are
above the bureaucratic-institutional apparatus and
regulatory frameworks
• Little or none civil society participation in the design and
management of the mega event;
• Removals and great appreciation of urban land
• Investments concentrated in areas of greater private
interest
• Rise of the spectacular metropolis

3.Forberedelsene i Rio: de viktigste
brennpunktene og debattene

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

Maracaná

Konsekvensene for Rio som storby
• Enorm økning i tomte- og husleiepriser
• Gentrifisering
• Segregering
• Polarisering

“State of Exception”
(Agamben)
↓
“City of Exception”
(Vainer).

’O Direito à Cidade’ = Føderal by-lov av
2001.
• Retten til anstendig bolig,
• Retten til utdanning og arbeid,
• Retten til offentlig transport,
• Retten til ’offentlige og grønne rom’.
• Retten til deltakelse i beslutningsprosesser

Vila Autódromo

4.Hvilke tilsvarende utfordringer vil Oslo
stå overfor?

Security

Sivilsamfunn

Vision-making

Demokratisk plan- og
beslutningsprosess

Oslo Green City Forum 2013: Einar Braathens presentasjon

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