AMDC Artisanal and small scale mining ASM Africa Mining Vision April 2016 Addis Ababa Ethiopia

1. Discussant
Professor Gavin Hilson
University of Surrey

2. Background
• Lost Decade for ASM (2000s), Policy-Wise
• CASM went nowhere
• Momentum gone
• Starting from scratch
• The academic space opened
• Formalization – don’t know what we are dealing with yet!
• Different Landscape:
• Post structural adjustment
• New policy paradigm (PRSPs and SDGs)
• New ideas unpacked (ASM-farming linkages, how SAPs have shaped the sector)

3. Background
• Policy Machinery Designed without knowing what ASM is about
• MDGs and SDGs
• If we recognized what ASM was would we…
• Implement those licensing schemes?
• Give out land to large-scale miners and mineral exploration companies?
• No insertion; need to unravel

4. Trying to change a midset
Need new and more powerful ideas

5. Background
1. Landscape of ASM in Africa
‘entrepreneurship’ (platform for wealth creation)
• How do you intend to make this happen?
• Finance
• Taxation
• Link to Licensing
• Who are you financing?
• Different scales
• Different commodities
• Different policy treatment

6. Background
2. ASM Profile and Country Profile
• Integrated rural livelihoods
• Informality

7. Background
3. Overview of the ASM Legal and Fiscal Regimes in Africa and
Comparisons of ASM legal frameworks
- Reforms
- Land availability and licensing
- Large-scale partnerships

8. Background
4. ASM Licensing in selected African countries
• ‘The other’?
• More on tax

9. Literature Generated in the ‘Lost Decade’
Formalization
• Verbrugge, B., Besmanos, B. Formalizing artisanal and small-scale mining: Whither the workforce? (2016) Resources Policy, 47, pp.
134-141.
• Damonte, G.H. The "Blind" State: Government Quest for Formalization and Conflict with Small-Scale Miners in the Peruvian
Amazon (2016) Antipode Article in Press.
• Verbrugge, B. The Economic Logic of Persistent Informality: Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining in the Southern Philippines(2015)
Development and Change, 46 (5), pp. 1023-1046.
• Teschner, B.A. "Orpaillage pays for everything": How artisanal mining supported rural institutions following Mali's coup d'état
(2014) Futures, 62, pp. 140-150.
• Van Bockstael, S. The persistence of informality: Perspectives on the future of artisanal mining in Liberia (2014) Futures, 62, pp. 10-
20.
• Geenen, S., Radley, B. In the face of reform: What future for ASM in the eastern DRC? (2014) Futures, 62, pp. 58-66.
• Geenen, S. A dangerous bet: The challenges of formalizing artisanal mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo (2012) Resources
Policy, 37 (3), pp. 322-330.
• Maconachie, R., Hilson, G. Safeguarding livelihoods or exacerbating poverty? Artisanal mining and formalization in West Africa
(2011) Natural Resources Forum, 35 (4), pp. 293-303.

10. Literature Generated in the ‘Lost Decade’
• Jønsson, J.B., Fold, N. Mining 'from below': Taking Africa's artisanal miners seriously (2011) Geography Compass, 5 (7), pp.
479-493.
• Siegel, S., Veiga, M.M. Artisanal and small-scale mining as an extralegal economy: De Soto and the redefinition of
"formalization" (2009) Resources Policy, 34 (1-2), pp. 51-56.
• Banchirigah, S.M. Challenges with eradicating illegal mining in Ghana: A perspective from the grassroots(2008) Resources
Policy, 33 (1), pp. 29-38.
• Hilson, G., Maponga, O. How as a shortage of census and geological information impeded the regularization of artisanal
and small-scale mining?(2004) Natural Resources Forum, 28 (1), pp. 22-33.

11. Literature Generated in the ‘Lost Decade’
Social Issues (child labour, women’s participation, etc.)
• Maconachie, R., Hilson, G. Re-Thinking the Child Labor "Problem" in Rural sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Sierra Leone's Half
Shovels (2016) World Development, 78, pp. 136-147.
• André, G., Godin, M. Child labour, agency and family dynamics: The case of mining in Katanga (DRC) (2014) Childhood, 21 (2), pp.
161-174.
• Bryceson, D.F., Jønsson, J.B., Verbrugge, H. For Richer, for Poorer: Marriage and Casualized Sex in East African Artisanal Mining
Settlements(2014) Development and Change, 45 (1), pp. 79-104.
• Hilson, G. Family Hardship and Cultural Values: Child Labor in Malian Small-Scale Gold Mining Communities (2012) World
Development, 40 (8), pp. 1663-1674.
• Hilson, G. Child labour in African artisanal mining communities: Experiences from Northern Ghana (2010) Development and
Change, 41 (3), pp. 445-473
• Armah, F.A., Boamah, S.A., Quansah, R., Obiri, S., Luginaah, I. Working conditions of male and female artisanal and small-scale
goldminers in Ghana: Examining existing disparities (2015) Extractive Industries and Society, . Article in Press.

12. Literature Generated in the ‘Lost Decade’
• Rustad, S.A., Østby, G., Nordås, R. Artisanal mining, conflict, and sexual violence in Eastern DRC (2015) Extractive Industries and Society. Article in Press.
• Lahiri-Dutt, K. The Feminisation of Mining (2015) Geography Compass, 9 (9), pp. 523-541.
• Bryceson, D.F., Jonsson, J.B., Verbrugge, H. Prostitution or partnership? Wifestyles in Tanzanian artisanal gold-mining settlements (2013) Journal of Modern African
Studies, 51 (1), pp. 33-56.
• Malpeli, K.C., Chirico, P.G. The influence of geomorphology on the role of women at artisanal and small-scale mine sites (2013) Natural Resources Forum, 37 (1), pp.
43-54.
• Yakovleva, N. Perspectives on female participation in artisanal and small-scale mining: A case study of Birim North District of Ghana (2007) Resources Policy, 32 (1-
2), pp. 29-41.
• Hinton, J.J., Veiga, M.M., Beinhoff, C. Women, mercury and artisanal gold mining: Risk communication, and mitigation (2003) Journal De Physique. IV : JP, 107 (I),
pp. 617-620.
• Maconachie, R., Hilson, G. Re-Thinking the Child Labor "Problem" in Rural sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Sierra Leone's Half Shovels (2016) World Development,
78, pp. 136-147.
• André, G., Godin, M. Child labour, agency and family dynamics: The case of mining in Katanga (DRC) (2014) Childhood, 21 (2), pp. 161-174.
• Bryceson, D.F., Jønsson, J.B., Verbrugge, H. For Richer, for Poorer: Marriage and Casualized Sex in East African Artisanal Mining Settlements (2014) Development
and Change, 45 (1), pp. 79-104.

13. Literature Generated in the ‘Lost Decade’
• Hilson, G. Family Hardship and Cultural Values: Child Labor in Malian Small-Scale Gold Mining Communities (2012) World
Development, 40 (8), pp. 1663-1674.
• Hilson, G. Child labour in African artisanal mining communities: Experiences from Northern Ghana (2010) Development and
Change, 41 (3), pp. 445-473.

14. Literature Generated in the ‘Lost Decade’
Livelihoods
• Maconachie, R. Dispossession, exploitation or employment? Youth livelihoods and extractive industry investment in Sierra Leone
(2014) Futures, 62, pp. 75-82.
• Maconachie, R. Re-agrarianising livelihoods in post-conflict Sierra Leone? Mineral wealth and rural change in artisanal and small-
scale mining communities (2011) Journal of International Development, 23 (8), pp. 1054-1067.
• Kamlongera, P.J. Making the poor 'poorer' or alleviating poverty? Artisanal mining livelihoods in rural Malawi (2011) Journal of
International Development, 23 (8), pp. 1128-1139.
• Cartier, L.E., Bürge, M. Agriculture and artisanal gold mining in Sierra Leone: Alternatives or complements? (2011) Journal of
International Development, 23 (8), pp. 1080-1099.
• Perks, R. 'Can I go?'-exiting the artisanal mining sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo (2011) Journal of International
Development, 23 (8), pp. 1115-1127.
• Pijpers, R. When diamonds go bust: Contextualising livelihood changes in rural Sierra Leone (2011) Journal of International
Development, 23 (8), pp. 1068-1079.

15. Literature Generated in the ‘Lost Decade’
• Hilson, G., Garforth, C. 'Everyone Now is Concentrating on the Mining': Drivers and Implications of Rural Economic
Transition in the Eastern Region of Ghana (2013) Journal of Development Studies, 49 (3), pp. 348-364.
• Hilson, G., van Bockstael, S. Poverty and Livelihood Diversification in Rural Liberia: Exploring the Linkages between
Artisanal Diamond Mining and Smallholder Rice Production (2012) Journal of Development Studies, 48 (3), pp. 413-428.
• Maconachie, R. Re-agrarianising livelihoods in post-conflict Sierra Leone? Mineral wealth and rural change in artisanal and
small-scale mining communities (2011) Journal of International Development, 23 (8), pp. 1054-1067.
• Hilson, G. 'Once a miner, always a miner': Poverty and livelihood diversification in Akwatia, Ghana (2010) Journal of Rural
Studies, 26 (3), pp. 296-307.
• Bryceson, D.F., Jønsson, J.B. Gold Digging Careers in Rural East Africa: Small-Scale Miners' Livelihood Choices (2010) World
Development, 38 (3), pp. 379-392. Banchirigah, S.M., Hilson, G. De-agrarianization, re-agrarianization and local economic
development: Re-orientating livelihoods in African artisanal mining communities(2010) Policy Sciences, 43 (2), pp. 157-
180.