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Role of Geologists in Construction Industry
- 1. Geology Career Prospects in Construction Industry
- 2. A bit about me! Umer Khayam BS Geology (2006 – 2010) University of Peshawar Materials Engineer in F.W.O. February 2011 – May 2014 Tunneling Sector Materials Engineer in Al-Owaidah Co. Saudi Arabia June 2014 – July 2016 Roads and Bridges Sector Quality Control Engineer in DESCON Engineering Limited (DEL) December 2016 to Present Dams and Barrages Sector Certifications: Ministry of Transport, Saudi Arabia, SUPERPAVE Certification ISO 14001:2015 – Environmental Management System Lead Auditor ISO 9001:2015 – Quality Management System Lead Auditor k_umer@live.com +92-333-5080756
- 3. “ 3 “A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds.” (Francis Bacon)
- 5. 5 Asphalt Concrete Flooring Drainage Filter Railway Ballast Dimension Stone Aggregate Industry Few Implications
- 6. Physical Properties Chemical Properties Deleterious Contaminants Aggregate Industry Source Selection
- 7. 7 Resonance of Hammer Pulverization on Squeezing Ease of Fracturing Porosity Reaction with AcidOdor of Fresh Surface Aggregate Industry Field Geologic Observations for Source Identification
- 8. 8 Common Sedimentary Rocks† Used for Aggregate Crushing Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Breccia Conglomerate Quartzite Sandstone Arkose* Graywacke* Tuff Limestone Dolomite Dolomitic Limestone Flint** Chert** Chemical / Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks * Variety of Sandstone ** May cause ASR in concrete † Taken from Smith and Collis, 1993 † 71% of the total crushed stone production in U.S. (Tepordei, 1993)
- 9. 9 Common Igneous Rock Types† Based on Mineral Composition and Grain Size Acidic Granite Granodiorite Quartz Monzonite * May cause ASR in concrete † Taken from Smith and Collis, 1993 † Volcanic Cinders and Scoria covers 0.2% of the total crushed stone production in U.S. (Tepordei, 1993) Intermediate Basic Plutonic Rocks, Coarse Grained (grain size larger than about 5 mm) Syenite Diorite Quartz Diorite Gabbro Peridotite Dunite Granophyre Hypabyssal Rocks, Medium Grained (grain size between 1 mm and 5 mm) Porphyry Diabase Rhyolite* Extrusive Rocks, Fine Grained (grain size less than 1 mm) Trachyte Dacite* Basalt Andesite* Pumice Obsidian* Glassy Extrusive Rocks --- Scoria
- 10. 10 Common Metamorphic Rock Types† And their Parent Rocks Original Rock Argilite, Siltstone, Claystone, Shale Clayey Sandstone Clayey Limestone Granite Basalt * Commonly used as Aggregates† Taken from Smith and Collis, 1993 † Marble accounts for 0.34% and Slate 0.2% of the total crushed stone production in U.S. (Tepordei, 1993) Low Grade Metamorphosed High Grade Metamorphosed Foliated Platy Rocks (Effects of Pressure Paramount) Slate Graywacke Slaty Marble* Sheared Granite Green (chlorite) Schist Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss* Quartz-Mica Schist Calcareous Schist Granite Gneiss*, Quartz-Mica Schist Amphibolite, Hornblende Gneiss* Any Parent Rock Quartzose Sandstone Limestone and Dolomite Non-Foliated Massive Rocks (Effects of Temperature Paramount) -- Quartzitic Sandstone* Marble* Hornfels* Quartzite* Marble*
- 11. CPEC Projects Hydro Power Projects Housing Societies Projects Airport Projects 11 Scope of Aggregate Prospecting Aggregate Industry Career Prospects in Pakistan
- 13. A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil / earth / rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. 13 Tunnel
- 14. 14 Tunnel Drilling Techniques Drill & Blast Method Tunnel Boring Method Road Header Method
- 15. 15 Tunnel Support System New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) Lattice Girders Wire Mesh + Bolts Shotcrete Rock Bolts
- 16. Tunneling Industry Role of a Geologist Rock Mass Rating (RMR) Criteria defined by Bieniawski (1976) as a reference to decide what type of support system is required for a rock depending on the grade assigned to it based on the RMR. It depends on the following factors; Uniaxial Compressive Strength Rock Quality Designation (RQD) Spacing of Discontinuities Condition of Discontinuities Ground Water Conditions Orientation of Discontinuities
- 17. Rock Mass Rating (RMR) System (after Bieniawski, 1989) Classification Parameters and their Ratings Sr. Parameters Range of Values 1 Uniaxial Comp. Strength > 250 MPa 100 – 250 MPa 50 – 100 MPa 25 – 50 MPa 1 – 25 MPa Rating 15 12 7 4 2 2 Drill Core Quality (RQD) 90% - 100% 75% - 90% 50% - 75% 25% - 50% < 25% Rating 20 17 13 8 3 3 Spacing of Discontinuities > 2 m 0.6 – 2 m 200 – 600 mm 60 – 200 mm < 60 mm Rating 20 15 10 8 5 4 Condition of Discontinuities Very Rough Surface Not Continuous No separation Un-weathered wall rock Slight Rough Surface Separation < 1 mm Slight weathered walls Slight Rough Surface Separation < 1 mm Highly weathered walls Gouge < 5 mm thick Separation 1 – 5 mm Soft Gouge > 5 mm Separation > 5 mm Rating 30 25 20 10 0 5 Ground Water Conditions Complete Dry Damp Wet Dripping Flowing Rating 15 10 7 4 0 Tunneling Industry Role of a Geologist
- 18. Guidelines for excavation and support of 10 m span rock tunnels in accordance with the RMR System (after Bieniawski, 1989) Rock Mass Class Excavation Rock Bolts Shotcrete Lattice Girders I – Very Good Rock RMR: 81 – 100 Full Face 3 m advance Generally no support required except spot bolting II – Good Rock RMR: 61 – 80 Full Face 1 – 1.5 m advance Complete Support, 20m from face Locally, bolts in crown 3 m long, spaced 2.5 m with occasional wire mesh 50 mm in crown where required None III – Fair Rock RMR: 41 – 60 Top heading and bench 1.5 – 3 m advance in top heading Commence support after each blast Complete Support, 10 m from face Systematic bolts 4 m long, spaced 1.5 – 2 m in crown and walls with wire mesh in crown 50 – 100 mm in crown and 30 mm in sides None IV – Poor Rock RMR: 21 – 40 Top heading and bench 1.0 – 1.5 m advance in top heading Install support concurrently with excavation, 10 m from face Systematic bolts 4 – 5 m long, spaced 1 – 1.5 m in crown and walls with wire mesh 100 – 150 mm in crown and 100 mm in sides Light to medium ribs spaced 1.5 m where required V – Very Poor RMR: < 20 Multiple Drifts 0.5 – 1.5 m advance in top heading Install support concurrently with excavation. Shotcrete as soon as possible after blasting Systematic bolts 5 – 6 m long, spaced 1 – 1.5 m in crown and walls with wire mesh 150 – 200 mm in crown, 150 mm in sides, and 50 mm on face Medium to heavy ribs spaced 0.75 m with steel lagging and forepoling if required Tunneling Industry Role of a Geologist
- 19. CPEC Projects KPKHA Projects Hydro Power Projects FATA Projects 19 Scope of Tunneling Tunneling Industry Career Prospects in Pakistan
- 21. 21 Soil Investigation Methods Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Dilatometer Test (DMT) Pressure Meter Test (PMT) Vane Shear Test (VST) Soil SPT Samples
- 23. Dams & Barrages Irrigation Colonies Housing Societies Bridge Foundations Airport Projects 23 Scope of Soil Investigation Soil Investigation Career Prospects in Pakistan
- 24. 24 Roads Sector
- 25. 25 Typical Road Layers Sub Grade Sub Base Aggregate Base Course Water Bound Macadam Asphaltic Base Course Asphaltic Wearing Course
- 26. 26 Road Sector Role of a Geologist Sub Grade Sub Base Aggregate Base Course Water Bound Macadam Asphaltic Base Course Asphaltic Wearing Course Earthwork Asphalt work
- 27. Earth Works Role of a Geologist Quarry Selection Testing of Soil Blending (if required) Compaction Troubleshooting Rock Fill (if required)Sand Backfill (if required)
- 28. Asphalt Work Role of a Geologist Quarry Selection Bitumen Source Selection Testing of Aggregates Testing of Bitumen Asphalt Mix Design Field Troubleshooting
- 29. 29 Testing for Earth Work An Introduction Gradation Atterberg Limits Hydrometer Moisture Density Relations California Bearing Ratio Field Density
- 30. 30 Testing of Aggregates An Introduction Los Angeles Abrasion Specific Gravity Sodium Sulfate Soundness Flakiness & Elongation Unit Weight Petrography
- 31. 31 Testing for Asphalt Work An Introduction Penetration Flash & Fire Point Rolling Thin Film Oven Marshall Hammer Marshall Stability Moisture Susceptibility
- 32. Testing Standards Issuing Agencies An Introduction
- 33. CPEC Projects PHA ADP Projects PHA KPRRP Projects KPKHA Projects TMA Projects C&W Department Projects Public Health Engineering Projects B.O.T. Projects 33 Scope of Road Sector Projects Roads Sector Career Prospects in Pakistan
- 36. Concrete Structures Role of a Geologist Aggregate Quarries Selection Cement Selection SCM’s Selection Admixtures Selection Concrete Mix Design Haulage & Pouring Troubleshooting
- 37. Testing of Concrete An Introduction Slump Air Content Casting of Test Specimen Curing of Specimen Capping of Specimen Crushing of Specimen
- 38. Dassu Dam Munda Dam Kurram Tangi Dam Naulong Dam Ghorband & Nandihaar HPPs Mohmand Dam Rasul Barrage HPP Panjnad Barrage Tarbela HPP Extension Guddu Barrage Jalalpur Canal New Islamabad International Airport 38 Concrete Structures Career Prospects in Pakistan Scope of Concrete Structure Projects
- 40. Certifications Quality, Health and Environment
- 41. ISO 9001 and 14001 Quality & Environmental Management Systems
- 42. Certification Principle Plan Do Check Act Cycle
- 43. Accrediting Bodies And Certification Bodies
- 44. Auditing Principles What an Auditor has to verify Documentation SOPs. MS, Formats Objectives Development QMS & EMS Policies Effective Communication Effective Monitoring Mechanisms Monitoring Key Performance Indicators QMS/EMS Evaluating Mechanism Effectiveness of Internal Audits Management Reviews History Nature of Non Conformances Adequacy of Corrective Actions Continuous Improvement
- 45. Certification Bodies Accrediting Bodies Multinational Companies Consultancy Companies 45 Scope of Auditing QMS/EMS Auditing Career Prospects in Pakistan
- 47. 47