2. PAGE 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I TUSHAR KUMAR take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and
deep regards to my mentor ASHISH KUMAR for his exemplary guidance,
monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this thesis. The
blessing, help and guidance given by him time to time shall carry me a long way in
the journey of life on which I am about to embark.
I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to NEHA MAAM ,
HR VARDHAN CONSULTING ENGINEER for her cordial support, valuable
information and guidance, which helped me in completing this task through
various stages.
3. PAGE 2
SUMMARY
The demand of the electrical power is increasing per day which is supplied by fossil
fuels resulting into huge carbon emissions in the atmosphere, which leads the electrical
engineers to generate the power by using the renewable energy sources. This paper is
aimed at simulation and development of Solar PV system which is able to fulfil the
power demand in the isolated locations or in standalone condition.
Solar Resource Assessment (SRA) refers to the analysis of a prospective solar energy
production site with the end goal being an accurate estimate of that facility’s annual
energy production (AEP). It is done Over a period of one to several years, project
developers use pyranometers to measure the solar resource, typically mounted on a
short mast. Data from a variety of other met sensors are also collected to help
characterize the resource, inform plant design decisions and estimate PV panel
efficiency. Once installed, regular maintenance of the system is critical to produce
meaningful resource assessment results. Most importantly, this entails cleaning
pyranometers routinely (e.g., as frequently as every week depending on the site).
The system consists of various components like PV solar panel, DC-DC converter (Step
up converter) and two level inverter connected to load. The controlling of input loop of
the solar PV system is shown with the help of PI controller for maintaining the dc link
constant irrespective of changes in the input side and output side parameters resulting
into the constant inverter output.
PV syst and PV watts are two software through which we can asses the annual solar
production and calculate the annual and monthly production of power through PV arrays
in any geographical locations by calculating the different angles like angle of inclination ,
angle of dip , azimuth angle and solar position. The software gives an approximate
value the real value can be differ by 5% to 10%.
4. PAGE 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1)INTRODUCTION
2)PV SYSTEM
3)GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEM
4)COMPONENT OF PV SYSTEM
a) Solar array
b) Mounting
c) Cabling
d) Tracker
e) Inverter
f) battery
5) OTHER PV SYSTEM
a) stand alone PV System
b) Hybrid PV system
c)Concentrated PV System(CPV)
6)APPLICATIONS
7)GLOBAL SOLARR ENERGY PRODUCTION
8)INDIA SOLAR ENERGY SCENARIO
9)CALCULTION OF ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION USING PV WATT AND PV
SYST
10)CONCLUSION
11)REFERENCES
5. PAGE 4
INTRODUCTION
Solar power is arguably the cleanest, most reliable form of renewable
energy available, and it can be used in several forms to help power your home or
business. Solar-powered photovoltaic (PV) panels convert the sun's rays into electricity
by exciting electrons in silicon cells using the photons of light from the sun. This
electricity can then be used to supply renewable energy to your home or business.
Solar panels, also known as modules, contain photovoltaic cells made from silicon that
transform incoming sunlight into electricity rather than heat. (”Photovoltaic” means
electricity from light — photo = light, voltaic = electricity.)
Solar photovoltaic cells consist of a positive and a negative film of silicon placed under a
thin slice of glass. As the photons of the sunlight beat down upon these cells, they
knock the electrons off the silicon. The negatively-charged free electrons are
preferentially attracted to one side of the silicon cell, which creates an electric voltage
that can be collected and channeled. This current is gathered by wiring the individual
solar panels together in series to form a solar photovoltaic array. Depending on the size
of the installation, multiple strings of solar photovoltaic array cables terminate in one
electrical box, called a fused array combiner. Contained within the combiner box are
fuses designed to protect the individual module cables, as well as the connections that
deliver power to the inverter. The electricity produced at this stage is DC (direct current)
and must be converted to AC (alternating current) suitable for use in your home or
business.
6. PAGE 5
PV SYSTEM
A photovoltaic system converts the sun's radiation, in the form of light, into
usable electricity. It comprises the solar array and the balance of system components.
PV systems can be categorized by various aspects, such as, grid-connected vs. stand
alone systems, building-integrated vs. rack-mounted systems, residential vs. utility
systems, distributed vs. centralized systems, rooftop vs. ground-mounted systems,
tracking vs. fixed-tilt systems, and new constructed vs. retrofitted systems. Other
distinctions may include, systems with microinverters vs. central inverter, systems
using crystalline silicon vs. thin-film technology, and systems
GRID CONNECTION
A grid connected system is connected to a larger independent grid (typically the public
electricity grid) and feeds energy directly into the grid. This energy may be shared by a
residential or commercial building before or after the revenue measurement point,
depending on whether the credited energy production is calculated independently of the
customer's energy consumption (feed-in tariff) or only on the difference of energy (net
metering). These systems vary in size from residential (2–10 kWp) to solar power
stations (up to 10s of MWp). This is a form of decentralized electricity generation.
Feeding electricity into the grid requires the transformation of DC into AC by a special,
synchronising grid-tie inverter. In kilowatt-sized installations the DC side system voltage
is as high as permitted (typically 1000 V except US residential 600 V) to limit ohmic
losses. Most modules (60 or 72 crystalline silicon cells) generate 160 W to 300 W at 36
volts. It is sometimes necessary or desirable to connect the modules partially in parallel
rather than all in series. An individual set of modules connected in series is known as a
'string'.
7. PAGE 6
Scale of system
Photovoltaic systems are generally categorized into three distinct market segments:
1)residential rooftop
2)commercial rooftop, and
8. PAGE 7
3)ground-mount utility-scale systems.
Their capacities range from a few kilowatts to hundreds of megawatts.
COMPONENTS OF PV SYSTEM
A photovoltaic system for residential, commercial, or industrial energy supply consists of
the solar array and a number of components often summarized as the balance of
system (BOS). This term is synonymous with "Balance of plant" q.v. BOS-components
include power-conditioning equipment and structures for mounting, typically one or
more DC to AC power converters, also known as inverters, an energy storage device, a
racking system that supports the solar array, electrical wiring and interconnections, and
mounting for other components.
9. PAGE 8
SOLAR ARRAY
Conventional c-Si solar cells, normally wired in series, are encapsulated in a solar
module to protect them from the weather. The module consists of a tempered glass as
cover, a soft and flexible encapsulant, a rear backsheet made of a weathering and fire-
resistant material and an aluminium frame around the outer edge. Electrically connected
and mounted on a supporting structure, solar modules build a string of modules, often
called solar panel. A solar array consists of one or many such panels.[33] A photovoltaic
array, or solar array, is a linked collection of solar modules. The power that one module
can produce is seldom enough to meet requirements of a home or a business, so the
modules are linked together to form an array. Most PV arrays use an inverter to convert
the DC power produced by the modules into alternating current that can power lights,
motors, and other loads. The modules in a PV array are usually first connected
in series to obtain the desired voltage; the individual strings are then connected
in parallel to allow the system to produce more current.
MOUNTING
Modules are assembled into arrays on some kind of mounting system, which may be
classified as ground mount, roof mount or pole mount. For solar parks a large rack is
mounted on the ground, and the modules mounted on the rack. For buildings, many
different racks have been devised for pitched roofs. For flat roofs, racks, bins and
building integrated solutions are used. Solar panel racks mounted on top of poles can
be stationary or
10. PAGE 9
moving,
CABLING
Due to their outdoor usage, solar cables are designed to be resistant
against UV radiation and extremely high temperature fluctuations and are generally
unaffected by the weather. Standards specifying the usage of electrical wiring in PV
systems include the IEC 60364 by the International Electrotechnical Commission, in
section 712 "Solar photovoltaic (PV) power supply systems", the British Standard BS
7671, incorporating regulations relating to microgeneration and photovoltaic systems,
and the US UL4703 standard, in subject 4703 "Photovoltaic Wire".
11. PAGE 10
TRACKER
A solar tracking system tilts a solar panel throughout the day. Depending on the type of
tracking system, the panel is either aimed directly at the sun or the brightest area of a
partly clouded sky. Trackers greatly enhance early morning and late afternoon
performance, increasing the total amount of power produced by a system by about 20–
25% for a single axis tracker and about 30% or more for a dual axis tracker, depending
on latitude.[58][59] Trackers are effective in regions that receive a large portion of sunlight
directly. In diffuse light (i.e. under cloud or fog), tracking has little or no value. Because
most concentrated photovoltaics systems are very sensitive to the sunlight's angle,
tracking systems allow them to produce useful power for more than a brief period each
day.[60] Tracking systems improve performance for two main reasons. First, when a
solar panel is perpendicular to the sunlight, it receives more light on its surface than if it
were angled. Second, direct light is used more efficiently than angled
light.[61] Special Anti-reflective coatings can improve solar panel efficiency for direct and
angled light, somewhat reducing the benefit of tracking.[62]
Trackers and sensors to optimise the performance are often seen as optional, but they
can increase viable output by up to 45%
12. PAGE 11
INVERTER
Systems designed to deliver alternating current (AC), such as grid-connected
applications need an inverter to convert the direct current (DC) from the solar modules
to AC. Grid connected inverters must supply AC electricity in sinusoidal form,
synchronized to the grid frequency, limit feed in voltage to no higher than the grid
voltage and disconnect from the grid if the grid voltage is turned off.[69] Islanding
inverters need only produce regulated voltages and frequencies in a sinusoidal
waveshape as no synchronisation or co-ordination with grid supplies is required.
A solar inverter may connect to a string of solar panels. In some installations a solar
micro-inverter is connected at each solar panel.[70] For safety reasons a circuit breaker
is provided both on the AC and DC side to enable maintenance. AC output may be
connected through an electricity meter into the public grid.[71] The number of modules in
the system determines the total DC watts capable of being generated by the solar array;
however, the inverter ultimately governs the amount of AC watts that can be distributed
for consumption.
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique that grid connected inverters use
to get the maximum possible power from the photovoltaic array. In order to do so, the
13. PAGE 12
inverter's MPPT system digitally samples the solar array's ever changing power output
and applies the proper resistance to find the optimal maximum power point.[73]
BATTERY
Although still expensive, PV systems increasingly use rechargeable batteries to store a
surplus to be later used at night. Batteries used for grid-storage also stabilize
the electrical grid by leveling out peak loads, and play an important role in a smart grid,
as they can charge during periods of low demand and feed their stored energy into the
grid when demand is high.
Common battery technologies used in today's PV systems include the valve regulated
lead-acid battery– a modified version of the conventional lead–acid battery, nickel–
cadmium and lithium-ion batteries. Compared to the other types, lead-acid batteries
have a shorter lifetime and lower energy density. However, due to their high reliability,
low self discharge as well as low investment and maintenance costs, they are currently
the predominant technology used in small-scale, residential PV systems, as lithium-ion
batteries are still being developed and about 3.5 times as expensive as lead-acid
batteries. Furthermore, as storage devices for PV systems are stationary, the lower
energy and power density and therefore higher weight of lead-acid batteries are not as
critical as, for example, in electric transportation[9]:4,9 Other rechargeable batteries
14. PAGE 13
considered for distributed PV systems include sodium–sulfur and vanadium
redox batteries, two prominent types of a molten salt and a flow battery,
respectively.[9]:4 In 2015, Tesla Motors launched the Powerwall, a rechargeable lithium-
ion battery with the aim to revolutionize energy consumption.[75]
PV systems with an integrated battery solution also need a charge controller, as the
varying voltage and current from the solar array requires constant adjustment to prevent
damage from overcharging.[76] Basic charge controllers may simply turn the PV panels
on and off, or may meter out pulses of energy as needed, a strategy called PWM
or pulse-width modulation. More advanced charge controllers will
incorporate MPPT logic into their battery charging algorithms. Charge controllers may
also divert energy to some purpose other than battery charging. Rather than simply shut
off the free PV energy when not needed, a user may choose to heat air or water once
the battery is full.
15. PAGE 14
METERING AND MONITORING
The metering must be able to accumulate energy units in both directions, or two meters
must be used. Many meters accumulate bidirectionally, some systems use two meters,
but a unidirectional meter (with detent) will not accumulate energy from any resultant
feed into the grid.[77] In some countries, for installations over 30 kWp a frequency and a
voltage monitor with disconnection of all phases is required. This is done where more
solar power is being generated than can be accommodated by the utility, and the
excess can not either be exported or stored. Grid operators historically have needed to
provide transmission lines and generation capacity. Now they need to also provide
storage. This is normally hydro-storage, but other means of storage are used. Initially
storage was used so that baseload generators could operate at full output. With variable
renewable energy, storage is needed to allow power generation whenever it is
available, and consumption whenever needed.
The two variables a grid operator have are storing electricity for when it is needed, or
transmitting it to where it is needed. If both of those fail, installations over 30kWp can
automatically shut down, although in practice all inverters maintain voltage regulation
and stop supplying power if the load is inadequate. Grid operators have the option of
curtailing excess generation from large systems, although this is more commonly done
with wind power than solar power, and results in a substantial loss of revenue.[78] Three-
phase inverters have the unique option of supplying reactive power which can be
advantageous in matching load requirements.
16. PAGE 15
OTHER PV SYSTEM
Photovoltaic power systems are generally classified according to their functional and
operational requirements, their component configurations, and how the equipment is
connected to other power sources and electrical loads. The two principal classifications
are grid-connected or utility-interactive systems and stand-alone systems. Photovoltaic
systems can be designed to provide DC and/or AC power service, can operate
interconnected with or independent of the utility grid, and can be connected with other
energy sources and energy storage systems.
Grid-connected or utility-interactive PV systems are designed to operate in parallel with
and interconnected with the electric utility grid. The primary component in grid-
connected PV systems is the inverter, or power conditioning unit (PCU). The PCU
converts the DC power produced by the PV array into AC power consistent with the
voltage and power quality requirements of the utility grid, and automatically stops
supplying power to the grid when the utility grid is not energized. A bi-directional
interface is made between the PV system AC output circuits and the electric utility
network, typically at an on-site distribution panel or service entrance. This allows the AC
power produced by the PV system to either supply on-site electrical loads, or to back-
feed the grid when the PV system output is greater than the on-site load demand. At
night and during other periods when the electrical loads are greater than the PV system
output, the balance of power required by the loads is received from the electric utility
This safety feature is required in all grid-connected PV systems, and ensures that the
PV system will not continue to operate and feed back into the utility grid when the grid is
down for service or repair.
Figure 1. Diagram of grid-connected photovoltaic system.
17. PAGE 16
Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems
Stand-alone PV systems are designed to operate independent of the electric utility grid,
and are generally designed and sized to supply certain DC and/or AC electrical loads.
These types of systems may be powered by a PV array only, or may use wind, an
engine-generator or utility power as an auxiliary power source in what is called a PV-
hybrid system. The simplest type of stand-alone PV system is a direct-coupled system,
where the DC output of a PV module or array is directly connected to a DC load (Figure
3). Since there is no electrical energy storage (batteries) in direct-coupled systems, the
load only operates during sunlight hours, making these designs suitable for common
applications such as ventilation fans, water pumps, and small circulation pumps for
solar thermal water heating systems. Matching the impedance of the electrical load to
the maximum power output of the PV array is a critical part of designing well-performing
direct-coupled system. For certain loads such as positive-displacement water pumps, a
type of electronic DC-DC converter, called a maximum power point tracker (MPPT), is
used between the array and load to help better utilize the available array maximum
power output.
Figure 2. Direct-coupled PV system.
In many stand-alone PV systems, batteries are used for energy storage. Figure 3 shows
a diagram of a typical stand-alone PV system powering DC and AC loads. Figure 4
shows how a typical PV hybrid system might be configured.
Concentrated Photovoltaic Systems(CPV)
Concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) and high concentrator photovoltaic (HCPV) systems
use optical lenses or curved mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto small but highly
efficient solar cells. Besides concentrating optics, CPV systems sometime use solar
trackers and cooling systems and are more expensive.
Especially HCPV systems are best suited in location with high solar irradiance,
concentrating sunlight up to 400 times or more, with efficiencies of 24–28 percent,
18. PAGE 17
exceeding those of regular systems. Various designs of systems are commercially
available but not very common. However, ongoing research and development is taking
place.
Hybrid PV System
A hybrid system combines PV with other forms of generation, usually a diesel
generator. Biogas is also used. The other form of generation may be a type able to
modulate power output as a function of demand. However more than one renewable
form of energy may be used e.g. wind. The photovoltaic power generation serves to
reduce the consumption of non renewable fuel. Hybrid systems are most often found on
islands. Pellworm island in Germany and Kythnos island in Greece are notable
examples (both are combined with wind).[86][87] The Kythnos plant has reduced diesel
consumption by 11.2%.[88]
In 2015, a case-study conducted in seven countries concluded that in all cases
generating costs can be reduced by hybridising mini-grids and isolated grids. However,
financing costs for such hybrids are crucial and largely depend on the ownership
structure of the power plant. While cost reductions for state-owned utilities can be
significant, the study also identified economic benefits to be insignificant or even
negative for non-public utilities, such as independent power producers
19. PAGE 18
APPLICATION
Solar street lights
Solar street lights raised light sources which are powered by photovoltaic panels
generally mounted on the lighting structure. The solar array of such off-grid PV
system charges a rechargeable battery, which powers a fluorescent or LED lamp
during the night. Solar street lights are stand-alone power systems, and have the
advantage of savings on trenching, landscaping, and maintenance costs, as well
as on the electric bills, despite their higher initial cost compared to conventional
street lighting. They are designed with sufficiently large batteries to ensure
operation for at least a week and even in the worst situation, they are expected to
dim only slightly.
Telecommunication and signaling
Solar PV power is ideally suited for telecommunication applications such as local
telephone exchange, radio and TV broadcasting, microwave and other forms of
electronic communication links. In most telecommunication application, storage
batteries are already in use and the electrical system is basically DC. In hilly and
mountainous terrain, radio and TV signals may not reach as they get blocked or
reflected back due to undulating terrain. At these locations, low power
transmitters are installed to receive and retransmit the signal for local population.
20. PAGE 19
Solar vehicles
Solar vehicle, whether ground, water, air or space vehicles may obtain some or
all of the energy required for their operation from the sun. Surface vehicles
generally require higher power levels than can be sustained by a practically sized
solar array, so a battery assists in meeting peak power demand, and the solar
array recharges it. Space vehicles have successfully used solar photovoltaic
systems for years of operation, eliminating the weight of fuel or primary batteries.
Solar Pump
One of the most cost effective solar applications is a solar powered pump, as it is
far cheaper to purchase a solar panel than it is to run power lines. They often
meet a need for water beyond the reach of power lines, taking the place of
a windmill or windpump. One common application is the filling of livestock
watering tanks, so that grazing cattle may drink. Another is the refilling of drinking
water storage tanks on remote or self-sufficient homes.
21. PAGE 20
Spacecraft
Solar panels on spacecraft have been one of the first applications of
photovoltaics since the launch of Vanguard 1 in 1958, the first satellite to use
solar cells. Contrary to Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit the planet, that
ran out of batteries within 21 days due to the lack of solar-power, most
modern communications satellites and space probes in the inner solar
system rely on the use of solar panels to derive electricity from sunlight
23. PAGE 22
INDIAN SOLAR AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SCENARIO
The Indian renewable energy sector is the fourth most attractive1 renewable energy
market in the world. As of October 2018, India ranked 5th in installed renewable energy
capacity. According to 2018 Climatescope report India ranked second among the
emerging economies to lead to transition to clean energy.
Installed renewable power generation capacity has increased at a fast pace over the
past few years, posting a CAGR of 19.78 per cent between FY14–18. With the
increased support of government and improved economics, the sector has become
attractive from investors perspective. As India looks to meet its energy demand on its
own, which is expected to reach 15,820 TWh by 2040, renewable energy is set to play
24. PAGE 23
an important role. As a part of its Paris Agreement commitments, the Government of
India has set an ambitious target of achieving 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by
2022. These include 100 GW of solar capacity addition and 60 GW of wind power
capacity. Government plans to establish renewable energy capacity of 500 GW by
2030.
Market Size
As of October, 31, 2019, the installed renewable energy capacity is 83.37 GW, of which
solar and wind comprises 31.7 GW and 37 GW respectively. Biomass and small hydro
power constitute 9.80 GW and 4.6 GW, respectively. Off-grid renewable power capacity
has also increased. As of October 2019, generation capacities for Waste to Energy,
Biomass Gasifiers stood at 139.80 MW and 9,806.31 MW, respectively.
With a potential capacity of 363 gigawatts (GW) and with policies focused on the
renewable energy sector, Northern India is expected to become the hub for renewable
energy in India.3
Investments/ Developments
According to data released by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal
Trade (DPIIT), FDI inflows in the Indian non-conventional energy sector between April
2000 and June 2019 stood at US$ 8.06 billion. More than US$ 42 billion has been
invested in India’s renewable energy sector since 2014. New investments in clean
energy in the country reached US$ 11.1 billion in 2018.
Some major investments and developments in the Indian renewable energy sector are
as follows:
• Brookfield to invest US$ 800 million in ReNew Power.
• ReNew Power and Shapoorji Pallonji will invest nearly Rs 750 crore (US$ 0.11
billion) in a 150 megawatt (mw) floating solar power project in Uttar Pradesh.
• In November 2019, Renew Power, Avaada, UPC, Tata unit won solar projects in
1,200 MW auction of the Solar Energy Corp of India.
• As of 2019, India is getting its solar power plant Bhadla Solar Park in Rajasthan,
which will be world’s largest solar plant, with a capacity of 2,255 MW.
• Inter-state distribution of wind power was started in August 2018.
• In the first half of 2018, India installed 1 MW of solar capacity every hour.
• With 28 deals, clean energy made up 27 per cent of US$ 4.4 billion merger and
acquisition (M&A) deals which took place in India’s power sector in 2017.
• In March 2018, ReNew Power finalised a deal estimated at US$ 1.55 billion to
acquire Ostro Energy and make it the largest renewable energy company in
India.
• World’s largest solar park named ‘Shakti Sthala’ was launched in Karnataka in
March 2018 with an investment of Rs 16,500 crore (US$ 2.55 billion).
• Solar sector in India received investments of US$ 9.8 billion in CY2018.
• Private Equity (PE) investments in India's wind and solar power have increased
by 47 per cent in 2017 (January 1 to September 25) to US$ 920 million, across
nine deals, as compared to US$ 630 million coming from 10 deals during the
corresponding period in 2016**.
25. PAGE 24
• As of March 2019, Eversource Capital, a Joint venture of Everstone and
Lightsource plans to invest US$ 1 billion in renewable energy in India through its
Green Growth Equity Fund.
Government initiatives
Some initiatives by the Government of India to boost the Indian renewable energy
sector are as follows:
• India plans to add 30 GW of renewable energy capacity along a desert on its
western border such as Gujarat and Rajasthan.
• Delhi government decided to shut down thermal power plant in Rajghat and
develop it into 5,000 KW solar park
• Rajasthan government in Budget 2019-20 exempted solar energy from electricity
duty and focuses on the utilization of solar power in its agriculture and public
health sectors.
• A new Hydropower policy for 2018-28 has been drafted for the growth of hydro
projects in the country.
• The Government of India has announced plans to implement a US$ 238 million
National Mission on advanced ultra-supercritical technologies for cleaner coal
utilisation.
• The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has decided to provide
custom and excise duty benefits to the solar rooftop sector, which in turn will
lower the cost of setting up as well as generate power, thus boosting growth.
• The Indian Railways is taking increased efforts through sustained energy efficient
measures and maximum use of clean fuel to cut down emission level by 33 per
cent by 2030.
Achievements in the sector
• India has 83.37 GW of renewable energy capacity as on October 2019 which
includes 31.69 GW from Solar & 37.09 GW from Wind power.
• India is set to cross 100 GW renewable energy capacity mark in 2020.
• Solar capacity has increased by eight times between FY14-18. India added
record 11,788 MW of renewable energy capacity in 2017-18.
• A total of 47 solar parks with generation capacity of 26,694 MW have been
approved in India up to November 2018, out of capacity of 4,195 MW has been
commissioned.
• Power generation from renewable energy sources (excluding large hydro) in
India reached record 101.84 billion units in FY18 and has reached 107.22 billion
units between April 2018-January 2019.
Road Ahead
26. PAGE 25
The Government of India is committed to increased use of clean energy sources and is
already undertaking various large-scale sustainable power projects and promoting
green energy heavily. In addition, renewable energy has the potential to create many
employment opportunities at all levels, especially in rural areas. The Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has set an ambitious target to set up renewable energy
capacities to the tune of 175 GW by 2022 of which about 100 GW is planned for solar,
60 for wind and other for hydro, bio among other. As of June 2018, Government of India
is aiming to achieve 225 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022, much ahead of its
target of 175 GW as per the Paris Agreement. India’s renewable energy sector is
expected to attract investments of up to US$ 80 billion in the next four years. About
5,000 Compressed Biogas plants will be set up across India by 2023.
It is expected that by the year 2040, around 49 per cent of the total electricity will be
generated by the renewable energy, as more efficient batteries will be used to store
electricity which will further cut the solar energy cost by 66 per cent as compared to the
current cost.* Use of renewables in place of coal will save India Rs 54,000 crore (US$
8.43 billion) annually5. The renewable energy will account 55 per cent of the total
installed power capacity by 2030.
27. PAGE 26
CALCULATION OF ANNUAL PRODUTION OF SOALR ENERGY IN
INDIA
SOFTWARE USED = NREL PV WATT ,
PV SYST
PV WATTS
The PVWatts application is an interactive interface to rapidly utilize the PVWatts
calculator. The PVWatts calculator is a basic solar modeling tool that calculates hourly
or monthly PV energy production based on minimal inputs.
It Estimates the energy production and cost of energy of grid-connected photovoltaic
(PV) energy systems throughout the world. It allows homeowners, small building
owners, installers and manufacturers to easily develop estimates of the performance of
potential PV installations.
PV SYST
PVsyst is designed to be used by architects, engineers, and researchers. It is also a
very useful educative tool. It includes a detailed contextual Help menu that explains the
procedures and models that are used, and offers a user-friendly approach with a guide
to develop a project. PVsyst is able to import meteo data, as well as personal data from
many different sources.
29. PAGE 28
CONCLUSION
I have studied about the PV system and its different types I have also studied about the
different component of PV System, different angle related to PV system and PV system
applications and global solar energy scenario.
I have also learnt about the software pvsyst and pv watts and calculated the annual
energy production.
REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. www.energy.wsu.edu/Documents/SolarPVforBuildersOct2009
2. mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/TERI-Technical-Manual-Banks-FIs
3. mnre.gov.in/.../Best-Practices-Guide-on-State-Level-Solar-Rooftop-
Photovoltaic-Prog.
4. smartcities.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Solar%20Rooftop
5. https://www.nrel.gov
6. mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/solar_radiant_energy_over_India
8 VCE Module
9 Ashish kumar , Mentor (VCE)
10 Wikipedia
11 NREL
12 IEEE
