Carbon Dioxide Storage: a UK perspective - Andy Chadwick, BGS, at the UKCCSRC ECR Winter School 2015
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Carbon Dioxide Storage: a UK perspective - Andy Chadwick, BGS, at the UKCCSRC ECR Winter School 2015
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Carbon Dioxide Storage: a UK perspective - Andy Chadwick, BGS, at the UKCCSRC ECR Winter School 2015
- 1. Carbon Dioxide Storage: a UK Perspective Andy Chadwick – British Geological Survey EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in CCS and Cleaner Fossil Energy Winter School Nottingham,17 February 2015© NERC All rights reserved
- 2. Contents ……….. 1. UK storage capacity / site characterisation 2. UK CCS projects 3. Storage performance research • Capacity and characterisation • Monitoring and verification • Long-term stability
- 3. Contents ……….. 1. UK storage capacity / site characterisation 2. UK CCS projects 3. Storage performance research • Capacity and characterisation • Monitoring and verification • Long-term stability
- 4. UK offshore storage potential Sleipner ~18 years storage > 15 million tonnes (1 - 5 powerstation.years) Potentially giant global storage facility • Geology • CO2 sources
- 5. UK storage capacity Offshore sedimentary basins to east and west • Depleted oilfields (storage) • Depleted oilfields (EOR) • Depleted gas fields • Saline aquifers
- 6. IEA Working group on standard methods for estimating storage capacity Storage capacity (UK, Europe, elsewhere) 2000 …………………………..…………….. 2015 CO2StoP DTI capacity assessments
- 7. UK capacity methodology DTI study (2001) volumetric ‘static’ capacity estimates (pore space) UK SAP (2010-11) Open aquifer Compartmentalised reservoir ‘dynamic’ capacity estimates (pore space + pressure)
- 8. © NERC All rights reserved CO2Stored database • Building on UKSAP • Online database of UK capacity • BGS – Crown Estate - ETI partnership • Duration 5 years • Ongoing development
- 9. © NERC All rights reserved Sample project: Site Portfolio • To provide the Crown Estate with data and advice on UK storage options • Site selection / prioritisation • Site characterisation
- 10. Sample project: CO2MultiStore • SCCS, Scottish Government, The Crown Estate; Scottish Enterprise, Shell. • To understand, define and mitigate risk for CO2 storage in a multi-user storage site • Multiple users of the pore space • CO2 storage sites • Hydrocarbon fields • Challenges • Leasing and licensing • Operation of the sites • Integrity of the stores • Case study is offshore Scotland, central North Sea
- 11. Contents ……….. 1. UK storage capacity / site characterisation 2. UK full-chain CCS projects 3. Storage performance research • Capacity and characterisation • Monitoring and verification • Long-term stability
- 12. Full chain concepts Projects associated with the DECC competitions (2007 – 2015)
- 13. DECC Commercialisation Programme: two FEED projects White Rose Peterhead - Goldeneye
- 14. Peterhead - Goldeneye ~1 Mt / year CO2 for 10 – 15 years CO2 from existing 400 MW gas turbine (retrofitted capture unit) Storage in Goldeneye Field Depleted gas condensate field Captain Sandstone (+aquifer) Depth ~ 2600 m [Images courtesy Shell]
- 15. White Rose ~ Mt / year CO2 for 10 years CO2 from new IGCC power-plant adjacent to Drax Storage in structural closure in the southern North Sea Bunter Sandstone (saline aquifer) Depth ~ 1000 m
- 16. Contents ……….. 1. UK storage capacity / site characterisation 2. UK CCS projects 3. Storage performance research • Capacity and characterisation • Monitoring and verification
- 17. Pressure control in the Bunter Sandstone aquifer Dynamic capacity estimation Bunter Sandstone
- 18. Pressure and geomechanical stability overburden reservoir potential leakage pathways? ΔP
- 19. A sandstone reservoir Penrith Sandstone (Vale of Eden) • Drinking water aquifer onshore • Saline reservoir rock under the North Sea 200m Heterogeneity • Horizontal bedding • Lateral pinch-outs • Cross-cutting structures • Faults • Fluid flow modifiers
- 20. Open aquifer CO2 no water expulsion: ΔP largeraquifer water expelled: ΔP small Aquifer boundaries Closed aquifer
- 22. Injection simulations 12 wells injecting 1650 Mt of CO2 over 50 years CO2 saturation after 50 years
- 23. Injection simulations open boundary closed boundary pressure limit pressure limit Simple parameters, more detailed research ongoing
- 24. Contents ……….. 1. UK storage capacity / site characterisation 2. UK CCS projects 3. Storage performance research • Capacity and characterisation • Monitoring and verification
- 25. Monitoring for conformance and containment • Conformance: that the storage site is behaving as predicted and site- specific processes are sufficiently well-understood to ruled out significant adverse future outcomes. • Containment: no evidence that the storage site is leaking in the subsurface or emitting CO2 to the surface. surface container leakage emission top of the Storage Complex
- 26. The Sleipner CO2 storage analogue 1994 (pre-injection) 2006 (8.4 Mt) reservoir CO2 plume Operated by Statoil and partners World’s longest running CO2 storage project Injecting since 1996 15 million tonnes now stored Reservoir similar to many central and northern North Sea aquifers
- 27. 1994 2006 Monitoring at Sleipner 3D time-lapse seismic 1994 (baseline) 1999 2001 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Seabed gravity 2002 2005 20091994 2006 seabed reservoir CO2 plume 1000 m 3D time-lapse seismic provides spatially continuous and spatially uniform coverage of the subsurface volume of the storage footprint
- 28. ~ 3000 m ~250m Reservoir top Reservoir base Reservoir sand Sleipner time-lapse 3D seismics
- 29. vertical section plan view Sleipner monitoring (3)
- 30. Demonstrated realistic representation of CO2 in situ Quantitatively robust (~95% of known injected free CO2) Calculated CO2 distribution (3D)Plume image 1999 2004 2008 2006 Mass of CO2 injected (Mt) Integratedvelocitypushdown(m2s) 2001 1999 Conformance – whole plume
- 31. seabed Top reservoir CO2 plume 2001200420062008 Conformance – topmost CO2 layer
- 32. observed layer growth 2001 2004 2006 2008 20082001 2004 2006 numerical simulation of layer growth Topseal topography ? High reservoir permeability ? High CO2 mobility ? Conformance – topmost CO2 layer top reservoir injection point
- 33. 2006 CO2 plume overburden seabed Containment monitoring: in the subsurface Statistical analysis of changes in overburden due to out-of-reservoir CO2 Detectability: ~ 2000 tonnes at top reservoir ~ 300 tonnes in shallow overburden < 0.01% of 20 Mt storage project
- 34. Containment monitoring: at and around the seabed 1. Bubbles 2. Chemical changes in the water-column (e.g. pH) 3. Changes of seabed character (new pockmarks, algal mats etc)
- 35. Containment monitoring: at and around the seabed Stationary and mobile monitoring options Seabed ‘lander’ for in situ gas analysis Remotely-operated vehicle (ROV)
- 36. partially detected sampling station detected storage footprint not detected Containment monitoring: at and around the seabed Possible requirement for large-area coverage (>100 km2)
- 37. ETI-MMV Project Cost-effective large-area surveillance
- 38. QICS offshore release experiment Monitoring tools Sampling methods Environmental impacts Emissions detection / impacts
- 39. Thankyou