Picohydro systems

PICOHYDRO
Prof. Dato’ Dr. Kamaruzzaman Sopian
Puri Pujangga
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
National University of Malaysia
18TH June 2014
7th Asian School on Renewable Energy
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014
PICOHYDRO
Small Stream are Good Enough
2

Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams
3

(LARGE) HYDROPOWER AND THE ENVIRONMENT
• No fossil fuel
• Low CO2 emissions
• Dams can be used for flood
control
• may have benefits for
tourism
• long life, low maintenance
costs
• Pumped storage can help to
meet variable demand
• Breaks natural river flow
which affects fish,
sediment deposits
and downstream ecology
• Dams cannot easily be
removed, but gradually fill up
with sediment
• may displace people and
affect livelihoods
• Risk from earthquakes
water-borne diseases and
other health problems
4

Large Hydro> 10 MW
Small hydro < 10 MW
Mini Hydro < 1 MW
Micro Hydro < 100 kW
Pico Hydro < 5kW
Small/Mini/Micro-scaled hydro: require capital and utility business
Pico-scaled hydro: anyone can do it.
5

SIZES OF HYDROPOWER SCHEME
A mini hydro scheme (1 MW) - a town of 10,000
A micro hydro scheme (100 kW) - a village of 2,000
Large hydro > 10 MW
Small hydro < 10 MW
Mini hydro < 1 MW
Micro hydro < 100 kW
Pico hydro < 5kW
A pico hydro scheme of 2 kW can
supply up to 100 houses with
enough power for light + radio
In a developing country:
A large hydro scheme of 200 MW
could supply a city of 1million
6

SCALE OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS
• Large-hydro
– More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid
• Medium-hydro
– 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid
• Small-hydro
– 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid
• Mini-hydro
– Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW
– Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid
• Micro-hydro
– From 5kW up to 100 kW
– Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas
away from the grid.
• Pico-hydro
– From a few hundred watts up to 5kW
– Remote areas away from the grid.
7

(SMALL-SCALE) HYDROPOWER AND THE
ENVIRONMENT
• No fossil fuel
• very low CO2 emissions
• long life, low maintenance costs
• energy for remote areas
• boosts local economy
• Less effects on downstream
ecology
• No storage capability
• Limited capacity
8

Grid Connection
• expensive for
dispersed
populations
• especially in
mountainous
areas
Kushadevi - Nepal
- site of a pilot Pico Hydro project
SOME OPTIONS FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
9

Stand-alone options
• diesel generators
• rechargeable
batteries
• Solar Home
Systems
• Pico Hydro
Grid Connection
• expensive for
dispersed
populations
• supply may be
unreliable
SOME OPTIONS FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
10

WHY PICO HYDRO? (< 5 KW)
• very large number of potential sites
small streams are
big enough!
11

WHY PICO HYDRO? (< 5 KW)
very large number of potential sites
reduced investment cost
lower technical / financial risk
equipment easier to source locally
batch manufacture and low-cost
implementation approaches result in cost
per kilowatt competitive with larger
schemes
with energy efficient lamps 1 kW can supply
50 households
12

CIVIL WORKS FOR PICO HYDRO CAN BE VERY SIMPLE
AND CHEAP
Polyethylene
or PVC pipe is
easily available
and light to
transport
Storage only
for dry
season use
Minimal use
of cement
13

TURBINE OPTIONS
• Pico Power Pack - locally
manufactured Pelton turbine
with induction generator
• Pump as turbine - imported
via a local agent, also uses
induction motor as generator
14

PICO HYDRO CAN BE USED FOR MORE THAN
JUST LIGHTING
Corn-grinding, tool sharpening,
rice hulling, battery charging
and much more...
15

STRATEGY FOR DISSEMINATING PICO HYDRO
• Training of manufacturers
• Selection of
demonstration
schemes
• Capacity building
16

SELECTION OF THE PILOT PROJECTS
• Easy accessibility
• Community involvement
• Quality assurance
• Customer satisfaction
17

COST BREAKDOWN FOR A TYPICAL SCHEME
1
5% 2
8%
3
23%
4
33%
5
3%
6
28%
1. Civil works (intake and
turbine house)
2. PVC penstock
3. Turbine, generator,
controller, protection
4. Distribution system, house
wiring, bulbs
5. Labour costs (wiring)
6. Design and installation
18

COMPARISON WITH SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS (KENYA)
• Pico Hydro gives continuous
power
• …can be used for productive
end uses
• and usually avoids the use of
lead-acid batteries.
AmorphousSiCrystallineSiPicoHydro
Cost/house ($)US cents/kWh
0
100
200
300
400
19

STATUS & APPLICATION
PICO HYDRO
20

REGION POWER
Asia 84,400 MW
South America 14,800 MW
Africa 2,403 MW
Europe 2,211 MW
North & Central America 1,236 MW
HYDRO POWER DEVELOPMENT
21

SOURCE POTENTIAL UTILIZATION
Solar PV 4.5 kWh/m2/day 1.5 MWp (standalone)
450 kWp (grid connected)
Wind Some small islands 0.15 MW
Hydro power 29,000 MW 2026 MW (large)
40 MW (mini)
Biomass 29,000 MW 211 MW
Geothermal - -
Biogas No information 1 PP in a palm oil mill
MALAYSIA RENEWABLE ENERGY
22

MICRO HYDRO IMPLEMENTATIONS
• Long Lawen, Sarawak
ASEAN Energy Prize for Renewable Energy 2006
(Off-the Grid category)
• Terian, Sabah
• Bantul, Sabah
• 83 rivers mostly in East Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak are
currently under feasibility studies by the Rural government agency,
KKLW
• Sabah and Sarawak have only 94% electricity penetration, and
mostly remote and rural areas will be supplied through renewable
energy.
23

TURBINE TECHNOLOGY
PICO HYDRO TURBINE
24

POWER PRODUCTION
generatorturbine
f
f
gD
LV
fh
hhH
gHQP






2
2
P = power output
η = total efficiency
ρ = density
g = gravitational constant
H = net head
Q = flow rate
hf = head friction loss
f = Darcy friction factor
L = pipe length
V = jet velocity
D = pipe diameter
25

TURBINE & HEAD
TYPE TURBINE HEAD
IMPULSE
Pelton High & Medium
Turgo High & Medium
Cross-flow Medium & Low
REACTION
Francis Medium
Kaplan Low
Propeller Low
26

TYPES OF WATER TURBINE
< Pelton turbine - for high head sites
Francis turbine - for medium head sites >
< Axial (or Kaplan) turbine
- for low head sites
27

Types
• Reaction machines develop torque by reacting to
the weight and low pressure of water and are
lighter and cheaper to manufacture.
• Impulse machines develop torque from high
pressure high velocity jets and therefore require
casings (Pelton, Turgo, Ossberger Crossflow,
Motor Pump Sets). Crossflow turbines are also
suitable for low heads.
28

TURBINE & POWER
29

Crossflow
Propeller
LOW HEAD TURBINE
30

SPECIFIC SPEED
Cross-flow: 505.0
25.513
H
s 
Propeller: 5.0
2702
H
s 
Kaplan: 486.0
2283
H
s 
31

TURBINE DIMENSION
n
H
D  40
Ht
Q
L
j
23.0

D = diameter of runner
H = net head
n = turbine shaft speed
L = length of runner
Q = flow rate
tj = jet thickness
32

Power:
•How much power do you need?
•What is your head and flow rate?
Turbine Speed:
•What is your required speed to turn the generator?
•Your turbine speed is within specific speed range?
Turbine Dimension:
•Your turbine dimension within the flow-rate and head range?
PICO TURBINE SELECTION
33

APPLICATION 1
RENEWABLE ENERGY HYBRID SYSTEM
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA
34

PICO TURBINE
Type:
1.Impulse
2.Cross flow
35

PICO TURBINE
Characteristics:
1. Run-of-river
2. Power: 200 W to 1 kW.
36

PICO TURBINE
Advantages:
1. Low flow
2. Low head
3. Continuous operation
4. Silent
5. Fish friendly
6. Environment friendly
7. Fabricated locally
8. Cheapest renewable option
37

PICO TURBINE
Main components:
1. Crossflow turbine
2. Nozzle
38

PICO TURBINE
Main components:
1. Crossflow turbine
2. Nozzle
39

PICO HYDRO TURBINE
Applications:
1. Off-grid
2. Eco-tourism
40

PICO HYDRO TURBINE
41

7th Asian School on Renewable Energy, Puri Pujangga UKM, Malaysia, 16th-20th June 2014 42

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
Pico
Hydro
Inverter
Battery
Charger
Diesel
Generator
AC Load
Idie
Isol-dc
Idc bus
Ibat
IinvWind
Turbine
Solar PV
Panel
Battery
Iren-ac2
Iren-ac1
44

RENEWABLE ENERGY HYBRID
45
The Renewable Hybrid:
1. Pico hydro
2. Photovoltaic panels
3. Wind charger
Back-up
1. Battery set
2. Generator
Pico Turbine
Solar Panel
Wind Charger
Power House
Generator
Battery
45

APPLICATION 2
KG TUIL, GUA MUSANG, KELANTAN
MALAYSIA
46

Towards Sustainable Pico Hydro Project
• Early in the assessment phase, efforts must be made to maximize
community awareness, involvement, and support, which are vital
to project success.
• Both the government and implementing agency must take full
ownership of the project.
• Competence of the local Project Management Unit (PMU) is
critical to project success.
50

Towards Sustainable Pico Hydro Project…2
• For off-grid projects that rely on private-sector participation, the
simplest delivery mechanism or business model (or mix thereof)
commensurate with local realities should be applied. The design
must reflect the capabilities of the service providers, adequately
address their risks, provide technical assistance, ensure
appropriate technical standards and performance requirements,
establish access to adequate financing, and ensure the timely
disbursement of funds.
• The government must put in place light- handed regulatory
measures that simplify operations for private-sector participants
and limit the cost of doing business, while adequately protecting
consumers.
51

• Each site is unique: different head and flow rate
• Available head and fluctuation of flow rate
between seasons
• Type of turbine and specific speed requirement
• Low cost pico turbine could provide as much as 3
times more power than solar PV
• Low flow and low head applications
• SMALL STREAMS ARE BIG ENOUGH TO PROVIDE
PICO POWER
CONCLUSION
52

Picohydro systems

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